The biokinetics of flying and swimming PDF
Preview The biokinetics of flying and swimming
The Biokinetics of Flying and Swimming Second Edition “fm” — 2006/2/18 — page i — #1 This page intentionally left blank The Biokinetics of Flying and Swimming Second Edition AkiraAzuma ProfessorEmeritusoftheUniversityofTokyo 37-3Miyako-cho, Saiwai-ku,Kawasaki,Kanagawa-prefecture 212-0021Japan EDUCATIONSERIES JosephA.Schetz SeriesEditor-in-Chief VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity Blacksburg,Virginia Publishedby AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc. 1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,VA20191 “fm” — 2006/2/18 — page iii — #3 AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.,Reston,Virginia 1 2 3 4 5 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataonFile Copyright©2006bytheAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PrintedintheUnitedStates.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,distributed,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans, orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem, withoutthepriorwritten permissionofthepublisher. 1-56347-781-5 Dataandinformationappearinginthisbookareforinformationpurposesonly.AIAAisnotresponsible foranyinjuryordamageresultingfromuseorreliance,nordoesAIAAwarrantthatuseorreliance willbefreefromprivatelyownedrights. “fm” — 2006/2/18 — page iv — #4 AIAAEducationSeries Editor-in-Chief JosephA.Schetz VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity EditorialBoard TakahiraAoki RakeshK.Kapania UniversityofTokyo VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteand StateUniversity EdwardW.Ashford KarenD.Barker BrianLandrum TheBraheCorporation UniversityofAlabama,Huntsville RobertH.Bishop TimC.Lieuwen UniversityofTexasatAustin GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology ClaudioBruno UniversityofRome MichaelMohaghegh TheBoeingCompany AaronR.Byerley U.S.AirForceAcademy ConradF.Newberry NavalPostgraduateSchool RichardColgren UniversityofKansas MarkA.Price KajalK.Gupta Queen’sUniversityBelfast NASADrydenFlight ResearchCenter JamesM.Rankin OhioUniversity RikardB.Heslehurst AustralianDefenceForceAcademy DavidK.Schmidt DavidK.Holger UniversityofColorado, IowaStateUniversity ColoradoSprings DavidM.VanWie JohnsHopkinsUniversity “fm” — 2006/2/18 — page v — #5 This page intentionally left blank Foreword WeareverypleasedtopresentthesecondeditionofTheBiokineticsofFlyingand SwimmingbyProfessorAkiraAzuma.Theoriginalbookwaspublishedin1992and isacomprehensiveandin-depthtreatmentofthesefascinatingtopics.Itattracted suchanavidreadershipthatitquicklysoldout,andonecouldscarcelyfindused copiesevenonthebestinternetusedbookWebsites.Thisneweditionhasupdated thematerialandexpandedthecoverage,andweanticipatethatitwillbeequally well or even better received. This edition has eight chapters and more than 500 pages.TherecentgreatlyincreasedinterestinUAVsandunderwaterautonomous vehiclesexpandstheapplicationsofthistopicfarbeyondnaturalphenomena. ProfessorAzumaisuniquelyqualifiedtowritethisbook,becauseofhisbroad expertiseinthearea.Hiscommandofthematerialisexcellent,andheisableto organizeandpresentitinaveryclearmanner. TheAIAA Education Book Series aims to cover a very broad range of topics in the general aerospace field, including basic theory, applications, and design. Information about the complete list of titles can be found on the last pages of this volume. The philosophy of the series is to develop textbooks that can be usedinauniversitysetting,asinstructionalmaterialsforcontinuingeducationand professionaldevelopmentcourses,andalsoasbooksthatcanserveasthebasisfor independentstudy.Suggestionsfornewtopicsorauthorsarealwayswelcome. JosephA.Schetz Editor-in-Chief AIAAEducationBookSeries vii “fm” — 2006/2/18 — page vii — #7 This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Preface........................................................................... xi PrefacetoAIAAEdition....................................................... xv Nomenclature................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction ............................................................... 1 1.1 FormandLocomotion ............................................. 1 1.2 DynamicSimilarity ................................................ 6 2. Dragging,Floating,andJumping ....................................... 15 2.1 TerminalSpeedofFree-FallingBodies........................... 15 2.2 DriftinginAir ...................................................... 18 2.3 DriftinginWater ................................................... 22 2.4 JumpingandFreeFalling.......................................... 25 3. FlightbyGliding .......................................................... 33 3.1 WingCharacteristics............................................... 33 3.2 FlightinBirds...................................................... 42 3.3 WindEffectsonGlidingFlight.................................... 61 3.4 AuxiliaryDevices .................................................. 72 3.5 OtherFormsofGlidingFlight..................................... 78 3.6 RotarySeeds........................................................ 104 4. FlightbyBeating.......................................................... 123 4.1 PoweredFlight ..................................................... 123 4.2 FlightinBirds...................................................... 149 4.3 Power-SavingFlight ............................................... 181 4.4 FlightinInsects .................................................... 200 4.5 FlightMechanicsinInsects........................................ 221 4.6 StatisticalDataonWings.......................................... 259 4.7 Human-PoweredFlight ............................................ 262 5. SwimmingbySnaking.................................................... 277 5.1 Micro-andMedium-SizedElongateOrganisms.................. 277 5.2 UndulatoryMotionofaLargeElongateBody.................... 294 ix “fm” — 2006/2/18 — page ix — #9
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