The Biography of Uthman ibn Affan

621 Pages·2014·16.01 MB·English

The Biography of
'Uthmsn ibn 'Affin&
Dhun-Noorayn
Kalamullah.Com
By: Dr. Ali Muhammad as-Sallabi
Translated by: Nasir Khattab
Edited by: Hoda Khattab
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Contents
Chapter 1
'Uthrnk Ihn 'AEb4 Dhun-Noorayn Behveen Makkah And Madinah
1. His name, lineage, kunynh, nicknames, physical Attributes and family, and
his stahls during the jeiliyyah
2. His name, lineage, kunyah and nicknames
3. His Family
4. His status during the jailiyyah
5. His coming to Islam
6. His marriage to Ruqayyah the daughter of the Messenger of AJl&
7. His persecution and migration to Abyssinia
8. 'UWn e and the Holy Q d k
9. His staying close to the Prophet g in Madinah
10. U'- and jihnd with the Messn~gmo f Allgh
11. His social life in Madinah
12. His economic conaibution to the establishment of the hetate
13. AhMeeth of the Messenger % about 'Uthmsn ibn ' m n
14. What was narrated about his *es alongside others
15. Ahiideeth from the Messenger of All* @ about the moil (Fikah) during
which 'UWn would be killed
16. U'- at the time of Abu Bakr and 'Umar
17. At the time of Abu Bakr a
18. At the 6me of 'Umar 4
Chapter 2
'Uthmk's appointment as caliph, his approach to ruling and the
main features of his character 81
1. 'Uihdds appointment as caliph 81
2. 'Urnat's deep insight when appointing his succffsor 81
3. 'U~nar's advice to the caliph who would come after him 88
4. How 'Abd al-Rahmk ibn 'Awf conducted the shoora process 94
5. False reports inserted by the Raidis into the story of the hehoora 99
Contents
6. 'Uthmsn ibn 'Mgn 4s was more qualified to become the caliph
7. Consensus concerning the caliphate of 'Uth&
8. Ruling on preierring 'Ali over 'Uthmgn (&)
9. ' U t M s method of ruling
10. 'UthmXn's letters to his agents, governors and commanders, and to the
people at large
11. The highest authority in the state
12. The uwnah's right to call the caliph to account
13. Shoora
14. Justice and equality
15. Freedom
16. hspection (Hisbah)
17. His main characteristics
18. Knowledge and teaching skills
19. Forbearance
20. Easygoing nature
21. Gentleness
22. Forgiveness
a.
Humility
24. Modesty and chastity
25. Gennosity
26. Courage
27. Resolve
28. Patience
29. Justice
30. Worship
31. Fear of AU&, weeping and taking stock of h i d
32. Asceticism
33. Gratitude
34. Checking on people
35. Defining the specialitis of workers
36. Benefitting from qualified people
Chapter 3
Financial and Judiciary Institutions at the time of 'Uthmin 46 . . . .
1. Financial institutions
2. Financial policy announced by 'Uthmh when he became caliph
3. 'Uthdds guidelines explaining the basic ~rincipleso f zddh to the people
4. The khums (onefifth) of the war booty
Contents
5. Public income from the jizynh at the h eof 'UthrGn
6. Public income from the kharij and 'ushoor at the time of 'Uthmin
7. The policy of 'Uthmh ibn 'Affin in allocating land
8. 'Uth&s policy in allocating land for grazing
9. Types of public expenditure at the time of 'Uthmgn
10. Continuation of the stipend system at the time af ' U M ib n 'Min
11. Effect of inueased abundance of wealth on soda1 and economic life
12. 'Uhnh and his relatives, and stipends from the bayf al-miil
13. Judicial institutions and somefiqhi ijtihids
14. Qisiis, hudood punishments and ta'm punishments
15. Acts of worship and bansactions between people
Chapter 4
Conquests at the time of 'Uthmin ibn 'A£% & ...... .
1. Introduction
2. 'Uthmin's conquests in the East
3. Conquests of the people of Kufah: Azerbaijan, 24 AH
4. Participation of the people of K&h in sabotaging Byzantine movements
5. The campaign of Sa'eed ibn al-'Aas to Tabxistan in 30 AH
6. The flight of the Persian king Yazdagird to Kborasan
7. The death of Yazdagird the Persian king in 31 AH
8. The Christians expressed their sol~owo n the death of Yazdagird
9. The conquests of 'Abd-Allgh ibn 'Aamir, 31 AH
10. The campaign of al-Bib and Balanjar in 32 AH
11. The first dispute between the people of Kufih and the pwple of Syria, 32 AH
12. Ihe conquests of Ibn 'Aamir, 32 AH
13. Fighting between the army of al-Ahnaf and the people of Takhiristan,
d-Jawzajj,, al-Tiqh and d-Fariyib
14. Al-Ahnds treaty with the people of Balkh, 32 AH
15. '1 shall give my thanks to AlEh by entering ihrtm from the point from
which I set out for 'umrah'
16. The defeat of Qirh in Kho~asan
17. One of the leaders of the conquests in the east at the time of ' U r n
d-Ahnaf ibn Qays
18. Conquests in Syria
19. The conquests of Habeeb ibn Maslamah al-Fhi
20. The first one to allow the Muslims to campaign by sea was 'UtMn ibn 'Affj,
21. The campaign to Cyprus
22. Surrender and request for a peace h t y
23. 'Abd-All* ibn Qays, commander of the Muslim navy in Syria
Contents
24. The Cypriots break the treaty 279
25. How insignificant are the people to All& if they disobey Him 280
26. 'Ubidah ibn al-t dividing the spoils of Cyprus 282
27. Conquests on the Egyptian front 283
28. Suppression of the rebels in Alexandria 283
29. The conquest of Nubia 287
30. The conquest of North Africa 287
31. The heroism of 'Abd-All& ihn az-Zubayr in the conquest of North Africa 292
32. The battle of DhSt al-Saw&? 294
33. Where did the battle take place? 296
34. Events of the battle 298
35. The outcome of DKt al- saw^ 300
36. The most important lessons learned from the conquffitso f ' U t M 302
37. The greatest achievement of ' U Mw as uniing the urn& with a single Mus-haf 319
38. Stages in the writing down of the Holy Quijn 319
39. Consulting the Sakaak with regard to the compilation of 'Uthmh 328
40. The difference between the compilation of Abu Bak and the compilation
of 'Uthh (&) 329
41. Did the 'Uthmini manuscripts contain all seven recitations? 331
4% The number of Mus-hqF that 'Uthmin sent to the regions 333
43 The attitude of 'Ahd-All* ibn Madood towards the Mus-hf of 'Uthmjn 334
44. The Sahaak's understanding of the v-s which forbid dissent 336
Chapter 5
Governors at the time of 'Uthmin 343
a
1. Regions of the Islamic state at the time of 'Uthmk and his policy
with regard to govmors 343
2. Makkah al-Mukarramah 343
3. al-Madinah al-Munayywarah 344
4. al-Bahrain and al-Yamhmh 345
5. Yemen and Hadramawt 346
6. The province of Syria 347
7. Armenia 348
8. The province of Egypt 350
9. The province of Basra 351
10. The province of Kufah 355
11. 'UthmWs policies with his governors and their rights and duties 363
12. 'UthmWs policies with his governors 363
13. How 'Uthmh kept watch on his governors and checked on them frequently 365
Contents
14. The rights of governors
15. Duties of governors
16. Who were the governors of 'Uthmh +?
17. Mu'zwiyah ibn Abi Sufyh ibn Harb d-Umawi
18. 'Abd-AU2h ibn 'Aamir ibn Kwayz
19. His economic developments in Basra
20. al-Wdeed ibn 'Uqbah
21. Sa'eed ibn al'Aas
22. 'Abd-AUjh ibn Sa'd ibn Abi'l-Sarh
23. Mvrwh ibn d-Hakam and his father
24. Did 'Utbmin show favouritism to any of his relatives at the
expense of the Muslims?
25. Tne hue nature of the relationship between Abu Dharr d-Cbif&
and 'Uthmiin ihn 'Affsn (&)
26. Summary of the story
27. Roving false the report that h Saba' influenced Abu Dharr 9
28. The death of Abu Dhm s, and ' U t M s adding his family to his own
Chapter 6
Reasons for the fitnah that led to the murder of 'Uthmin
1. Tne importance of studying the turmoil that led up to the
murder of 'Uthdn and its consequences, and the Prophet's wisdom. ..
2. The wisdom of the Prophet in telling 'Utbmsn of what would happen
3. Reasons for the turmoil that led to the klling of 'Uthmb 4S
4. Rosperity and its effect on society
5. The nature of social change at the time of 'UWn 9
6. 'Uthds coming after 'Umar (4%)
7. Departure of the senior Sahabah from Madinah
8. Jali tribalism
9. The cessation of conquest
10. Mistaken concept of piety
11. Ambitions of ambitious people
12. The conspiracy of the haters
13. Plans to stir up trouble against 'Utbmin 4
14. Using means to stir up the people
15. Influence of the Saba'is (followem of 'Abd-AU2h ibn Saba') on the fihah
Chapter 7
The Murder of 'Uthmh ihn 'AEn (4)
1 The spread of fitnah (turmoil)
Contents
2. The followers of whims and desires were upset with the refom 491
3. The Jew 'Abd-Alliih ibn Saba' was the head of the p g 492
4. Mischief-makers causing trouble in the mqilis of Sa'eed ibn al'Aas 494
5. The exiles from Kufah with Mu'2wiyah 496
6. Mu'Swiyah's letter to ' U W n about the troublemakers in Kufah 503
7. E. Rehlm of the troublemaken to Khh followed by their expulsion to al-Jazeerah 504
8. 'Uhneh's policy in dealing with the humoil @&ah) 515
9. Some of the Sahiibnh thought that 'Uthmin should send
committees to investigate the matter 515
10. He wrote a letter to all the provinces that was a general announcement
to all Muslims 517
11. 'UthnSsis advice to the governors of the provinces 518
12. Establishing proof against the rebels 523
13. Responding to some d their requests 527
14. 'UthnGn's guidelines for dealing with turmoil 528
15. The rebels' occupation of Madinah 531
16. Arrival of the rebels from the repons 531
17. The beginning of the siege, und 'UthnSsis opinion on praying behind
the leaders of the troublemakezs 538
18. Negotiatiom between 'Ut- and the besiegers 539
19. The Sahabah's offer to defend 'Uthmh and his ~jwtionth ereof 547
20. Tne attihtde of the Mothea of the Believers and some of the female Sahib& 554
21. Who led the people in Hajj that year? Did 'U- ask
the governors for help? 559
22. Tne martyrdom of ' U W n (a) 571
23. The date of his murder, his age when he was martyred,
his funeral and burial 579
24. Attihtde of the Sahtbah towards the murder of 'Uthmh (4) 585
25. Praise of Ah1 d-Bayt for 'Uthmh -ii and their innocence of shedding
his blood 587
26. The attitude of 'Ammaar ibn Yaasir (4) 597
27. 'Amfs innocence of the murder of U'- 602
28. Comenb of the Sahib& about thefihah 604
29. lhe effect of 'UthmMs murder in creating further humoil and division 607
30. Wronging and tram,-ssing against others are causes of doom in this
world and in the H-after 608
31. The Muslims' sorrow at the murder af 'Uthman 609
Conclusio 611
- - -
-
His name, lineage, kunyah, nicknames,
physical attribuies and family, and his
A .
status during the Jcihiliyyah
- .
His same, lineage, kunya& and nicwames
1 - He was 'Uthm2n ibn ' M hib n Abi'l-'Aas ibn Umayyah ibn
'Abd Shams ibn 'Abd Mans ibn Qusayy ibn ~il2b.I" His
lineage coincides with that of the Messenger of All& g in
'Abd Man8f. His mother was Arwa bint Kurayz ibn
Rabee'ah ibn Habeeb ibn 'Abd Shams ibn 'Abd Ma113f ibn
~ u s a ~ ~H.e[r ~mlot her was Urnm Hakeem al-Bayda' bint
'Abd al-Muttalib, who was the full sister of 'Abd-All2h, the
''I At-TahnryJt by Ibn Sa'd, 3/53; Al-lsibah.4 /377, no. 5463.
'*I At-Tamheed wal-BayrinfiM aqtal al-Shaheed 'Uthmin, by Muhammad Yahya al-
Andalusi, p. 19
12 'Uthmh Ibn 'Affh & Dhun-Nooravn
Ss
father of the Prophet and it was said that they were twins
(this was narrated by al-Zubayr ibn Bald&). So he was the
son of the cousin (daughter of paternal aunt) of the Prophet
@, and the Prophet was the cousin (son of maternal uncle)
of his mother. The mother of 'Uthmh became Muslim and
died during the caliphate of her son 'Uthmsn, and he was
among those who carried her to her grave.[11 'Uthmh's
father died during the J&iliyyah.
2 - His kunyuh during the Jihiliyyah was Abu 'Am. When
Ruqayyah the daughter of the Messenger of AUih @ bore
him a son, he named him 'Abd-All& and took his kunyah
from him, so the Muslims called him by the kunyah of Abu
'~bd-All&."
3 - 'Uthmh & was known by the nickname of Dhun-Noorayn
(the one with the two lights). Badr al-Deen al-'Ayni said in
his commentary on Saheeh al-Bukhciri that it was said to al-
Muhallab ibn Abi ~ufrah[:~ W' hy was 'Uthmgn called
Dhu'n-Noorayn? He said: Because we did not know
anyone who married two daughters of a Prophet except
him.[41 'Abd-Allih ibn 'Umar ibn Abh al-Ju'fi said: My
maternal uncle Husayn al-Ju'fi said to me: 0 my son, do you
know why 'Uthmh was called Dhu'n-Noorayn? I said: I do
not know. He said: No one else was ever married to two
daughters of a Prophet, from the time All& created Adam
mtiI the Hour will begin, except 'Uthmgn. Hence he was
al-Mzilcifah al-RMidak wa'l-Dawlak al-Umawiyyah, by Dr. Yahya al-Yahya, p.
388
[I' al-Tamheed wa'l-Bayin j Maqtal al-Skaheed 'Uthmmapn., 19
'31 He was al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufrah al-Azdi al-'Aqali, om of the great
commanders. al-Muhallab invaded India durin"e the cali~hateof Mu'gwiv,a h..
and he was a covernor for Ibn al-Zubayr. He fought the Khaw%rii during the
Wajiyit al-A'yin, 51350; Siyar ~ ' k mA% -~ubala',4 /38?1
[" 'Umdut alLQ2ri Sharh Saheek al-BuWlu'ri, 16/201