Page i THE BIOGRAPHY BOOK A Reader’s Guide to Nonfiction, Fictional, and Film Biographies of More Than 500 of the Most Fascinating Individuals of All Time Daniel S.Burt Oryx Press 2001 Page ii The rare Arabian Oryx is believed to have inspired the myth of the unicorn. This desert antelope became virtually extinct in the early 1960s. At that time several groups of international conservationists arranged to have 9 animals sent to the Phoenix Zoo to be the nucleus of a captive breeding herd. Today the Oryx population is over 1,000 and nearly 500 have been returned to reserves in the Middle East. © 2001 by Daniel S.Burt Published by The Oryx Press An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 88 Post Road West Westport, CT 06881–5007 (203) 226–3571 (800) 225–5800 http://www.oryxpress.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Published simultaneously in Canada Printed and Bound in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48, 1984. Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Burt, Daniel S. The biography book: a reader’s guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time/ by Daniel S.Burt. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 1–57356–256–4 (alk. Paper) 1. Biography—Bibliography. I. Title. Z5301 B96 2001 [CT104] 016.92–dc21 00–010116 Page iii CONTENTS Introduction v The Biography Book 1 Author Index 465 Index of Books and Other Works by Title 526 Index of Figures by Nationality 606 Index of Figures by Occupation 610 Index of Figures by Time, Period, and Place 616 Subject Index 621 Page iv This page intentionally left blank. Page v INTRODUCTION This reference volume is intended to serve the general reader by identifying and assessing the biographical materials available on the most writtenabout historical figures. That biographies remain one of the most popular literary genres is evident by the large number published each year. It is the exception for any historical figure of even modest accomplishments not to be examined by a biographer, and the notion of a definitive or final word on such figures as Lincoln, Napoleon, or Elizabeth I is challenged by an almost continual stream of yearly reassessments. Readers of biography are increasingly able to be viewers as well, of documentary and dramatic profiles in films and television. The popular appeal of the lives and times of others is clear from the success of Arts & Entertainment Channel’s nightly series “Biography.” Cable television’s highestrated program, “Biography” has spawned its own Web site, a Saturday program for kids, and a monthly magazine devoted to biographical profiles. Readers can also find versions of biographies in the fiction section of libraries and bookstores. Published in 1999 alone were fictional lives of such figures as Joe McCarthy (William F.Buckley’s Redhunter), Joseph Stalin (Richard Lourie’s The Autobiography of Joseph Stalin), George Washington (William Martin’s Citizen Washington), William Shakespeare (Robert Nye’s The Late Mr. Shakespeare), Warren G.Harding (Martin Blinder’s Fluke), and Benedict Arnold (John Ensor Harr’s Dark Eagle). There were also dozens of novels that featured interesting presentations of the lives and characters of historical figures, such as Crazy Horse in Dan O’Brien’s The Contract Surgeon, Hitler in Ron Hansen’s Hitler’s Niece, Samuel Pepys in Ferdinand Mount’s Jem (and Sam) and Sara George’s The Journal of Mrs. Pepys, and Douglas MacArthur in James H.Webb’s The Emperor’s General. Yet with all this biographical material to choose from, readers have few reference tools to assist them in sorting through what’s available, and no single volume that brings together a wide range of important historical figures and biographical nonfiction, fiction, and film. This book is designed to assist readers in identifying biographical books and films available on a particular individual and to help judge whether a title is of interest or will meet the reader’s specialized or general interest. Selection The first step in the preparation of this book was to determine which historical figures should be included. Since the biographies of living figures are still evolving and any assessment is, therefore, incomplete and tentative, only the deceased were considered. I selected those individuals for whom the reader had the most biographical choices and, therefore, the most need for assistance. Included in this volume, therefore, are over 500 of the most writtenabout historical figures as determined from the number of titles on each in typical library holdings. Instead of relying on numbers from the subject headings of the Library of Congress, I ranked my list based on data from the state of Connecticut’s libraries. Connecticut’s wellfunded library system offers a fair, representative sample with its mix of urban and suburban and large and small public and university libraries. The individuals who made the final cut have had at least 30 books produced on some aspect of their lives, work, or achievement. It is often a judgment call identifying whether a book serves a significant biographical as opposed to a historical or critical focus, and I have tried to select those books for review that at least offer as much about a figure’s life as his or her achievements, significance, or influence. Not every biographical title on each figure, however, was finally included. This reader’s guide is not intended as a scholarly annotated bibliography. Rather, the listings are meant to reflect what most readers could expect to find or at least easily retrieve from their linked library systems through interlibrary loan. Obscure or antiquated titles that now have little more than historical interest, because they have been superseded by subsequent research, have been omitted unless they continue to be important biographical sources. Organization No individual could possibly have the expertise to canvass such a large selection of figures and works without relying on the views of others. In the assessment of titles, I have tried to reflect critical consensus, derived from contemporary reviews and later expert assessments of the value of particular works. Space consideration forced each entry to be brief, but I have tried to indicate the scope of each book as well as its strengths and weaknesses and to provide read Page vi ers with a sense of what they can expect from a particular title, whether, for example, a book is a fulllength biography or a more specialized study of an aspect of the individual’s life, and what if any bias or limitations affect a biography’s reliability and usefulness. I have organized the coverage of each figure into sections beginning with available autobiographical material (“Autobiography and Primary Sources”), including memoirs, collections of letters, diaries, and interviews, and essential documentary evidence. I have followed this section with those biographies judged the best in the field (“Recommended Biographies”), books considered standard or definitive or which have, because of a particular viewpoint or interpretation, exerted the strongest impact on how we view a particular figure. The titles that follow these recommendations (“Other Biographical Studies”) are, in most cases, also extremely valuable and should not be overlooked. In most cases they lack the comprehensiveness of the recommended biographies and are more general introductory overviews or offer a more specialized look at a narrower aspect of a figure’s life. Many were not included in the recommended section not because they are weak books, but because I felt it would be helpful to single out a smaller number of titles for special attention in an attempt to suggest what books, given a reader’s limited time, interest, or inclination, should not be missed. Nonfictional biographies are followed whenever available with those fictional biographies in which novelists dramatically present significant portions of an individual’s life (“Biographical Novels”). Freed from a more restrictive obligation to the evidence in nonfictional biographies, the fictional biographer is able to offer a more creative, imaginative interpretation in the same ways in which a historical novel differs from a historical text. Long criticized for the liberties taken and resulting distortions, the fictional biography continues to attract readers and some distinguished writers, and for those interested in a particular historical figure this genre should not be overlooked or underestimated in its capacity both to entertain and to enlighten. Included as well is a sampling of those novels in which the historical figure appears as a character (“Fictional Portraits”). This category identifies the most elusive biographical information, since sometimes a figure appears only briefly in such a novel, and that appearance is rarely recorded. Additional titles can be found in the excellent listings Historical Figures in Fiction by Donald K.Hartman and Gregg Sapp (Oryx Press, 1994), World Historical Fiction and American Historical Fiction by Lynda G.Adamson (Oryx Press, 1999), or in my own book What Historical Novel Do I Read Next? (Gale Research, 1997). I have also selected the best available biographies for middle grade (ages 9–12) and young adult (ages 13–17) readers, limited by space to a maximum of three to four titles (“Recommended Juvenile Biographies”). In many cases biographies listed here are also useful introductions for the adult general reader. Young adult and middle grade material is indicated in the text by the abbreviations MG and YA. Biographical plays as well as documentary and dramatic films are also listed (“Biographical Films and Theatrical Adaptations”). Plays are listed at the beginning of the section, followed by documentary and fictional films; I have selected those that feature more than a cameo appearance by a particular historical figure. For the buff or enthusiast who wishes to view every possible dramatic interpretation of a figure there are several electronic databases from which to choose to locate every appearance, including more obscure and mainly unavailable titles. One of the best is the Internet Movie Database (http://www.us.imdb.com). I have emphasized films available on video. Each entry concludes with any available biographical reference guides—chronologies, collections of biographical essays and recollections, encyclopedias, and sourcebooks. These materials are excellent complements or supplements to more standard biographical approaches. Many include valuable bibliographical information directing readers to additional works on a particular figure. I hope that this arrangement is a useful, informative, and interesting one in helping readers find and appreciate the wealth of biographical material that exists on particular individuals. Included are not only the most fascinating historical figures but also some of the best biographies ever written. Acknowledgments My own biography during the nearly two years of labor to complete this project is marked by the many courtesies and assistance I have received from a variety of individuals. I would like to acknowledge publicly the generosity and patience of the staffs at the Eldredge Public Library, Chatham, Massachusetts, and Russell Library in Middletown, Connecticut. My thanks to Ed Rubacha and his fellow reference librarians at Wesleyan University’s Olin Library. Thanks as well to Krishna Winston for her sympathy, counsel, and hospitality and to Ed Knappman for his always sensible advice. My largest debt is to my wife, Debby Felder, who has helped more than any other in seeing this project to completion. Page 1 THE BIOGRAPHY BOOK Page 2 This page intentionally left blank. Page 3 A 1. ABIGAIL ADAMS 1744–1818 One of the most distinguished and influential first ladies in U.S. history, Abigail Adams was also one of the most important women in early American history. The wife of the second and mother of the sixth president, Adams was at the center of American political life through the United States’ formative years, and she provides in her letters a vivid reflection of social history from a revealing female perspective. Autobiography and Primary Sources The primary source for modern biographies of Abigail Adams are the extensive Adams Papers slowly being edited and published in their entirety. Completed volumes include The Adams Family Correspondence 4 vols. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963–1973), edited by L.H.Butterfield, as well as a briefer selection of letters, also edited by Butterfield, The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762–1784 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1975. 411pp.). Recommended Biographies Akers, Charles W. Abigail Adams: An American Woman. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980. 207pp. The first biography of Abigail Adams to appear after the Adams family papers were opened to scholars, this account captures the paradoxes in Adams’s character, particularly concerning her feminism, and offers revelations about Adams absent from earlier biographies. However, many aspects of Adams’s complex life and times are sacrificed or superficially treated to fit the exigencies of a compact, short biography. Levin, Phyllis L. Abigail Adams: A Biography. New York: Saint Martin’s, 1987. 575pp. The most comprehensive and detailed account of Adams for readers of all levels, the book is excellent on Adams’s relationships, her visit to Europe, her youth, and her old age. Scrupulous in her documentation, Levin footnotes almost every paragraph. However, more interpretation rather than accumulation of data and paraphrased letters by and to Adams would have better assisted Levin’s intention to reconstruct the complex character of her subject. Withey, Lynne. Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams. New York: Free Press, 1981. 369pp. The biography’s strengths rest in the historical and cultural contexts Withey provides and her willingness to present Adams with her paradoxes and ambivalences intact, shaped by the contradictions of her times and the role of women Adams struggled equally to expand and maintain. Other Biographical Studies Bobbé, Dorothie. Abigail Adams: The Second First Lady. New York: Minton Balch, 1929. 336pp. This admiring early biography is marred by sentimentality and melodrama, avoids unflattering aspects of Adams’s life and character, and employs undocumented, invented dialogue. It is best on period fashion and lifestyle. Gellis, Edith B. Portia: The World of Abigail Adams. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. 227pp. This fascinating biographical study sees Adams in the context of eighteenthcentury ideas and recent feminist thought that focuses on relationships and power, patriarchy, and individualism in the context of Adams’s eighteenthcentury world. Critics have asserted that Gellis’s approach reconceptualizes and revolutionizes the very notion of biography; others have noted some questionable assumptions about the veracity of certain historical truths about women. Nagel, Paul C. The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 310pp. Centering on the biographical data of the Adams family, Nagel provides an extensive portrait of how American women actually lived and thought between 1750 and 1850. The minutia of Abigail Adams’s daily life are fully captured. Whitney, Janet. Abigail Adams. Boston: Little, Brown, 1947. 347pp. At its best in its historical reconstruction, the author’s portrait of Adams is marred by an overly enthusiastic advocacy of Adams’s feminism, which other biographers have qualified, as well as imagined, undocumented conversations. Biographical Novels Stone, Irving. Those Who Love. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1965. 662pp. Tracing the married and political lives of John and Abigail Adams from their courtship to Adams’s election as president, the novel shows Abigail Adams as her husband’s true partner. The period background is convincing, with the essential elements of the Adamses’ story faithfully depicted. Fictional Portraits Abigail Adams appears as a character in a number of historical fictions on the American Revolution and the early years of the United States, no doubt because of her colorful character and her proximity to the great events and figures of the times. The most interesting portraits can be found in the following: Byrd, Max. Jefferson: A Novel. New York: Bantam, 1993. 424pp. Jefferson’s service as ambassador to the court of Louis XVI is chronicled from the perspective of his secretary with intimate glimpses of those such as Abigail Adams who were important role players. ChaseRiboud, Barbara. Sally Hemings. New York: Viking, 1979. 348pp. This controversial novel is based on the longheld suspicion that Thomas Jefferson had an affair with his slave Sally Hemings who bore him children. Their affair is dramatized over a 38year period with historical figures such as Abigail Adams brought on for their perspectives. Recommended Juvenile Biographies Bober, Natalie. Abigail Adams: Witness to a Revolution. New York: Atheneum, 1995. 248pp. YA. Interweaving excerpts from Adams’s correspondence into a coherent, awardwinning biography, Bober creates a complex portrait as well as a detailed eighteenthcentury background showing her subject as the product of her times. Meeker, Clare Hodgson. Partner in Revolution: Abigail Adams. New York: Benchmark, 1998. 118pp. MG. Beautifully illustrated and reliable, Meeker’s biography is valuable as both a biographical study and a depiction of the American Revolution and the formative years of the United States.
Description: