The Biochemistry of Gene Expression in Higher Organisms: The Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by the International Union of Biochemistry, the Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Biochemical Society

661 Pages·1973·25.66 MB·English

by  W. J. Peacock (auth.)

THE
BIOCHEMISTRY OF GENE EXPRESSION
IN
HIGHER ORGANISMS
THE
BIOCHEMISTRY OF GENE EXPRESSION
IN
HIGHER ORGANISMS
THE PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM SPONSORED
BY THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY,
THE AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND THE
AusTRALIAN BIOCHEMICAL SociETY
Edited by
J.K.POLLAK
Department ofH istology and Embryology,
University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia
and
J. WILSON LEE
Wheat Research Unit, CSIRO,
North Ryde, N.S. W. Australia
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-97960
ISBN 978-94-010-2552-2 ISBN 978-94-010-2550-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-2550-8
AII rights reserved
Copyright © by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1973
Originally published by Australia & New Zealand Book Co. Pty. Ltd. in 1973
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1973
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any
other means, without written permission from the publisher
Ed ito rial Preface
The papers assembled in this volume are based on the symposium on "The
Biochemistry of Gene Expression in Higher Organisms" which was held at the
University of Sydney from May 14-19, 1972.
Many symposia have been held on the control of gene expression in prokaryotes
but to date considerably less attention has been paid to eukaryotic organisms. It
has been appreciated only recently that some of the information gained from the
study of prokaryotes is directly applicable to eukaryotes; however, it is now
realized that the principles of the control mechanisms of gene expression in
these two classes of organism, differ considerably.
This symposium was organized in an effort to bring together workers from
widely different fields concerned with gene expression, with the aim of circum
scribing the current concepts and speculating on future developments in studies
on the mechanisms which control and modulate gene expression, in the widest
sense, in eukaryotes. This volume contains all the 36 papers presented at the
symposium. In a few instances the sequence of contributions has been changed
to provide the reader with a more logical presentation. In addition, three papers
which were not actually presented at the symposium, have been included in this
volume. These three papers were not read because last-minute hitches prevented
speakers from attending.
The Editors wish to express their thanks to all the contributors who co-operated
by supplying their manuscripts promptly. Unfortunately it is extremely difficult
to recreate for the reader of this volume, the same spirit of enthusiasm, bonhomie
and stimulation which permeated the meeting and the discussions which lasted
well into the nights.
The symposium was cosponsored by the International Union of Biochemistry,
the Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Biochemical Society to
whom the organizers wish to express their gratitude. Particular thanks are also
due to Associate Professor J. F. Williams and his committee who so ably handled
all of the physical arrangements for the meeting.
J. K. PoLLAK
J.
WILSON LEE
v
Contents
EDITORIAL PREFACE
CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND THE MANIPULATION AND
ANALYSIS OF GENES
Chromosome structure and units of function in higher organisms 3
W.J.PEACOCK
Transgenosis of bacterial genes from.Escherichia coli to cultures of haploid 21
Lycopersicon esculentum and haploid Arabidopsis thaliana plant-
cells
CoLIN H. DoY, PETER M. GRESSHOFF and BARRY RoLFE
Sequences in genetic nucleic acids 38
F. SANGER
Mutations at the end of the iso-1-cytochrome c gene of yeast 56
FRED SHERMAN and JoHN W. STEWART
TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
MECHANISMS
RNA polymerases and transcriptive specificity in eukaryotic organisms 89
W. J. RUTTER, P. W. MoRRis, M. GoLDBERG, M. PAULE and
R. W. MoRRIS
The control of gene expression by membrane organization in 105
Saccharoinyces Cerevisiae
KEVIN A. WARD, S. MARZUKI and J. M. HASLAM
Transcription and translation in mammalian cells 117
S. PENMAN, R. PRICE, S. PERLMAN and R. SINGER
Isolated chromatin in the study of gene expression 142
SARAH C. R. ELGIN and J. BoNNER
Structural modifications of histones in cultured mammalian cells 164
GEoRGE R. SHEPHERD, BILLIE J. NoLAND, JuLIA M. HARDIN and
PAUL BYVOET
The role of histones in avian erythropoiesis 177
V. L. SELIGY, G. M. H. ADAMS and J. M. NEELIN
Chromosomal components in relation to differentiation of avian red blood 191
cells
R. APPELS, R. HARLOW, P. ToLsTOSHEV and J. R. E. WELLS
Mechanism of glucocorticoid hormone action and of regulation of gene 206
expression in cultured mammalian cells
JoHN D. BAXTER, GUY G. RouSSEAU, STEPHEN J. HIGGINS and
GoRDoN M. ToMKINS
vii
viii
Regulation of transcription by glucocorticosteroids 225
C. E. SEKERIS and W. SCHMID
A control mechanism in gene expression of higher cells operating at the 242
termination step in protein synthesis
I. T. OLIVER
The mechanism and control of the biosynthesis of a-lactalbumin by the 260
mammary gland
P. N. CAMPBELL
Changes in protein synthesis and degradation involved in enzyme 274
accumulation in differentiating liver
F. J. BALLARD, M. F. HoPGOOD, LEA RESHEF and R. W. HANSON
GENE EXPRESSION AND DEVELOPMENT
Obligatory requirement for DNA synthesis during myogenesis 287
erythrogenesis and chondrogenesis
H. HoLTZER, R. MAYNE, H. WEINTRAUB and G. CAMPBELL
The dependence of gene expression on membrane assembly 305
C. G. DuCK-CHONG andJ. K. PoLLAK
Patterns of gene activity in larval tissues of the blowfly Calliphora 320
J. A. THOMSON
Hormonal and environmental modulation of gene expression in plant 333
development
B. KESSLER
DNA and RNA synthesis during growth by cell expansion in Vicia faba 357
cotyledons
ADELE MILLERD
GENE EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENTIATED CELLS
Induction of 8-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in perfused rat liver by 369
drugs, steroids, lead and adenosine-3', 5' -monophosphate
A.M. EDWARDS and W. H. ELLIOTT
The anaemia-induced reversible switch from haemoglobin A to 379
haemoglobin C in goats and sheep: the two haemoglobins are
present in the same cell during the changeover
M. D. GARRICK, R. F. MANNING, M. REICHLIN and M. MATTIOLI
Gene expression in liver endoplasmic reticulum 393
L. ERNSTER
The use of neurological mutants as experimental models 410
P. MANDEL, J. L. NussBAUM, N. NESKOVIC, L. SARLIEVE, E. FARKAs
and 0. RoBAIN
GENE EXPRESSION IN MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS
The phenomenology of cytoplasinic genetics in yeast: a proposal for an 425
autonomy of Initochondrial membranes and the deterininism
of nucleo-cytoplasinic genetic interactions
A. W. LINNANE, C. L. BUNN, NEIL HoWELL, P. L. MoLLOY and
H. B. LUKINS
ix
Location of DNAs coding for various kinds of chloroplast proteins 443
S. G. WILDMAN, N. KAWASHIMA, D.P. BouRQUE, FLossiE WoNG,
SHALINI SINGH, P. H. CHAN, S. Y. KwoK, K. SAKANO, S. D. KuNG
and J. P. THORNBER
Nuclear genes controlling chloroplast development in barley 457
KNUD W. HENNINGSEN, J. E. BoYNTON, D. VON WETTSTEIN and
N. K. BOARDMAN
Gene expression in chloroplasts and regulation of chloroplast differentiation 479
RoBERT M. SMILLIE, N. STEELE ScoTT and D. G. BISHOP
Products of chloroplast DNA-directed transcription and translation 504
P. R. WHITFIELD, D. SPENCER and W. BoTTOMLEY
GENE EXPRESSION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
The relevance of immunology to the biochemistry of gene expression 525
G. J. V. NossAL
The reaction of antigen with lymphocytes 532
G. L. ADA, M. G. CooPER and R. LANGMAN
Synthesis transport and secretion of immunoglobulin in lymphoid cells 542
FRITZ MELCHERS
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of clonal selection 555
GERALD M. EDELMAN
Antibody diversification: the somatic mutation model revisited 574
MELVIN COHN
An alternate mechanism for immune recognition 593
K. J. LAFFERTY
The clonal development of antibody forming cells 606
A. J. CUNNINGHAM
Immunoglobulin gene expression in murine lymphoid cells 612
NoEL L. WARNER and ALAN W. HARRis
Structure and function of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin 629
JoHN J. MARCHALONIS, RoBERT E. CoNE, JoHN L. ATWELL and
RoNALD T. RoLLEY
INDEX 649
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Chromosome Structure and the
Manipulation and Analysis of Genes
3
Chromosome Structure and Units of Function
in Higher Organisms
W. J. PEACOCK
Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,
Canberra, A.C.T., Australia.
It is not my intention in this paper to present an exhaustive review of what is
known of the structure of the eukaryotic chromosome; rather I thought in this
conference I would emphasize the role of cytological and cytogenetic approaches
to the problem, and demonstrate that they are a necessary adjunct to biochemical
and molecular analyses. In the first part of the paper, in which I will consider
the possibility that the eukaryotic chromosome is similar to the bacterial chromo
some in having one continuous DNA molecule, I will largely discuss a cytological
experiment I carried out in association with Dr. Sheldon Wolff (University of
California, San Francisco) and Dr. Dan Lindsley (University of California, San
Diego). In the second part of the paper I will largely confine myself to a discus
sion of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster, a species in which recent
genetic work, when considered with molecular data, has posed a problem which
is perhaps the fundamental issue in chromosome research-what is the unit of
functional organization in the chromosome?
IS THE CHROMOSOME A CONTINUOUS DNA MOLECULE?
The possibility that chromosomes of higher organisms may contain one con
tinuous DNA molecule was first indicated by the autoradiographic analysis of
chromosome duplication by Taylor et al. ( 1957). In this simple experiment root
tip cells of Vicia faba, the broad bean, were provided with tritiated thymidine
( [3H]dT) during the DNA replication period of one cell cycle. Some of the cells
were then examined by autoradiography at the next metaphase; others were per
mitted to proceed through a further DNA replication period in which the isotope
was omitted, and examined at the succeeding metaphase-the second metaphase
after incorporation of [3H]dT. In the first metaphase both sister chromatids of
each chromosome were labelled whereas in the second division, in each chromo-
4 CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE; GENE MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS
some, only one of the two sister chromatids was labelled. An example of the
second metaphase labelling pattern is shown in Fig. 1 which shows a cell from a
Chinese Hamster tissue culture. The patterns found in the two successive meta
phases imply that chromosomal DNA followed a semi-conservative mode of
duplication with the unreplicated chromosome (chromatid) containing two sub
units extending along its length.
FIGURE 1
Autoradiogram of a Chinese Hamster cell.
This cell is at the second metaphase after incorporation of ['H)dT and shows segregation of
label over sister chromatids. Most chromosomes are labelled along their full length. The arrow
indicates a chromosome with one terminal sister chromatid exchange; the double arrow indicates
a chromosome with three exchanges.
An exception to the labelling pattern described above is the finding of some
chromosomes in the second metaphase with labelling over both sister chromatids.
Peacock ( 1963) described such isolabelling in Vicia faba and pointed out that it
may indicate that more than two strands existed along a chromosome, although
in general the strands were parcelled together into two subunits. This possibility
was in concert with other classes of cytological evidence which suggested a
multineme structure to chromosomes (Wolff, 1969). Isolab elling has been found
in a number of organisms ( Deaven and Stubblefield, 1969; Darlington and Haque,
1969) and although it is certainly not a technical artifact as Thomas ( 1971) has
asserted, it does not provide critical evidence for the existence of more than two
subunits in the unreplicated chromosome. Peacock ( 1963) recognized that auto
radiographic resolution could not exclude the possibility that isolabelling resulted
from a number of breakage and reunion events between sister chromatids, and
both Dupraw ( 1968) and Comings ( 1971) have suggested other ways in which
isolabelling is compatible with only two chromatid subunits, given exchanges
between sister chromatids. Sister chromatid exchanges are certainly visible in