The Biblical Archaeologist - Vol.54, N.3

65 Pages·1991·20.79 MB·English

by  American Schools of Oriental Research

al
Americ Research Volume
A PA uPubbliclatiionc atiooof nf tthe he AmericanS choolso f OrientaRl esearch Volume554 4 NNumbuer mber33 SSepetempbetr embe119r91 9 91
Protecting
the Holy Land
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Biblical
Archaeaoloist
A Publication of the American Schools of Oriental Research Volume 54 Number 3 September 1991
Horvat cUza: A Fortified Outpost on the 126
Eastern Negev Border
Itzhak Beit-Arieh and Bruce C. Cresson
Throughout ancient times, the borderr egions of Israel and
Judaha ssumed greateri mportance whenever these kingdoms
were challenged by warringd esert tribes or aggressiven eighbor-
ing kingdoms. Due in part to this, the eastern Negev was settled
more intensely during the late Iron II period, and many fortified
settlements were established.
King Manasseh and the Royal Fortressa t cUza 136
Lynn Tatum .Horvat
Page 126 Sometime during the last half of the seventh century B.C.E., a
construction boom took place in Judah.A series of citadels and
new urban centers were built throughout the region. Twok ings -
Manasseh and Josiah- are the possible originators of this con-
struction surge.
CurrentA rchaeological Research in Israel
Death and Disease in Ancient Israel 146
Joseph Zias
In the millennia that humans and animals have inhabited the
earth, many of the disease processes that befell them can be
deciphered through skeletal remains, artifacts, art and ancient
literature. The Middle East offers a unique opportunity for
researchb ecause of its ancient literary traditions and arid
environments.
Profiles of Archaeological Institutes
Ecole Biblique et Archeologique Francaise 160
de J6rusalem
Benedict T Viviano
Page 146
The Ecole Pratique d'EtudesB ibliques (the Practical School of
Biblical Studies) was inauguratedo n November 15, 1890 and was
the first scientific institute in Palestine. Its title underlined
what was then a unique goal - to study the Bible in the context
of the land in which it had been written. Since its founding, the
Ecole has been a leader in biblical researcha nd has sponsored
many excavations that have shed light on the biblical era.
From the Editor'sD esk 124
Arti-FACTSN: ews, Notes, and Reportsf rom the Institutes 170
Qumran Update 172
Introducing the Authors 122
Book Reviews 173
Page 160 Letter to the Readers 124
On the cover:A n isometric drawing of the fortressc onstructed at Horvatc Uza during the
seventh century B.C.E. The fortress was part of a string of fortified settlements established
to protect the borderr egions of Judaha nd Israel. Drawing by JaneS weeney.
the Authors
Introducing
Itzhaq Beit-Arieh is a Principal Research Associate and
lecturer at the Institute of Archaeology and the Depart-
ment of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cul-
tures, Tel Aviv University. During the past decade he has
conducted excavations and surveys in the eastern Negev,
where he directed the excavations of Tel CIraa nd the
Edomite Shrine at Horvat Qitmit. He is codirector of the
excavations at cUza, Horvat Radum and Tel
Malhata in the s.aHmoer vraegt ion.
Bruce C. Cresson is Director of the Institute of Archae-
ology and Professor of Religion at Baylor University,
where he is currently serving as Dean of the University
School. He has served on the staff of excavations at
Aphek-Antipatris and Mugharet al Wardeh, and has
codirected severalp rojectsi ncluding Tel Dalit (with Ram
Gophna) and Horvat cUza, Radum and Tel
Malhata with Itzhaq Beit-AriehH. .orvat
LynnT atum is currently on faculty at his undergraduate
alma mater BaylorU niversity, where he teaches courses
in HebrewB ible and Syro-PalestinianA rchaeology.H e re- Itzhaq Beit-Arieh
cently received his Ph.D. from Duke University. In addi-
tion to his staff work at Horvat cUza, he has participated
in excavations at Tel Aphek, Sepphoris,T el Miqne/Ekron,
Tel Dalit and Telc Ira.H e is currently involved in the new
excavations at Tel Masos that will be undertaken by
BaylorU niversity and the University of Tel Aviv.
JosephZ ias has been Curatoro f Antiquities and Physical
Anthropology at the Israel Antiquities Authority since
1972. Following the discovery in 1984 of several cases of
leprosy in monasteries in the JudaeanD esert, he became
involvedi n the field of Paleopathology,o r ancient disease.
He is currently involved in publishing the results of
surveys he conducted on the skeletal collections housed
in these ancient JudaeanD esert monasteries.
Benedict T. Viviano, O.P., the Ordinarius Professor of
New Testament at the Ecole Biblique since 1984, is the
first American to hold a permanent position at the French
school in Jerusalem. He earned his Ph.D. at Duke Univer-
sity. He has written a commentary on Matthew, coedited
the Macmillan Bible Dictionary, and has regularly pro-
duced articles and reviews for the Revue Biblique, the
Catholic Biblical Quarterly and Theological Studies.
Bruce C. Cresson
122 Biblical Archaeologist, September 1991
JoeFl ishmanp hoto
LynnT atum
Benedict T Viviano
Biblical Archaeologist, September 1991 123
Letter to the Readers
he articleo nt heE coleB ibliqube yB enedicTt . research of the District Archaeologists and researchers
Viviano,P rofessoro f New Testamenta nd Early of the Israel Antiquities Authority. The aims are to
Rabbinics, initiates a new series in Biblical provide a broad perspective on regional problems and
Archaeologist-P rofiles of Archaeological the development of ancient settlement patterns, and to
Institutes. The focus is on archaeological research insti- review the most up-to-date results of archaeological
tutes in the eastern Mediterranean basin. Each article research in Israel.
will describe an institute's history and development, Both series, organized and edited by the Albright
major areas of specialization, main accomplishments Director, form an important part of the Albright'sI nfor-
and field projects,p ersonnela nd their research,f uture mation Sharing Program directed to scholars, students
goals, and publication projects. The aim is to provide an and others interested in archaeological activities in
overallu nderstandingo f past and current activities of the Israel. The goal of this programi s to provide annually a
institutes that have had a direct or indirect influence on comprehensive report on all facets of archaeological
the development of ancient Near Easterna rchaeology. research that relate to the archaeology of ancient Israel.
The article by Joseph Zias, "Death and Disease in
Ancient Israel,"i s the second presentation in the series
Current Archaeological Research in Israel. Zias is the
Curator of the Permanent Archaeological Collection at
the RockefellerM useum. This series focuses on the
/7 Director, Albright Institute
From the Editor's Desk
R
eaderso f BiblicalA rchaeologistw ill note on Lecture."T ax-deductible contributions to the Harvard
page 173 an announcement of the opening of Semitic Museum/Shiloh Fund may be mailed to the
an exhibition at the HarvardS emitic Museum museum at 6 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge,M A 02138.
on November 4, 1991," TheC ity of David: Dis- Fort hose who knew Professor Shiloh, I think that it
coveries from the Excavations."I n and of itself, such an is fair to say that this is a particularly fitting tribute to
event might seem to be of only limited significance for someone whose career in field archaeology was so dis-
the archaeological community, especially since it has tinguished. Shiloh spent several sabbatical years at
already appeareda t other locations in the United States Harvardw orking at the Semitic Museum. He gave the
(Ursinus College and Lehigh University) and will appear first lecture for friends of the museum before it opened to
at other campuses as well (Mississippi State and Hebrew the public. In addition, he lectured at the museum vir-
Union College, Los Angeles). However,H arvardU niver- tually every year when he was not in residence. His last
sity has chosen to honor at this occasion the chief exca- lecture at Harvardw as on March 19, 1985 when his topic
vator of the City of David, the late Yigal Shiloh (Biblical was "Inscriptionsa nd the New Hoard of Bullae from the
Archaeologist 50: 196). City of David."A t the time, he remarked that he had
ProfessorS hiloh was one of Israel'sm ost noted bibli- saved the lecture for ProfessorF rankM oore Cross.
cal archaeologists. He directed the City of David Excava- All who would like to honor ProfessorS hiloh, there-
tions from 1978-1985, and his reportso n the excavations fore, are encouragedt o contribute to this memorial fund.
have appearedi n the Qedem series of monographs pub-
lished by the Institute of Archaeology at Hebrew Univer-
sity, where Shiloh taught and served as head.
On the occasion of the exhibition, the Harvard
Semitic Museum is seeking to endow an annual lecture Eric M. Meyers
fund to be known as "TheA nnual Yigal Shiloh Memorial Editor-in-Chief
124 Biblical Archaeologist, September 1991
AmericanS choolso f OrientalR esearch1 992-1993
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spouse. Open to post-doctorasl cholars.A pplicationd eadline: February1 , 1992.
October 15, 1991. WinnettF ellowship( 1):$ 10,000a wardo, pent o scholarsa t Ph.D.a nd
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HonoraryA ppointments:N o stipend. Open to senior fellows, The CyprusA merican Archaeological ResearchI nstitute
postdoctoralf ellows, researchf ellows and scholars. (Nicosia)
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October 15, 1991. FulbrightR esearchF ellowship.
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up to $27,500, open to any U.S. citizen or residenta lien in the postdoctoralf ellows, researchf ellows and scholars.
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January1 , 1992.
The American Centero f Oriental Research( Amman) The Committee on Mesopotamian Civilization (Baghdad)
ArabicS peakingA cademicI mmersionP rogram( ASAIP)F: or MesopotamianF ellowship( 1):$ 5,0000 stipend,o pen to pre-
applicationi nformationw rite:T he ASAIPS election Commit- doctorala nd postdoctorals cholars.A pplicationd eadline:
tee, c/o Dr. L. Carl Brown,P rogrami n Near EasternS tudies, February1 , 1992.
JonesH all, Princeton,N J 08544-1008. At-Large
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BiblicalA rchaeologistS, eptember1 991 125
Horvat cUza
A Fortified Outpost
the Eastern Negev Border
on
byI tzhaqB eit-Arieba nd BruceC .C resson
hroughout ancient times, Tel cIra, cUza, Horvat Tov
the borderr egions of Israel and Hor.vHato Qrvitamt it. The results of
and Judaha ssumed greater these excavations have not yet been
importance whenever fully published, but it is alreadyc lear
these kingdoms were challenged by that the number of settlements in
warringd esert tribes or aggressive this areai ncreasedd uringt he seventh
neighboringk ingdoms. Due in partt o centuryB .C.E., andt hat Edomite
this, the eastern Negev was settled presence grew strongert owardt he
more intensively during the late Iron end of the century, apparentlyb efore
II period, and fortified settlements the Babylonianc onquest.
were established
at Tel Malhata, Excavationsa t
Tel cAroer,T el The eastern Negev IJorvatc Uza
cIraa nd Horvat Horvat cUza
cUza. We cannot was intensively (IhirbetG hazzeh)
draw a compre- is located at the
hensive and de- settled before the eastern edge of
tailed historical the AradD epres-
picture of the Babylonian conquest. sion at the top of
region because deep Nahal Qinah
these sites have (Wadie l Qeini).
not been fully excavated.H owever, An ancient roadc ame up the wadi and
due to previously published findings was dominated by a fort. Neolithic
from archaeological investigations - finds recently discoveredi n the con-
in particulare vidence from cealed cave in Nahal Hemar show this
cUza-this picture is becom.iHngo rvat road may have been in use in prehis-
clearer,e specially during the last toric times. During Iron II and later
phase of Judaeans ettlement. periods the wadi was the easiest and
Beginning in 1962 with the pio- most convenient route to the Aravah
neering excavation of Tel Arad by the and Edom, and Aharoni believed it
late YohananA haroni, the eastern was probablyt he biblical "Wayo f
Negev has undergone extensive ar- Edom"m entioned in II Kings 3:20.
chaeological investigation. All of the About 2 kilometers south of
remaining tels in this area, as well as cUza is Horvat Radum, a small fort
most of the important one-period from the Iron II period that domi-
sites, have since been excavated, nated another segment of the wadi
including Tel Esdar,T el Beer-sheba, route, while the powerful fortress of
Tel Malhata, Tel Masos, Tel cAroer, Arad and another Iron II fortress at
Horvat Tov are about 10 to 15 kilo-
meters to the north. These four
This isometric reconstructions hows how the
fortressa nd the eastern area of the settle- strongholds effectively constituted a
ment looked during the Iron II period. line of fortifications on the south-
Drawing by Judith Dekel. eastern bordero f Judah.T hey demon-
126 Biblical Archaeologist, September 1991
Biblical Archaeologist, September 1991 127
strated both the importance of the cArad (cEder)in the list of Negev
"Wayo f Edom"d uring the Iron Age cities (Joshua1 5:21),w ith Horvat
and the increasing respect the Judae- Tov,l ocated to the northeast of Arad.
an Kingdomh ad for this desert border However,o ther scholars (Lemaire
region, which played an important 1973; Rainey 1955; Na'aman 1908)
role in defending the country over identify Ramat Negev with Tel cIra,
long periods of time; at Horvat cUza which is situated on the highest
and other sites, the forts were re- point in the region and was included
paired or reconstructed in the later in the area settled by the tribe
Hellenistic and Roman periods. of Simeon.
Horvat cUza was first surveyed Our findings at Horvat cUza do
in the early 1900s by Alois Musil, not support Aharoni'ss uggested
who briefly described the site with- identification. We discoveredn o
out dating it to any particularp eriod. occupation remains earlier than the
Both Albrecht Alt (1931)a nd Michael seventh century B.C.ES. ince Ramat
Avi-Yonah( 1951)r egardedt he site Negev is mentioned in the Davidic
as part of the string of forts consti- period (I Samuel 30:27) as having Above: The fortressa t HorvatC Uzaw as
tuting the Roman Limes of Palestine, been the recipient of Amalekite constructed during the seventh century B.C.E.
ignoring its existence during any booty, it must be identified with a It measured 42 by 51 meters (approximately
100 by 120 short cubits), was surrounded
other periods. site having remains from the tenth by a solid wall 1.5 meters thick and was
Aharoni made the first thorough century B.C.ER. ecently, evidence was strengthened by towers at the four corners
survey of Horvat cUza in 1956 and discoveredt hat Tel cIraw as occupied and at intervals along its sides. Supportw alls
were constructedp arallel to the west and
published a sketch-plan of the fort as during the tenth-ninth century B.C.E., east walls, apparentlyt o support the stone
it appearedo n the surface. He barely making its identification with fill that was introduced in the empty space
mentioned the adjacent settlement, Ramat Negev more plausible. (about 5 meters) between the two walls.
Below: An isometric drawing of the interior
saying only that its remains were Also, evidence indicating Edo- of the fort dating to the Iron II period.
located on the wadi slope. Aharoni mite presence was recently found at The walls with lines representu nexcavated
described the site as an Iron Age Horvatc Uza and Horvat Qitmit. walls projectedf rom surface indications.
Drawing by Jane Sweeney
casemated fort with towers and an This supports the assumption of
inner courtyardb isected by a row of deep Edomite penetration into the
casemate rooms, and reportedt hat a southern region of Judaha bout the
small quantity of sherds dating from time of the Babylonianc onquest-
the Persian,H ellenistic and Roman meaning Ramat Negev would not
periods were collected. necessarily have been located on the
Aharoni dated the Iron Age Judah-Edomb order.I f this assump-
phases of the fort to the eighth- tion is correct then Horvat cUza may
seventh centuries B.C.E. He also be identified with Kinah, which, as
claimed that the site had been occu- stated in the list of Negev cities,
pied duringt he tenth-ninth centuries comes immediately after Arad and
B.C.E.b ecause of sherds he found on can be nominally connected with
the wadi slope that he dated to this Wadie l Kinah, on which it is located.
period. He suggested identifying the Results of the excavations.W e con-
site with Ramat Negev (Height of ducted our first season of excavation
the Negev), which is mentioned in at Horvatc Uza in 1982, 26 years after
the list of cities of the Negev district Aharoni'so riginal survey.T o date
in the tribal inheritance of Simeon six seasons of excavations (1982-86,
(Joshua 19:8), as well as in letter 24 1988)h ave been held. The excava-
from Arad, whose commander is tions were jointly sponsored by the
ordered to send reinforcements "to Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv
Ramat Negev." According to Aharoni, University and the Institute of
since Ramat Negev was the first Archaeology of BaylorU niversity.
settlement in the area exposed to We concentrated our excavations
Edomite aggression it would be mainly in the fort and its surround-
located near the Judah border. He ing areab ut also included the area of
identified Kinah, which comes after the settlement. Since the restoration
128 Biblical Archaeologist, September 1991