The Bible Came from Arabia Kamal Salibi was born in Beirut in 1929. He studied in Beirut and London and is currently professor of history at the American University of Beirut. He has had many articles published, including a series on Lebanese history in medieval and modern times, and among the books he has written are The Modern History of Lebanon, Crossroads to Civil War and A History of Arabia. Kamal Salibi THE BIBLE CAME FROM ARABIA Pan Books in association with Jonathan Cape First published in Great Britain 1985 by Jonathan Cape Ltd This edition published 1987 by Pan Books Ltd, Cavaye Place, London swio 9PG in association with Jonathan Cape Ltd 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 © 1985 by Spiegel Verlag, Hamburg English language © 1985 by Kamal Salibi isbn o 330 29519 5 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser CONTENTS Key to Hebrew and Arabic transliteration xi Consonantal transformations xiii Preface s xv Introduction 1 1 The Jewish world of antiquity 7 2 A question of method 27 3 The land of Asir 38 4 The search for Gerar 47 5 Non-findings in Palestine 63 6 Starting from Tehom 76 7 The Jordan question 83 8 Arabian Judah 97 9 Jerusalem and the City of David 110 10 Israel and Samaria 124 11 The itinerary of the Sheshonk expedition 133 12 Melchizedek: clues to a pantheon 143 13 The Hebrews of the Asir woods 151 14 The Arabian Philistines 157 15 The Promised Land 166 16 A visit to Eden 173 17 Songs from the Jizan mountains 180 Epilogue 189 Appendix: Onomastic evidence relating to the twelve tribes of Israel in West Arabia 191 Notes 197 Index 217 MAPS . . / 1 The Near East in antiquity 10 2 Palestine at the time of the Old Testament 13 3 Asir: physical characteristics 39 4 Asir: administrative areas (provinces and districts), 1978 41 5 Primary routes and centres of population 45 6 Gerar in Palestine 48 7 Gerar(s) in Asir 61 8 The ‘Jordan’ and ‘Eden’ and its ‘Garden’ 84 9 The itinerary of Sheshonk I - in Palestine 134 I o The itinerary of Sheshonk I ~ in Asir 138 II The Promised Land 167