The beads of St. Catherines Island

314 Pages·2009·11.26 MB·English

by  Elliot Blair, Lorann S. A. Pendleton, Peter Francis (Jr.), Eric A. Powell, David Hurst Thomas

2009 THE BEADS OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND
THE BEADS OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND
ELLIOT H. BLAIR
Department of Anthropology
University of California, Berkeley
LORANN S. A. PENDLETON
Division of Anthropology
American Museum of Natural History
AND
PETER J. FRANCIS, JR.
Center for Bead Research
Lake Placid, New York
with contributions by
Eric PowEll and david hurst thomas
This monograph is the ffth in the series entitled
The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Number 89, 312 pages, 35 fgures, 12 plates, 7 tables
Issued April 1, 2009
Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2009
ISBN 0065-9452
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 89
2009 THE BEADS OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND
CONTENTS
Abstract................................................................................................................................vii
A Personal Preface. Lorann S. A. Pendleton and Elliot H. Blair ..................................................... viii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. xi
PART I. BEADS IN SOCIETY
Chapter 1. History of Bead Studies. Lorann S.A. Pendleton and Peter Francis, Jr. .............................. 3
The Origin of Bead Studies ............................................................................................................... 3
The Names of Beads .......................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2. Beads in the Spanish Colonial Empire. Peter Francis, Jr. ...................................................... 7
The Trade in Beads ............................................................................................................................. 7
Cargo Bound for the New World ......................................................................................................... 8
Origin of the Beads: Cargo Lists ......................................................................................................... 9
Wealth at Mission Santa Catalina de Guale ......................................................................................... 9
The Rosary ......................................................................................................................................... 10
The Dates of the Beads ........................................................................................................................ 11
PART II. THE ST. CATHERINES ISLAND BEAD ASSEMBLAGE
Chapter 3. Native American Landscapes of St. Catherines Island. David Hurst Thomas .................. 15
Archaeology on St. Catherines Island ............................................................................................. 15
Precolumbian Human Landscapes of St. Catherines Island ............................................................ 17
The Guale People of St. Catherines Island ....................................................................................... 18
Guale Social Organization .......................................................................................................... 18
Maize Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... 19
Additional Foraging Resources .................................................................................................. 20
Guale Settlement Patterns .......................................................................................................... 20
Archaeology of the Guale People .............................................................................................. 20
European Colonial Strategies in America ........................................................................................ 22
The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale .................................................................... 23
The Churches of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale .................................................................... 24
The Friary (Convento) Complex ................................................................................................. 26
The Bioarchaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale ................................................................. 32
Chapter 4. The Bead Assemblage from St. Catherines Island. Lorann S.A. Pendleton,
Elliot H. Blair, and Eric Powell ........................................................................................................ 35
Drawn Glass Beads of Simple Construction .................................................................................... 36
Bugles ......................................................................................................................................... 36
A Ferrazza Finished Beads ......................................................................................................... 37
A Speo Finished Beads ................................................................................................................ 38
A Ferrazza Finished Faceted Beads (Charlottes) ........................................................................ 39
A Speo Finished Faceted Beads .................................................................................................. 39
Melon Beads ............................................................................................................................... 40
Drawn Glass Beads of Compound Construction ............................................................................. 40
Compound Segments ................................................................................................................. 40
Compound Bugles ...................................................................................................................... 40
Tubular Beads with Square Cross Sections ................................................................................ 40
A Ferrazza Finished Compound Beads ...................................................................................... 40
A Speo Finished Compound Beads ............................................................................................. 41
Drawn Glass Beads of Complex Construction ................................................................................. 41
A Ferrazza Finished Complex Beads ......................................................................................... 41
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iv ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 89
A Speo Finished Complex Beads ................................................................................................ 42
Drawn Glass Beads of Composite Construction .............................................................................. 44
A Speo Finished Composite Beads ............................................................................................. 44
Wound Glass Beads .......................................................................................................................... 45
Group WI Beads ......................................................................................................................... 45
Group WII Beads ........................................................................................................................ 46
Group WIII Beads ...................................................................................................................... 46
Gilded Glass Beads .................................................................................................................... 46
Hollow Glass Beads ......................................................................................................................... 48
Segmented .................................................................................................................................. 48
Individually Blown Beads ......................................................................................................... 48
Molded Glass Beads ........................................................................................................................ 49
Nonglass Beads ................................................................................................................................ 49
Metal Beads ............................................................................................................................... 49
Jet Beads .................................................................................................................................... 49
Amber Beads ............................................................................................................................. 49
Carnelian Beads ......................................................................................................................... 50
Cut Crystal Beads ...................................................................................................................... 50
Beads of “Local” Manufacture ........................................................................................................ 50
PART III. BEAD MANUFACTURE AND ORIGINS
Chapter 5. Introduction to Bead Manufacture and Origins. Lorann S. A. Pendleton
and Peter Francis, Jr. ....................................................................................................................... 53
Bead Origins .................................................................................................................................... 53
Glass ................................................................................................................................................. 54
Drawn Beads .............................................................................................................................. 55
Beadmaking in Venice ................................................................................................................ 55
Chapter 6. The Glass Beads of the Margariteri of Venice. Peter Francis, Jr. ........................................ 59
Seed Beads ........................................................................................................................................ 59
Seed Beads: The Name ............................................................................................................... 59
Identifying Seed Beads ............................................................................................................... 60
Larger Beads Made by the Margariteri ............................................................................................ 64
Chapter 7. The Glass Beads of the Paternostri of Venice. Peter Francis, Jr. ......................................... 65
Simple Venetian Paternostri Beads .................................................................................................. 66
Compound Venetian Paternostri Bead with a Square Section: the Nueva Cádiz Bead ................... 66
Complex Paternostri Beads .............................................................................................................. 68
Composite Paternostri Beads ........................................................................................................... 69
Gooseberries: The Glass and the Fruit ........................................................................................ 69
Chapter 8. The Glass Beads of the Paternostri of the Netherlands and France.
Peter Francis, Jr. ................................................................................................................................ 73
Glass Beadmaking in the Netherlands .............................................................................................. 73
Chevrons ..................................................................................................................................... 74
The Chevron Beads from Mission Santa Catalina de Guale ....................................................... 75
Paternostri Beads Made in France: Bubble Glass ............................................................................. 75
Identifying the Beads .................................................................................................................. 76
Bubbles or Seeds? ....................................................................................................................... 77
Origin of Bubble Glass Beads ..................................................................................................... 77
Analysis of Bubble Glass Blues ................................................................................................... 79
Faceted Bubble Glass Beads ....................................................................................................... 79
Complex Bubble Glass Beads ..................................................................................................... 80
Chapter 9. The Glass Beads of China. Peter Francis, Jr. ......................................................................... 81
Chinese Ruby Glass: Background .................................................................................................... 82
2009 THE BEADS OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND v
Copper Ruby Beads in America ....................................................................................................... 83
Chapter 10. The Glass Beads of Spain. Peter Francis, Jr. ...................................................................... 85
Spanish Wound Annular Beads ........................................................................................................ 87
Gilded Glass Beads .......................................................................................................................... 88
The Spanish and Gold ................................................................................................................ 88
Plain Gilded Beads ..................................................................................................................... 88
Incised and Gilded Beads ........................................................................................................... 88
Incised, Gilded, and Decorated Spacers ..................................................................................... 91
Glass Crosses .................................................................................................................................... 92
Segmented Beads .............................................................................................................................. 92
Gold-Glass Beads ........................................................................................................................ 93
Historical Background ................................................................................................................ 93
Segmented Beads in Spanish Colonial Sites ............................................................................... 94
Cinnabar in the Beads ................................................................................................................. 94
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 94
Chapter 11. Glass Beads from Other Manufacturing Centers. Peter Francis, Jr. .................................... 97
Molded Glass Beads from Bohemia .................................................................................................. 97
Blown Beads of Unknown Origin ..................................................................................................... 99
Wound Beads of Unknown Origin ................................................................................................... 100
Chapter 12. Locally Made Beads from Organic Materials. Peter Francis, Jr. ....................................... 101
Shell Beads ..................................................................................................................................... 101
The Northeast and Wampum .................................................................................................... 102
The Middle Atlantic (Roanoke) ................................................................................................ 102
The Third Bead ......................................................................................................................... 106
Shell Beads from St. Catherines Island .................................................................................... 106
Pearls and Pearl Beads ................................................................................................................... 108
Pearls and the Spanish ............................................................................................................. 108
Pearls Recovered from St. Catherines Island .......................................................................... 109
Bone Beads .................................................................................................................................... 110
Chapter 13. Imported Beads Made from Organic Materials. Peter Francis, Jr. ............................... 113
Jet Beads ........................................................................................................................................ 113
Jet in Spain .............................................................................................................................. 113
Jet and the American Trade ..................................................................................................... 114
Making Jet Beads .................................................................................................................... 114
Amber ............................................................................................................................................ 115
Chapter 14. Imported Beads of Hard Stone. Peter Francis, Jr. ......................................................... 117
Cut (Rock) Crystal Beads .............................................................................................................. 117
Origin of Cut Crystal Beads .................................................................................................... 118
Carnelian Beads ............................................................................................................................. 119
Carnelian and the Spanish ....................................................................................................... 119
Carnelian Beads Found on St. Catherines Island .................................................................... 119
PART IV. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 15. The Distribution and Dating of Beads from St. Catherines Island.
Elliot H. Blair ................................................................................................................................. 125
Precontact Beads of St. Catherines Island ..................................................................................... 125
Beads of the St. Simons Period (cal 3000 b.c–1000 b.c.) ........................................................ 125
Beads of the Refuge-Deptford Period (cal 1000 b.c–a.d. 350) ............................................... 125
Beads of the Wilmington Period (cal a.d. 350–a.d. 800) ........................................................ 127
Beads of the St. Catherines Period (cal a.d. 800–a.d. 1300) ................................................... 127
Beads of the Irene Period (cal a.d. 1300–a.d. 1580 [uncalibrated]) ........................................ 128
The Beads of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale ............................................................................. 131
vi ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 89
The Church (Structure 1) ......................................................................................................... 131
Individual Bead Associations ................................................................................................... 131
The Atrio .................................................................................................................................. 153
The Mission West .................................................................................................................... 153
The Western Bastion ............................................................................................................... 153
The Central Plaza .................................................................................................................... 153
The Convento (Structure 4) ..................................................................................................... 153
The Mission Wells (Structures 2/4 and 3) ............................................................................... 154
The Cocina (Structure 2) ......................................................................................................... 154
The Pueblo ............................................................................................................................... 154
Other Historic Period Beads .......................................................................................................... 155
Distribution of Temporally Diagnostic Beads ............................................................................... 157
Bead Provenience by Type ............................................................................................................ 159
Chapter 16. The Role of Beads on St. Catherines Island. Elliot H. Blair ......................................... 167
Economic Role of Beads ............................................................................................................... 169
Religious Role of Beads ................................................................................................................ 171
Mortuary Signifcance of Beads .................................................................................................... 172
Religious and Political Status Inscribed in the Cemetery ....................................................... 172
Dating of Burials (with Beads) on the Gospel Side of the Altar ............................................. 174
Dating of Burials (with Beads) on the Epistle Side of the Altar ............................................. 174
Signifcance of Beads in Altar and Cemetary Burials ............................................................. 175
Daily Use of Beads ........................................................................................................................ 176
Final Thoughts ............................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 17. Signifcance of St. Catherines’ Beads. Peter Francis, Jr. .............................................. 179
The Spanish View of Beads .......................................................................................................... 179
Sources of Beads in the Spanish Trade ......................................................................................... 180
What St. Catherines’ Beads Tell Us about Beadmaking .............................................................. 180
Some Final Thoughts ..................................................................................................................... 182
References ........................................................................................................................................... 185
Appendix 1. Provenience of St. Catherines’ Beads. Elliot H. Blair ................................................ 207
Appendix 2. Bead Associations by Individual. Elliot H. Blair ........................................................ 215
Appendix 3. Attributes of Glass, Imported Organic, and Stone Beads.
Lorann S. A. Pendleton, Elliot H. Blair, and Eric Powell .......................................................... 235
Appendix 4. Attributes of St. Catherines Island Shell Beads.
Peter Francis, Jr. and Lorann S. A. Pendleton ........................................................................... 253
Color Plates ......................................................................................................................................... 289
on thE covEr: In May 1984, Bishop Raymond Lessard of Savannah visited the archaeological site of
Mission Santa Catalina de Guale (on St. Catherines Island, Georgia) to say requiem prayers in a service
dedicated to reconsecrate the destroyed Franciscan church, abandoned three centuries before. National
Geographic assigned Bill Ballenberg to photograph the ceremony and some of the more photogenic
artifacts excavated there. After sorting through the nearly 70,000 glass beads recovered from Mission
Santa Catalina, Ballenberg assembled the visual grouping of beads that appears on the cover of this
volume. Across the front cover winds an original strand of the ubiquitous Ichucknee blue bubble glass
beads (Type 18); excavations recovered more than 5200 of this type. Several cobalt blue rocailles (Type 6)
are also included in the strand. A second strand consists of cobalt blue beads (Types 20 and 30), originally
strung with small gold foil beads as spacers (Types 98, 100, and 107). Near the top are several of the many
varieties of gilded beads recovered (Types 99–107). Near the bottom are scattered a few of the surprising
blown black beads (Type 119) with greenish yellow dots added to the surface. These blown beads are
unique to St. Catherines Island.
covEr dEsign: Kevin Havener.
2009 THE BEADS OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND
ABSTRACT
This volume examines the almost 70,000 individual beads recovered during extensive archaeological
excavations on St. Catherines Island (Georgia)—primarily from Mission Santa Catalina de Guale.
Founded in the 16th century, this site was the capital and administrative center of the province of Guale
in Spanish Florida for the better part of a century. This volume describes and classifes this extraordinary
bead assemblage, putting the entire collection into a worldwide perspective. Part I describes the global
origins of beadmaking and provides an overview of previous studies of bead manufacture. Particular
attention is paid to the beads of the Spanish colonial empire, the source of most trade beads recovered
on the Island. Part II presents a history of archaeological research on St. Catherines Island, a long-term
perspective of the aboriginal people who lived there, and the details of archaeological work at Mission
Santa Catalina de Guale. It also presents a comprehensive catalog of the St. Catherines Island bead
assemblage. Part III discusses the Santa Catalina bead assemblage from a global perspective, specifcally
examining presumed centers of origin and the diverse manufacturing techniques employed by various
glassmaking guilds in Europe. Part IV concludes with a consideration of the bead assemblage within the
cultural matrix of 16th- and 17th-century Mission Santa Catalina de Guale.
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ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 89
A PERSONAL PREFACE
lorann s. a. PEndlEton and Elliot h. blair
Assembling this volume has taken a quarter small sample included beads recovered from the
century, involving literally dozens of people cocina, the convento, and the Guale pueblo (Peter,
and multiple stages of analysis. Very early in the n.d.); no beads from the cemetery were included
excavation at Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, in the pilot project. This initial analysis followed
we realized that the mission cemetery contained the standard Kidd and Kidd (1970) protocols.
an unusually large and well preserved assemblage As the excavations proceeded (and as block
of grave goods, especially the almost 70,000 lifts were dissected in the laboratory) the St.
trade beads described in this volume. The state Catherines Island bead assemblage grew in size,
of preservation was extraordinary, as excavators to its present total of 69,325 individual beads. It
could literally see necklaces and embroidered was clear that sample size alone had created an
clothing associated with the burials. To record and analytical problem. Was the Kidd and Kidd (1970)
recover these bead assemblages, we tried some system workable with such a large collection? How
innovative and unusual recovery methods. should we describe the individual beads? How
David Hurst Thomas and Clark Spencer should we group the beads into analytical types?
Larsen conferred extensively on this issue as How should individual beads be provenienced?
the church excavations continued, eventually How do we analyze the multi-bead constructions
deciding that when the bioarchaeology crew (such as necklaces and beaded fabric)? What do
removed the human remains, they would attempt these association and patterns mean in human
to leave associated grave goods in place whenever terms?
possible. In this protocol, the archaeology crew We solicited the advice of our colleagues,
followed up on the material culture, recording even trekking samples of the beads to Society for
and sometimes even reconstructing the original American Archaeology meetings, Southeastern
patterning of the grave associations. Archaeological Conferences, and Society for
After the human remains had been removed, Historical Archaeology meetings. As we showed
Lorann Pendleton took over the excavation of grave them to numerous interested parties, it became
goods, with the specifc aim of reconstructing the clear that the St. Catherines bead collection was
necklaces and embroidery by literally restringing unusual, containing many rare (even unique)
the beads in their original context. By restringing specimens.
the beads, we could record the patterning in which Drawing on the lessons learned in the 1987
individual beads were used by their owners, pilot study, we undertook a second pilot study
perhaps providing a glimpse into the ideational in 1996. Rather than using the Kidd and Kidd
realm of Guale behavior. What beads did each size designations (e.g., very small, under 2 mm;
individual choose? What patterns were strung? small, 2–4 mm; medium, 4–6 mm), we decided
Were there parallels between individuals? Did to precisely measure a sample of beads from the
the composite beaded artifacts encode status cemetery, then create a histogram of observed
differentiation? We could only address such size ranges, hoping that this process would reveal
questions if the original context of beads and the natural (intrinsic) size breaks within the St.
ornaments was preserved when removed from Catherines bead assemblage; this procedure is
each burial. When a necklace or embroidered described in detail in chapter 4 of this volume. The
cloth was uncovered, Pendleton would string a second pilot study also determined material, basic
long, thin beading needle, following the lined-up method of manufacture, construction, shape, color,
bead holes, and letting the needle defne the in situ diaphaneity, decoration, and type name (where
associations. In this way the patterns themselves applicable), according to the following protocols.
were revealed and recorded intact, rather than Material, manufacture, construction, and shape
“made-up” by the excavators. These patterns are were determined following examination under a
described in Chapter 15. microscope. Fine-grained color distinctions were
We conducted a pilot study of the St. Catherines determined following a rough sort of the beads
Island beads in 1987, analyzing a sample of 409 into broad color groups. The sample was then
beads from the Quad IV excavation area. This divided, with one person analyzing each color
viii
2009 THE BEADS OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND ix
group. We did this to minimize inconsistency 20 beads” (Francis, personal commun.). Peter
within each color range. The National Bureau of Francis suggested that we resort the entire bead
Standards (NBS) color chart (we later converted assemblage, with particular attention paid to
to Munsell colors), was used to describe the fne- methods of manufacture (such as drawn beads
grained color distinctions. fnished by the a speo method). By adopting these
We then used these estimated size ranges and procedures, Francis believed it possible to discuss
color groups to sort the entire bead assemblage the St. Catherines assemblage in terms of specifc
from Mission Santa Catalina. This task took beadmaking guilds and the origins of various
several years to complete, and we became manufacturing technologies.
increasingly dissatisfed with this approach. Lois Francis also criticized the size ranges and
Dubin made numerous suggestions, based on her histograms generated in the second pilot study,
own extensive experience with glass trade beads especially the 4.76–7.99 mm diameter range.
(Dubin, 1987). We eventually decided to contact Most of the beads manufactured by the Venetian
Peter Francis, Jr., asking for opinions based on Margareteri guild—the makers of seed beads—
his long-term study of trade beads around the fall into the very bottom portion of this size
world (e.g., Francis, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c, 1981b, range. This arbitrary cut-off point gave the false
1982a, 1982b, 1986a, 1986c, 1987d, 1988, 1990, impression that many of these Venetian seed beads
1999b, 2002). After considerable discussion, Peter approached 8 mm in diameter, which is clearly
Francis agreed to join our research team, pursuing not the case in the St. Catherines Island bead
a research strategy that emphasized variability assemblage (see Francis, chap. 6, this volume).
in bead manufacturing technology. This is the Relying upon the input and collaboration of
analytical approach adopted in the remainder Peter Francis, Part III of this monograph took
of this monograph. The untimely death of Peter form, interpreting the bead assemblage primarily
Francis (in 2002), well before the manuscript in terms of manufacturing technology, inferred
was completed, disrupted the analytical process geographic origins, and implied distribution
for years. We have subsequently completed through time. In conversations with Francis,
the analysis of the St. Catherines Island bead Thomas expressed certain concerns about
assemblage, following the analytical protocols this somewhat unorthodox, spatiotemporal
established by the late Peter Francis, and classifcation system. After Peter’s death, when the
incorporating his original manuscript wherever draft manuscript was sent out for review, Marvin
possible. We sincerely hope that this monograph Smith and Karlis Karklins had similar concerns
meets his high standards. about the organization of this monograph. In
During consultations with Peter Francis, particular, Karklins observed that without specifc
it became clear that our provisional typology chemical analyses, it is diffcult (or impossible)
(derived during the second pilot study) was to attribute conclusively specifc bead types to
heavily weighted toward subtle morphological individual manufacturing centers (2006, personal
distinctions in shape, size, and color. Francis argued commun.). We have taken these criticisms to heart
that these minute distinctions failed to address the and attempted some preliminary analyses of the
most important variability evident within the St. glass chemical compositions, but these studies
Catherines Island bead assemblage. Instead, he remain quite tentative and incomplete.
emphasized that glass beadmaking during the 16th In other words, this monograph is a composite,
and 17th centuries was a very imprecise process, combining parts of our initial, fne-grained
creating considerable variation in color, shape, and descriptive analysis with Francis’s inferences
size (see Francis, chap. 6, this volume). The result regarding bead-manufacturing technology and
was that morphological variability alone does trade networks of the 16th and 17th centuries.
not adequately refect the actual process of bead We have edited Peter Francis’s contributions with
manufacture. Francis criticized the fne-grained a light hand; although many of his observations
distinctions involved in our provisional typology, seem somewhat tangential, we felt strongly
noting, as an example, that “Types 1, 2 and 3 are that his original text should be preserved where
bugles. Type 1 is distinguished from the other two possible. The coauthored chapters have been more
by color. Type 2 and 3 are distinguished because extensively rewritten, with signifcant portions
in one case the ends were [slightly] reheated and added after Peter’s death.
in the other, not. This is splitting, three types for This volume is organized into four parts. Part I
x ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 89
(chaps. 1 and 2) provides a general overview of ularly based on fne-grained distinctions in size,
global bead studies, with particular emphasis on color, number of facets, and so forth. While we
the beads of the Spanish colonial empire. acknowledge Francis’s concern about the utility
Part II (chaps. 3 and 4) presents a history of and meaning of some of these distinctions,
archaeological research on St. Catherines Island, we feel it important to provide these detailed
a long-term perspective of the aboriginal people descriptions. We have modifed the various size
who lived there, and the details of archaeological ranges generated during the initial pilot study:
work at Mission Santa Catalina de Guale. It Beads greater than 5.35 mm in length were further
also presents a comprehensive catalog of the St. subdivided into 2 mm increments, beginning
Catherines Island bead assemblage, organized with 7.1 mm (e.g., 11.1–13.0, 13.1–15.0). These
into a typology based initially on morphological additional increments are based on actual, bead-
analysis, amplifed by Peter Francis’s concern by-bead measurements (rather than the size-class
with manufacture and trade patterns. The typology method used in the pilot study). Although we
is subdivided by: have retained the 4.76–7.99 mm diameter range,
(1) Material (e.g., glass, metal, jet, shell) once again we stress that this category it is not
(2) Method of manufacture (e.g., drawn, representative of the actual upper size limit of the
wound, blown) a ferrazzo fnished beads.
(3) Construction (e.g., simple, compound, Part III (chaps. 5 through 14) discusses the
complex) Santa Catalina bead assemblage from a global
(4) Finishing method (e.g., bugle, a perspective, specifcally examining presumed
ferrazzo, a speo) centers of origin and manufacturing. Much of
Within each subdivision, we have itemized this discussion dovetails neatly with the Part II
individual types. For instance (returning to the typology, and we note the relevant type numbers
bugles discussed above) we have retained Types from chapter 4 throughout. But, once again,
1, 2, and 3, as individual types but with all three we must emphasize the degree to which these
types grouped within the glass, drawn, simple, conclusions remain preliminary (and, in places,
bugle subdivision. Types 4 through 16 include the hypothetical). It seems entirely possible that
various forms of glass, drawn, simple, a ferrazzo individual beads of a single type derive from
fnished beads. The entire catalog follows this different manufacturing centers (see Francis,
sequence of individual types, clustered within chaps. 7 and 8, this volume).
overarching groupings. Appendix 3 augments the Part IV (chaps. 15–17) concludes with a
data presented in chapter 4, providing smaller consideration of the bead assemblage within the
attribute subdivisions within each type—partic- cultural matrix of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale.