The Basics of Communication Research (with InfoTrac) PDF
Preview The Basics of Communication Research (with InfoTrac)
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From the Wadsworth Series in Speech Communication Adams/Clarke The Internet: Effective Online Liska/Cronkhite An Ecological Perspective on Human Communication Communication Theory Adler/Towne Looking Out/Looking In, Media Edition, Littlejohn Theories of Human Communication,Seventh Tenth Edition Edition Albrecht/Bach Communication in Complex Lumsden/Lumsden Communicating with Credibility Organizations: A Relational Perspective and Confidence: Diverse Peoples, Diverse Settings, Babbie The Basics of Social Research,Second Edition Second Edition Babbie The Practice of Social Research,Tenth Edition Lumsden/Lumsden Communicating in Groups and Backlund/Williams Readings in Gender Teams: Sharing Leadership,Fourth Edition Communication Merrigan/Huston Communication Research Methods Baxter/Babbie The Basics of Communication Research Metcalfe Building a Speech,Fifth Edition Benjamin Principles, Elements, and Types of Persuasion Miller Organizational Communication: Approaches and Bettinghaus/Cody Persuasive Communication,Fifth Processes,Third Edition Edition Morreale/Spitzberg/Barge Human Communication: Braithwaite/Wood Case Studies in Interpersonal Motivation, Knowledge, and Skills Communication: Processes and Problems Orbe/Harris Interracial Communication: Theory Into Brummett Reading Rhetorical Theory Practice Campbell/Huxman The Rhetorical Act,Third Edition Rothwell In Mixed Company: Communicating in Small Campbell/Burkholder Critiques of Contemporary Groups and Teams,Fifth Edition Rhetoric,Second Edition Rubin/Rubin/Piele Communication Research: Conrad/Poole Strategic Organizational Strategies and Sources,Fifth Edition Communication,Fifth Edition Samovar/Porter Intercultural Communication: Cragan/Wright/Kasch Communication in Small A Reader,Tenth Edition Groups: Theory, Process, Skills,Sixth Edition Samovar/Porter Communication Between Cultures, Crannell Voice and Articulation,Third Edition Fifth Edition Dwyer Conquer Your Speechfright: Learn How to Sellnow Public Speaking, Media Edition Overcome the Nervousness of Public Speaking Sprague/Stuart TheSpeaker’sHandbook,SixthEdition Freeley/Steinberg Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thomas Public Speaking Anxiety: Conquering the Fear Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making,Tenth Edition of Public Speaking Geist Martin/Ray/Sharf Communicating Health: Ulloth/Alderfer Public Speaking: An Experiential Personal, Cultural and Political Complexities Approach Goodall/Goodall Communicating in Professional Verderber/Verderber The Challenge of Effective Contexts: Skills, Ethics, and Technologies Speaking,Twelfth Edition Govier A Practical Study of Argument,Fifth Edition Verderber/Verderber Communicate!,Tenth Edition Griffin Invitation to Public Speaking Westra Active Communication Hall Among Cultures: Communication and Challenges Williams/Monge Reasoning with Statistics: How to Hamilton Essentials of Public Speaking,Second Edition Read Quantitative Research Hamilton/Parker Communicating for Results: A Guide Wood Communication Mosaics: An Introduction to the for Business and the Professions,Sixth Edition Field of Communication,Third Edition Hoover EffectiveSmallGroupandTeamCommunication Wood Communication in Our Lives,Third Edition Isaacson/Dorries Service Learning in Communication Wood Communication Theories in Action: An Studies: A Handbook,Second Edition Introduction,Third Edition Jaffe Public Speaking: Concepts and Skills for a Diverse Wood Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Society,Fourth Edition Culture,Fifth Edition Kahane/Cavender Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric: Wood Interpersonal Communication: Everyday The Use of Reason in Everyday Life,Eighth Edition Encounters,Fourth Edition Knapp/Hall Nonverbal Communication in Human Wood Relational Communication: Continuity and Interaction,Fifth Edition Change in Personal Relationships,Second Edition Larson Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility,Tenth Edition Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. THE BASICS OF COMMUNICATION RESEARCH Leslie A. Baxter The University of Iowa Earl Babbie Chapman University Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). 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Latin America Library of Congress Control Number: 2003102373 Thomson Learning Seneca, 53 Student Edition: ISBN 0-534-50778-6 Colonia Polanco Instructor’s Edition: ISBN 0-534-50836-7 11560 Mexico D.F. Mexico Spain/Portugal Paraninfo Calle/Magallanes, 25 28015 Madrid, Spain Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Leslie dedicates the book to her daughter, Emma, the best question asker she knows. Earl dedicates the book to Aaron and Ara Babbie, who keep finding new ways to enrich his life. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CONTENTS IN BRIEF Preface xiv Part 3 A Note from the Authors xvii QUALITATIVE COMMUNICATION RESEARCH 296 Part 1 13 Participant Observation 300 AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY 14 Qualitative Interviewing 324 ABOUT COMMUNICATION 1 15 Social Text Analysis 347 1 Human Inquiry and Scientific Inquiry about 16 Qualitative Data Analysis 365 Communication 2 2 Basic Building Blocks in Conducting APPENDIXES 381 Communication Research 17 A Communication-Related Journals 382 3 Paradigms of Knowing in Communication B Using the Library 384 Research 46 C Research in Cyberspace 387 4 Logic Systems and Theory in Communication D A Sample Research Report/Proposal in APA Research 68 Style 392 5 The Ethics of Communication Research 84 E APA Citations 398 F Estimated Sampling Error 400 Part 2 G Random Numbers 401 QUANTITATIVE COMMUNICATION H Constructing Indexes and Scales 403 RESEARCH 102 I Distribution of Chi Square 413 6 Conceptualization and Operationalization 106 J Distribution of t 415 7 The Logic of Sampling 131 K Percentage Points of the F-Distribution 416 8 Survey Research 166 L Values of the Correlation Coefficient for Different Levels of Significance 418 9 Experiments 204 10 Quantitative Text Analysis 230 Glossary 419 11 The Basics of Quantitative Data Analysis 256 References 431 12 Inferential Statistics in Quantitative Data Analysis 271 Index 443 vi Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CONTENTS Preface xiv Chapter 2 A Note from the Authors xvii Basic Building Blocks in Conducting Communication Research 17 Part 1 Introduction 18 AN INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic Area 18 ABOUT COMMUNICATION 1 Conducting a Literature Review 19 Reading Communication Research Reports 21 Chapter 1 Different Forms of Communication Research Human Inquiry and Scientific Inquiry Reports 21 about Communication 2 Organization of the Quantitative Research Introduction 3 Report 22 Searching for Knowledge about Communication 4 Organization of the Qualitative Research Report 25 Ordinary Human Inquiry about Communication 4 Organization of the Multi-Method Research Tradition 5 Report 27 Authority 5 Checklists for Reading Communication Research Errors in Ordinary Inquiry about Communication Reports 28 and Some Solutions 6 What’s Really “Real”? 7 Determining Your Purpose 30 Exploration 30 The Foundations of Scientific Inquiry about Description 31 Communication 9 Causal/Functional Explanation 31 An Empirical Enterprise 9 Understanding 31 Social Regularities 10 Aggregates, Not Individuals 10 Determining Your Unit of Analysis 32 Individuals 32 Knowledge Claims about Communication 11 Groups 33 What Communication Researchers Study 11 Organizations 33 TheDisseminationofCommunicationResearch 13 Social Artifacts 34 Some Dissemination Sites for Communication Research 13 Units of Analysis in Review 35 The Ecological Fallacy 38 Main Points 14 Formulating Your Research Question or Hypothesis 38 Key Terms 15 Formulating Your Research Design 38 Review Questions and Exercises 15 The Time Dimension 38 Continuity Project 15 The Space Dimension 41 Additional Readings 16 vii Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii CONTENTS Writing Up Your Research Proposal 43 Chapter 4 Logic Systems and Theory in Communication Main Points 44 Research 68 Key Terms 44 Introduction 69 Review Questions and Exercises 44 Two Logic Systems 70 Continuity Project 45 Constructing Theory by Starting Deductively 72 Additional Readings 45 A Detailed Example 73 Answers to Units of Analysis Exercise 45 Linking Deductively Derived Theory to Observation, and Back Again 74 Chapter 3 Hypothesis Testing 74 Paradigms of Knowing in Communication Using Deductively Derived Theories Research 46 Heuristically 77 Introduction 47 Constructing Theory by Starting Inductively 78 Four Social Science Paradigms: An Overview 47 A Detailed Qualitative Example 78 The Positivist Paradigm 48 A Detailed Quantitative Example 79 An Objective Reality 49 Using Inductive and Deductive Reasoning to Get Started The Study of Variables 49 in Research 80 Positivist Theory 52 Relating Theory to Practice: Some Concluding Generalized Laws 54 Thoughts 81 Quantitative Data 55 Main Points 82 The Systems Paradigm 56 Key Terms 82 Characteristics of Systems 57 Review Questions and Exercises 82 A Comparison of Systems and Positivist Continuity Project 82 Paradigms 58 Additional Readings 83 The Interpretive Paradigm 59 The Study of Meanings 59 Chapter 5 The Study of Rules 60 The Ethics of Communication Research 84 Interpretive Theory 61 Qualitative Data 62 Introduction 85 The Critical Paradigm 62 The Origins of Researcher Agreements about Ethical Critical Reflection 62 Conduct 85 Some Critical Approaches 63 Ethical Issues in Conducting Communication Research 86 Paradigms Revisited: Some Concluding Remarks 64 Voluntary Participation 86 Objectivity and Subjectivity 64 No Harm to the Participants 87 The Nature of Explanation 64 Anonymity and Confidentiality 88 The Advantages of Multi-Method Research 65 Deception 89 Main Points 66 Ethical Issues in Analyzing and Reporting Key Terms 66 Communication Research 90 Review Questions and Exercises 67 Objectivity and Ideology 90 Continuity Project 67 Protection of Study Participants 91 Honesty and Integrity 91 Additional Readings 67 Avoiding Plagiarism 92 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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