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The Bantu languages PDF

869 Pages·2003·12.792 MB·English
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The Bantu Languages Routledge Language title : Family Series ; 4 author : Nurse, Derek.; Philippson, Gérard. publisher : Taylor & Francis Routledge isbn10 | asin : 0700711341 print isbn13 : 9780700711345 ebook isbn13 : 9780203987926 language : English subject Bantu languages. publication date : 2003 lcc : PL8025.B35 2003eb ddc : 496/.39 subject : Bantu languages. ROUTLEDGE LANGUAGE FAMILY SERIES Each volume provides a detailed, reliable account of every member language, or representative languages of a particular family. Each account is a reliable source of data, arranged according to the natural system of classification: phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, semantics, dialectology and socio-linguistics. Each volume is designed to be the essential source of reference for a particular linguistic community, as well as for linguists working on typology and syntax. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar Edited by Nikolaus Himmelmann & Sander Adelaar The Bantu Languages Edited by Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson The Celtic Languages Edited by Martin Ball & James Fife The Dravidian Languages Edited by Sanford B. Steever The Germanic Languages Edited by Johan van der Anwera & Ekkehard König The Indo-Aryan Languages Edited by George Cardona & Dhanesh Jain The Indo-European Languages Edited by Paolo Ramat & Anna Giacalone The Iranian Languages Edited by Gernot Windfuhr The Khoesan Languages Edited by Rainer Vossen The Manchu-Tungusic Languages Edited by Alexander Vovin The Mongolic Languages Edited by Juha Janhunen The Oceanic Languages Edited by John Lynch, Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley The Romance Languages Edited by Martin Harris & Nigel Vincent The Semitic Languages Edited by Robert Hetzron The Sino-Tibetan Languages Edited by Graham Thurgood & Randy LaPolla The Slavonic Languages Edited by Bernard Comrie & Greville B. Corbett The Turkic Languages Edited by Lars Johanson & Eva Csato The Uralic Languages Edited by Daniel Abondolo First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge‘s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Selection and editorial matter © 2003 Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson; individual chapters © the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Bantu languages/edited by Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson. p. cm – (Routledge language family series; 4) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Bantu languages. I. Nurse, Derek, II. Philippson, Gérard. III. Series. PL8025 .B35 2003 496′.39–dc21 2002068231 ISBN 0-203-98792-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-7007-1134-1 (Print Edition) CONTENTS List of illustrations xi List of contributors xv List of abbreviations xvi 1 Introduction 1 Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson 1 Identifying the Bantu languages 1 2 Referring to the Bantu languages 3 3 What is a Bantu language? 3 4 The intended audience 10 5 The contents 10 6 Geographical coverage 11 PART1 13 2 The sounds of the Bantu languages 15 Ian Maddieson 1 Introduction 15 2 Vowels 15 3 Consonants 24 4 Laryngeal action in consonants 28 5 Clicks 31 6 Nasals and nasality 37 7 Prosodic characteristics 40 3 Segmental phonology 42 Larry M. Hyman 1 Introduction 42 2 Proto-Bantu 42 3 Vowel phonology 45 4 Consonant phonology 49 5 Conclusion 58 4 Tone 59 Charles Kisseberth and David Odden 1 Introduction 59 2 Nominal tonology 60 3 Verbal tonology 61 4 Tonal phenomena in Bantu 62 5 Nonphonological factors 68 6 Conclusion 70 5 Derivation 71 Thilo C. Schadeberg 1 Introduction: stem, base, radical, extension 71 2 Verb-to-verb derivation 72 3 Verb-to-noun derivation 79 4 Noun-to-noun derivation 82 5 Noun-to-verb derivation 84 6 Compounding 86 6 Aspect and tense in Bantu languages 90 Derek Nurse 1 Purpose, data base 90 2 Verb structures 90 3 Categories expressed in the verb 91 4 How tense and aspect are encoded 92 5 Aspect and tense categories 94 6 Summary, agenda 102 7 Bantu nominal morphology 103 Francis Katamba 1 Introduction 103 2 History of noun classification 103 3 Bantu and Niger-Congo noun classes 105 4 The augment 107 5 Canonical vs. reduced noun class systems 108 6 Distribution and pairing of noun classes 109 7 Concord 111 8 Gender conflict resolution 113 9 Semantics of noun classes 114 10 Conclusion 120 8 Syntax 121 Thomas Bearth 1 Introduction and preview 121 2 Verb valency – a key to elementary sentence structure 122 3 Word order, affix order and the topicality metric 126 4 Word order variation and canonical word order 128 5 Pragmatic functions of word order in core Bantu and in peripheral Bantu 130 6 Passivization 135 7 Inversion 139 9 Historical linguistics 143 Thilo C. Schadeberg 1 Introduction 143 2 Proto-Bantu reconstructions 146 3 Bantu historical linguistics and history 154 10 Towards a historical classification of the Bantu languages 164 Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson 1 Aim 164 2 Models 164 3 Previous studies 166 4 Methodology 5 Preliminary 168 results 6 Historical implications, future 179 directions 11 Grammaticalization 182 Tom Güldemann 1 Introduction 182 2 Bantu word forms, morphology 183 and their grammaticalization history 3 Grammaticalization and phonetic- 190 phonological properties 4 Grammaticalization research and 191 historical Bantu linguistics 12 Contact languages in the Bantu 195 area Salikoko S. Mufwene 1 Introduction 195 2 The variable role of contact: 196 exogenous vs. endogenous lexifiers 3 Conclusions 208 13 The acquisition of Bantu languages 209 Katherine Demuth 1 Introduction 209 2 The acquisition of Bantu noun 211 class and agreement systems 3 The acquisition of Bantu verbal 214 morphology and syntactic structures 4 The acquisition of phonology 219 5 Discussion 220 PART 2 223 14 Grassfields Bantu 225 John R. Watters 1 Introduction 225 2 Phonology 233 3 Morphology 239 4 Syntax 247 5 Conclusion 255 15 Basaá (A43) 257 Larry M. Hyman 1 Introduction 257 2 Phonology 257 3 The noun and noun phrase 262 4 Verb derivation 272 5 Basic clause structure 277 16 Nen (A44) 283 Maarten Mous 1 Introduction 283 2 Phonetics and phonology 284 3 Verbs 288 4 Nouns and nominals 299 5 Syntax 303 17 Kpā? (A53) 307 Gladys Guarisma 1 Introduction 307 2 Phonology 308 3 Noun classes 313 4 Diminutive and 318 augmentative 5 Verb morphology 318 6 Sentence structure 328 18 Makaa (A83) 335 Teresa Heath 1 Introduction 335 2 Phonology 335 3 Nouns and noun 338 phrases 4 Verb 342 5 Syntax 346 6 Conclusion 348 19 The Bantu 349 languages of the forest Claire Grégoire 1 Introduction 349 2 Phonology 351 3 Morphology 358 4 Conclusion 368 20 The B30 language 371 group Lolke J. van der Veen 1 Introduction 371 2 Phonology 377 3 Noun morphology 382 4 Verb morphology 387 5 Conclusion 390 21 Babole (C101) 392 Myles Leitch 1 Speech 392 community, classification, and dialects 2 Phonology 393 3 Morphology 399 4 Syntax 415 22 Lega (Beya dialect) 422 (D25) Robert Botne 1 Introduction 422 2 Phonology 423 3 Noun morphology 427 4 Verb morphology 435 5 Syntax 445 23 Bila (D32) 450 Constance Kutsch Lojenga 1 Introduction 450 2 Phonology 453 3 Nominal 458 morphology 4 Verbal 465 morphology 5 Summary 473 24 Kilimanjaro Bantu 475 (E60 and E74) Gérard Philippson and Marie-Laure Montlahuc 1 General 475 2 Segmental 476 phonology 3 Tone 479 4 Noun morphology 482 5 Verb morphology 490 6 Conclusion 500 25 The Interlacustrine zone (Zone J) 501 Yvonne Bastin 1 Introduction 502 2 Phonology 504 3 Morphology 515 4 Conclusions 527 26 Rufiji-Ruvuma (N10, P10–20) 529 David Odden 1 Introduction 529 2 Phonology 529 3 Morphology 535 4 Syntax 543 5 Summary 544 27 Makhuwa (P30) 546 Charles Kisseberth 1 Zone P30 546 2 Makhuwa: geographical distribution and dialect differentiation 547 3 Makhuwa phonology 548 4 The verbal system 555 5 The nominal system 560 6 Syntax 565 28 Western Savanna (K, R) 566 Gabriele Sommer 1 Demography and classification 566 2 Phonology, morphophonology and tone 568 3 Morphology and syntax 571 29 Herero (R31) 581 Edward D. Elderkin 1 Introduction 581 2 Phonology 583 3 Inflectional morphology 586 4 Lexicon 596 5 Phrases 603 6 Sentences 605 30 Zone S 609

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