The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950-59 (Military History and Policy Series)

304 Pages·2005·2.24 MB·English

by  B. Yesilbursa

The Baghdad Pact
This book sets out to explore the formation of the Baghdad Pact and Anglo-
American defence policies in the Middle East, 1950–1959. It seeks to
determine the aims with which the pact was established, the failings of the
pact,and the struggle that was undertaken against it by hostile countries.It
examines the events surrounding the formation,development and collapse of
the pact, and Anglo-American attempts to contain the Soviet Union in the
Middle East.
It also deals with British and American post-war defence policies in the
Middle East and their collective defence projects in the region, such as
the Middle East Command and Northern Tier, which led to the Baghdad
Pact. It does not attempt to offer a comprehensive history of British and
American policies in the Middle East,but rather aims to explore those poli-
cies with particular regard to the problems of Middle East defence.
In addition,it looks at the policies of the local members of the pact and
the pact’s internal structure. It poses questions of how the members of the
pact and the United States perceived the question of Middle East defence,
what their basic aims were, and what problems they faced while trying to
achieve these aims and implementing their chosen solutions.
.
Behçet Kemal Yes¸ilbursais Associate Professor at Abant Izzet Baysal Univer-
sity,Turkey.He received his PhD from the University of Manchester.
Cass series:military history and policy
Series editors:John Gooch and Brian Holden Reid
This series will publish studies on historical and contemporary aspects of
land power,spanning the period from the eighteenth century to the present
day,and will include national,international and comparative studies.From
time to time,the series will publish edited collections of essays and ‘classics’.
Allenby and British strategy in the Middle East,1917–1919
Matthew Hughes
Alfred von Schlieffen’s military writings
Robert Foley (ed.and trans.)
The British defence of Egypt,1935–1940
Conflict and crisis in the eastern Mediterranean
Steven Morewood
The Japanese and the British Commonwealth armies at war,1941–1945
Tim Moreman
Training,tactics and leadership in the Confederate army of Tennessee
Seeds of failure
Andrew Haughton
Military training in the British Army 1940–1944
From Dunkirk to D-Day
Tim Harrison Place
The Boer War
Direction,experience and image
John Gooch (ed.)
Caporetto 1917
Victory or defeat?
Mario Morselli
Postwar counterinsurgency and the SAS 1945–1952
A special type of warfare
Tim Jones
The British general staff
Reform and innovation 1890–1939
David French and Brian Holden Reid (eds)
Writing the Great War
Sir James Edmonds and the official histories,1915–1948
Andrew Green
Command and control in military crisis
Devious decisions
Harald Hoiback
Lloyd George and the generals
David Woodward
Malta and British strategic policy,1925–1943
Douglas Austin
British armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944
John Buckley
Gallipoli
Making history
Jenny Macleod (ed.)
British and Japanese military leadership in the Far Eastern War 1941–1945
Brian Bond and Kyoichi Tachikawa (eds)
The Baghdad Pact
Anglo-American defence policies in the Middle East,1950–1959
Behçet Kemal Yes¸ilbursa
Fanaticism and conflict in the modern age
Matthew Hughes and Gaynor Johnson (eds)
The evolution of operational art,1740–1813
From Frederick the Great to Napoleon
Claus Telp
British generalship on the Western Front 1914–18
Defeat into victory
Simon Robbins

The Baghdad Pact
Anglo-American defence policies
in the Middle East, 1950–1959
Behçet Kemal Yes¸ilbursa
FRANK CASS
London and New York
First published 2005
by Frank Cass
2 Park Square,Milton Park,Abingdon,Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Frank Cass
270 Madison Ave,New York,NY 10016
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
"To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
Frank Cass is an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group
© 2005 Behçet Kemal Yes¸ilbursa
All rights reserved.No part ofthis book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical,or other means,now known or hereafter
invented,including photocopying and recording,or in any
information storage or retrieval system,without permission in
writing from the publishers.
The publisher makes no representation,express or implied,
with regard to the accuracy ofthe information contained in
this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability
for any errors or omissions that may be made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data
Yes¸ilbursa,B.Kemal (Behçet Kemal),1963–
The Baghdad pact :Anglo-American defence policies in the Middle
East,1950–1959 /
Behçet Kemal Yes¸ilbursa.– 1st ed.
p. cm.– (Cass series–military history and policy :no.18)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.Middle East–Military relations–United States.2.United States–
Military relations–Middle East.
3.Middle East –Military relations–Middle East 4.Great Britain–
Military relations–United States.
5.Baghdad pact,1955.6.Central Treaty Organization.I.Title.II.
Series.
UA932.Y46 2005
355’.031’09410956–dc22
ISBN 0-203-30905-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0–714–65641–0(Print Edition)
For Amanda

Contents
Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations xiii
Preface xv
Introduction 1
1 The Northern Tier Defence Project (1953–4) 9
The emergence of the Northern Tier Defence Project 9
The Turco-Pakistani Agreement (2April 1954) 24
2 The extension of the Northern Tier Defence Project (1954–5) 44
Iraq’s reaction to the Turco-Pakistani Agreement 44
Nuri Said’s search for an alternative defence project 53
Turkish attempts to bring Iraq into the Turco-Pakistani
Agreement 61
3 The formation of the Baghdad Pact (1954–5) 71
The Baghdad talks and the Turco-Iraqi consensus on Middle
East defence 71
The signing of the Turco-Iraqi treaty:the Baghdad Pact
(24February 1955) 80
The international repercussions of the Turco-Iraqi treaty
(the Baghdad Pact) 90
4 The extension of the Baghdad Pact (1955–6) 97
The accession of Britain and the signing of the Anglo-Iraqi
Special Agreement (5April 1955) 97
The accession of Pakistan (23September 1955) 103
The accession of Iran (3November 1955) 110