The Authoritarian Personality

989 Pages·1950·32.46 MB·English

by  Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, R. Nevitt Sanford

STUDIIENPS RE JUDICE
EDITED BY MAX HORKHEIMER
AND SAMUEL H. FLOWERMAN
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
ByT . JAVd.o rEnlos,Fe r en-kBerlunswik,
DanieLle],v.i nasnoRdn. N eviStatn ford
DYNAMICS OF PREJUDICE
A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICALS TUDY OF VETERANS
byB mnoB etteeliharnn Mdo rris Janowitz
ANTI-SEMITISMA ND ECONOMICAL DISORDER
A PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION
byN athWa.nA ckermaann dMa r]iaeh ao d
REHEARSAL FOR DESTRUCTION
A STUDY OF POLITICALA NTI-SEMITISMI N IMPERIAL GERMANY
byP auWl. M assing
PROPHETS OF DECEIT
A STUDY OF THE TECHNIQUES OJ.< THE A..'vlERICANA GITATOR
byL eoL owebnataln dN obre rGtu terman
OtherV olumeisn P reparation
SPONSORED BY
THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE
SOCIALS TUDIESS ERIES: PUBLICATIONN O. III
FOREWORTDO S TUDIIENPS R EJUDICE
Att himso menitnw orlhdi staotnriy- Semiisnt oimtsa mn ifesting itself
witthh feu alnlvd i oldeesnttr uncetsiosvfw e hicwhek noiwt tcoa pbaeb le.
Eveans ocdiiasle haasse itso fpq euriieosdcse nce dursioncgi awlh ich the
scienltiiktsehtb esi ,o loogrti hspethy sicciaasnnt ,u idty isne atrhfceoh r
moreeff ectiwvaeyt sop revoernr te dutcheve i ruloefn cnteeh xeot u tbreak.
Todatyh ewo rlsdc arcreelmye mbtehrmese chzaenidp ersteicoaunn d
extenramtiioofn miollfhi uomnabsne inognsla sy hosrptao nfy eaarwsa iyn
whawta so ncree garadste hdce i taodfWe els tecrinv iliYzeattth iceoo nn.­
scieonfc em amneynw asa rousHeodwc. o uiltbde t,h eays keeadc oht her,
thaitna c ultoufrl ea wo,r der, antdh ersreheao suholandvs, eu rvitvheed
irtriaorneamln aonfat nsc ireanctai nardle lighiaoturseH doswc? o utlhde y
expltahiweni lglnienosfsg reat moafps esoespt loe toltehmreaa tseesx ­
terminoaftt hieoinr cfietlilzWoehwna stt? i ssiunte hsle i offeo umro dern
socireetmya ciann ceraonudds e,s poiutrea ssumeendl ightesnhmoewn t
thien congartuaovuoisfsa mn cipeenotp lAensdw? h awti thtihnie n dividual
organriesosmnp dtsoc ertain isnot uicrmu ulltiwu irtaeht titaundadec sto sf
destruacgtgisrvieeos n?
Buatn a roucsoends ciiensn oectne o uigfhd oietns o stt imuals aytset ematic
searfcoahr n a nswMearn.k ihnadps a itdo doe arfloiyrt nsa ive ifnta hiet h
automaetffiecco tf tmheer pea ssaogfte i mien;c antahtaivroeen asl ly
nevdeirs pesltloerdm s, pdeisstaisldteiensrce,oea r,os teh eevri nlosrd; o es
hew hot orments caenahositetsh o errt ouurotef s hebeorer dowmi thhi s
victim.
Pruedjiicsoe n eo f tphreo bloefom ustr i mfeoswr h icehv eryhoanse a
theobruynt o o naen a nswEevre.rm ya ni,na s enbseel,i tehvahetesi hs is own
socsicaile nftosiros ctsi,ca ile intsch ese t uofffe veryldiavyiT nhgep. r ogress
ofs ciecnacpnee rhbaepc shr atebdyt haed vaenstc hastc ientimsatdse have
ovecro mmonsneontsieoo fnp she nomeInnaa .ne ffortota dvanbceey ond
merceo mmonsaepnpsreo atcohp erso bloefmi sn tergcroonufltp,it che
AmeriJceawni Csohm mititnMe aey 1,9 44,i nviatg erdo uopfA merican
schoolfav rasr iboaucsk groaunndddi ss citpol itnawe os- dcaoyn ference on
religainordua sc piraelj uAdtit chemi.es e tianr ge,s eaprrcohg rwaamso ut­
linwehdi cwho uledn lsicsite nmteitfihcio nd ctahueos fes eeking solutions
tot hcirsu cpiraolb lTewmol. e voefrl ess eawrecrrhee commeOnndeew da.s
morlei miitnse cdo apnegd e arteotd h ree curprrionbgl ems efdauc­ed by
catioangaeln ciest;h set eu.dogyf.p ,u blrieca cttioso enl ecctuerdr ent
v
Vl FORE"WORTDO STUDIEISN P REJUDICE
eventasn,dt hee valuatoifvo anr iotuesc hniqaunesdm ethodssu cha st hose
involvienmd a ssm edioaf c ommunicataisto hne yi mpinguep oni ntergroup
relationships. lTehvees lu ogtgheesrtw eadso neo fb asic resbeaasriiccnh ,
thaitt s houlrde suelvte ntuailnla yd dititoono sr ganizkendo wledignet his
fieldT.h efi rslte veflr equenctolnys iosfta s l argneu mbeorf s malslt udies,
limiteidns copaen df ocussehda rpolnya giveins suIen.p ractiwcee h,a ve
foundt hatth e" goodnesosf"o urs mallsetru dies was protpooo urrt ional
ingenuiints yo d evigs itnhemt hatth eyt,o oc,o ulcdo ntribbuatsei catlol y
knowledTghee.c hiedfi fferenbceet weetnh et wol eveolfsr esearch-some­
timelso oseclayl l"esdh ort-raanngd"e l"o ng-rarnegsee"a rch-sleaermgse ly
tob ed uet ot hei mmediaocfyi mplementaotffii nodni nagssp rogram-related
oru nrelatreadt,h etrh ant od ifferenicnem se thodolosgkyi,l alnsd t ech­
niqueOsn. b otlhe veilsti, sn ecesstaorp yu rsuaeni nterdisciapplpirnoaarcyh
tor esearpcrho blems. .
To furtherre searocnhb otlhe vetlhseAm, e ricaJne wisCho mmitteeset ab­
lishae Dde partmeonftS cientRiefisce arhceha,d eidn t urnby eacho fus .
Thed epartmseanwti trse sponsinboitlo intlyiy n i tseilnfi tiaftuinndga mental
studiients h ep henomenoofnp rejudibcueta, L 'iion h elpitnogs timulnaetwe
studies.
Thep resesnetr ioefsv olumerse presetnht.efi� r sftr uiotsf t hiesff ort.I n
a sensteh,e i nitfiivaelv olumecso nstitounteue n ita,n integrawtheodl e,
eacpha rotf w hichi lluminoanteeo sra nothfearc eotft hep henomenwoen
calplr ejudiTcher.e· oe ft he bodoekaswl i tht hoseel emenitsnt hep ersonal­
ityo fm odem man thaptr edisphoismet or eactioofnh so stiltiotr ya cial
andr eligigoruosu pTsh.e ya ttempt antsowt ehreqs u estiWohna:t i st here
int hep sycholoogfty h ei ndividtuhaarlte ndehrism " prejudiocre" du"n ­
prejudictehda,mt"a kehsim moreo rl eslsi ketloyr espond favorably to the
agitatioofna Goebbeolrsa GeralKd. S mithT?h ev olumoen TbeA u­
thiotriaarPn ersonablyi Adtoyrn o,F renkel-BrunLsewviikn,sa onnd S an­
fordb,as edu pona combinatoifro en seartcechh niqsuuegsg,e sotsn ea nswer.
Itd emonstrtahtaettsh eriesa closceo rrelabteitown� ean n umbeorf d eep­
rootepde rsonatlriatiyat nsd,o vertp rejudiTchee.s tUdyh 45 alssou cceeded
inp roducianngi nstrumfeonrmt e asuritnhge ster aiatsm ongv ariosutsr ata
oft hep opuliaotn.
Withianm orel imitreadn goef i nquitrhye,s ameq uestiwoansa skewdi th
respetcott wos pecigfirco upTsh.e studoyn DynamoifcP ser judbiyc e
BettelhaenidmJ anowitzc,o nsidetrhsec onnectiboent weepne rsonality
traiatsn dp rejudaimcoen gw arv eteraHnesr.et hei nvestigwaetroear bsl teo
examinteh ei mpacotf t hew are xperiewnicteh,i tcso mpleaxn xietainesd
tensioansas n,a ddefda ctoofrm ajosri gnificaanffceec titnegn osf m illions
ofp eoplAen. tSiem-itiasndm Emotionably A Dckiesmraonra dnedJ rah oda,
isb aseudp onc aseh istoroifea s n umbe-ro f individufarlosmd, i fferent
walkosf l ifweh,o haver eceived intensive pTshyecs hpoetchiseairlga -py.
FOREWORTDO STUDIEISN P REJUDICE Vll
nificaonftc heis st uldiype rse ciisnte hley analytoifct ahlme a tseoruiracle,
int haev ailaobfi blaoi tdoyyf e vidednecael wiintgph h enombeennae ath
three aolfmt hceo nscainodtu hsre a tioannadil l,l umitnhacetion rgr elation
estiasbhliendm orgee netrearlmi snt hbea siincv estiogfta htaeiu otnh ori­
taripearns onality.
Theo thiemrp ortfaanctti onpr r ejuidsoi fcc eo urtshese o csiiatlu ation
itseil.fte,h. e,ex tersntiamlut lo'i v hitchhpe r edispowsiitthtiihonien n sd i­
viduhaalvr ee acatnecddo ntitnoru eea Ncatz.Gi e rmaintsyh vei veixda mple
oft heeff eocftt hseo csiiatlu aatniidoti nt s,o t huen derstoafnt dhrieon ogt s
ofN azain ti-Seamnitdth iesntmco te h per esteansotkf d emocrraetoirci enta­
tioinnG ermatnhya Rte haersfaolr DestbryMu acstsiiionsdng i recAtse d.
mediabteotrw etehnwe o rladn dt hien vdiidupasly cthheae,g itamtoolrd s
alreeaxdiys ptrienjgu dainctdee sn denicnitoeovs ed rto ctrainnudel st imately
intoov earctt ion.
Int hPer oeptbosf D ecebiyLt o wentahnadGl u termtahnre o loeft he
agitaitsso tru diTehdea. g itatteocrh'nsio qfpu eer suatshimeoe nc,h anism
ofm ediatthiaottnr ansilnactheosfa eteelii nngts op ecbiefilcia enfda ction
makeu pt hteh emoeft havto lume.
Itm ays trtihkee retahda"\etVrh e a vpel acuendd uset ruepsostn h pee r­
sonaanldt hpes ychicoallro agthtehrau np otnh seo caisaple ocfpt r ejudice.
Thiissn odtu teo a p ersopnraelf erfeonprcs ey cholaongailcnyaosltri o sa
failtuosr eetc h atthc ea uosfe irrhaotisotniialslii ntt hyle a i!>n'stt atnobc ee
founidns ocfirauls traantdii nojnu sOtuirac ieim.s n omte retloyd escribe
prejubduittco ee xpliatii nno rdteorh elipni tesr adicTahtaiitost n h.e
challweenw goeu lmde etE.r adicmaetainorsne -educsactiieonnlt,li yfi ca
planonnet dh bea soifus n derstsacnideinntgia fircraialvtlAe.ydn de ducation
inas trsiecntis sbe y i tsn atupreern saoaln pds ycholOongciwece au ln.d er­
stafnoder,x amphloewt, h wea re xperimeanyic nse o mcea sheasvs et rength­
ened-pertsronapairltsei dtiys tpogo rsoeudhp a trtehdee,d ucatrieomneadli es
mayf ollolwo gicSailmliyl.ta roel xyp,o tsheep sychgoilctoarli ciknts h e
arseonfta hla eg itmaatyohr e ltpoi mmunhiizpser ospevcitcitvaiegm asi nst
them.
Sintchece o mpleotfit ohne ssteu dtiheDese partmoefSn cti enRtei­fic
searcohft hAem erican Jewishh amsCo ovmemadih tetaiedne ta or eoafs
reseairnwc hhi cthh uen iotfs tuidsyt he grtohuiepn ,s titution, the com­
munirtayt htehrat nh ien dividualb.y a bF eotrttkeinrfio ewdl eodfig dnei ­
vidudaynla miwcse,a rnco wc oncerwnietadhc hieavb ientgtu enrd erstand­
inogf g roudpyn amFiocrws e.r ecogtnhiatzthei e n divi:indv uaaclui sbo u t
ana rtifaecvtei;nnt he prseesreoinfest st udies, esasletnhtpoiusagylhcl hyo ­
logiicnna alt uirhtea ,bs e enne cestsoea xrpyl ianidni vbiedhuaavlii nto err ms
ofs ocainatle ceadnedcno tnsc omiTthaens tesc.os ntda ogfeo urre seairsc h
thufso cusuepdop nr obloefmg sr opu pressuarnedst hes ocioldog­eical
terminarnotlsie ngso i fv seonc siiatlu aWtei osnesea.kn swteors su cqhu es-
Vlll FOREWORTDO STUDIEISN P REJUDICE
tionass :v Vhyd oesa ni ndividbueahla vien a "toleramnatn"n eir no ne
situatainodin na "bigotmeadn"n eirna nothseirt uatTioo wnh?a te xtemnaty
certafionr mos fi ntergrcoounpfl icwth,i cha ppeaorn thes urfatcoeb e
baseudp one thnidci fferenbcee b,a seudp ono ther facutsoirnesgt, h nic
·
differenacsce o ntent' ?
Thea uthoorfst hev olumeasn dt hem anyc olleaguupeosnw hosee xperi­
encea nda ssisttahnechye a veb eena blteo d rawh avew ideldyi fferipnrgo ­
fessioinnatle reTshtisis.s i mmediatreelflyee cdti nt hev ariotuesc hniqtuheesy
havues ede,v eni nt hew ayt hey wrSiotmeeo. f t heb ookasr em oret echnical,
othermso re" readabWlee .h"a ven ots oughutn iformiAt sye.a rcfho rt he
trutcho nductienad c cordawnicteht heb estte chniqoufte hse c ontemporary
socisacli enwcaesso urs olaei mY.e tt hrouaglhtl h idsi versoifmt eyt hoadn d
techniqau sei gnificmaenats uroefa greemehnatsb eena chieved.
The problerme quirae msu chm oree xtensainvdem uchm ores ustained
effortth aann ys ingilnes tituotrai noyns ,m alglr ouspu cahs o ursc,o ulhdo pe
top utf orthI.t w aso urh opet hawth atevperro jecwtes c ouludn dertake
wouldn oto nlyb ec ontributiinot nhse msveelsb,u tw oulda lssoe rvteo
stimulaacttei ivnet eriensc to ntinusetdu dbyy othesrc hola\rVsi.t dhe ep
satisfawcet hiaovnew atchetdh es teadiyn creianss ec ientpiufibccl aitioinns
thifise lid nt hep asfte wy earWse. belietvhea atn ys tudtyh at bears upon
thicse ntral tihfce amrer,i oeudti na trulsyc ientsipfiicr it, hcealnbpnu ott
brinugs c losteort het heoretaincdau ll,t imatteolt yh ep ractiscoallu,t ion
oft hep robleomf r educiinngt ergrporuepj udaincdeh atred.
Thisf orewotrodS tudiPerse jiun·wd oiucldne o tb ec omplewtiet hoau t
tributteot hev isiaonnd l eadersohfiD pr .J ohnS la\vson,\RxVeiccuet­ive
Presidoefnt th eA mericJaenw isCho mmitteweh,ow asr esponsfiobrcl ael l­
ingt hec onferenocfes cholaarnsd f ore stablisthhieDn egp artmeonft
ScientRiefisce arcBho.t he ditoorwse D r.S lawns oad ebto fg ratitfuodre
thei nspiragtuiiodna,n acned,s timulawthiiocnhh eg avet hem.
MAxH oRKHEIMER
SAMUEHL. F LOWERMAN
PREFACE
Thiissa booakb osuotc diiaslc rimiBnuaittt iso np.ui rsnp oostsi em ply
toa ddaf ewm oreem pirfiincdailtn oga sna lready ebxotdoeynf is ni­ve
formatTihoecn e.n ttrhaelmo eft hweo riks a r elatnievwec loyn cept­
threi soef "aann throposlpoegciwiceeca sal l"l a utthhoer ittayrpoiefa n
manI.nc onttroat shbtei gooftt h oel dsetry hlese e etmosc ombitnhieed eas
ansdk iwlhlisca hrt ey piocfaa h li ghilnysd tuilraizseodc iweittyih r rational
ora ntii-ornbaaetll iHeefi ssa. tt hsea mtei meen lightaennsdeu dp erstitious,
proutdob e iannd iviadnudia nlc iosnts tfaenaotrfn obte ilnigk aelt lh e
othejrsel,ao uosfh iisn depenadneidnn ccel tions eudb mbilti ntdopl oyw er
anda uthoTrhietc yh.aa crtsetrr ucwthuircech o mprtihseecsso en flicting
trends haastt raalctrtheaeeatd dt ye notfmi oodne prhnoi slophaenrpdso litical
thienrksT.h ibso ok apprtohapecr hoebslw eimt h mtehaeno sfs ocio­
psycholroeegsairccahl.
Thei mplicaatnidvo anls uoefs tshteu adrype r actaiswc eallal st heo­
reitcaTlh.ea uthdoorn so bte litehvateth eirsae s hocrtu tto e ducation
whicwhi lell imitnhaleto ena gn do ftceinr curiotaoodufp s a instraek­ing
searacnhdt heoirceaatln alyNsoirs .td hoe tyh itnhka t asp urcohb laesm
thpeo siotfim oinni otriienms o desronc iaentmdyo ,r sep ecifitchapelr loyb ­
leom fr eliigouasn rda chiaatlr ceadbnse ,t acksluecdc esesiftuhbleyltr yh e
propagoafnt dolae roarn cabepy o logetico fre erfruoatrnasdlt iiesOo.nn
thoet hhearn tdh,e oreatcitciaavnlipd tr ya ctaipcpalilc aatrnieoo stne parated
bya nu nbridgeaQbuliett ehgc euo lrnfat.r tyh:ae u tsh orairmeb ued with
thceo nvictthiatothn e sianncdse yrset emsactiiecne tliuficci doafta i on
phenomeonfso unc h ghriesattom reiacnailcn agnc ontridbiurteect tol y
amelioroaft itcohunel tautrmaols pihnwe hriec hha trberde eds.
an
Thicso nvicmtuisnoton bt e bruasshiaedsade n o ptimiilsltuiIscni t ohne.
histoofrc yi viliztahteihroaenv e nboeatef ne wi nstawnhceemnsa sdse ­
lusiwoenrshe e alneodbt y f ocusperdo pagandiant hbeu tfia,nn aall ysis,
becasucshleao rwsi,tt hh euinro rbutsiyveeit n siswtoernhkta bsi,st tudied
whalta ayt rtohoeot f dtehleu sTihoenii.nr t ellceocntturailbo upteiroant,­
inwgi thtihnfe r amewoofr ktd heev elopomfse oncti aest wyah ole, was
deciseiffveecltyi ve.
Is houllidkt eoc ittew o exaTmhpesl uesp.e rstbietliiionewu fis t chcraft
waso vercomteh seei vne ntaeneden itghh teceenntthua rfitemeser n h ad
commeo re and motrhieen fluunedoneftcr he re e suolfmts o dem science.
Thei mpaocfCt a rtersaitaino nwaaldsie scmi sTihvisesc. h ooofpl hi loseorpsh
IX
X PREFACE
demonstrattheneda -taunsrdca ile nftoilsltostw hienmmga dper actuiscea l
oft hegirre iasnti ght-tthphera etv ioaucscleypb teeldi efi mimne dtihaet e
effeocfts pirfiatcutaoolnr str heeao lfmt hceo rpoirasan il l luOsnicotenh .i s
scientiufinctaelndlaoybg lmewa a se linmaitetdhf,eo undaotfit ohbnees l ief
inm agiwce rdee stroyed.
Asa morreec eenxta mpwlehe a,v oen ltyot hintkh ieom fp aocfSt i gmund
Freuwdo'rsok n m odecmu ltIutrpser .i miamrpyo rtdaonencsoe lt i ient he
factth apts ycholroegsiecaaarnlckd hn owlehdagvbeee eenn ricbhyne edw
findinbgusit n t hfea ctth afto r some fitfhtieyn t eylelawerocsrt laudna,dl
espectihaeeld luyc athiaobsne aeln, made moraew aaroneftd h em ocroen ­
nection bestuwpeperneo sftcs hhideior lne (nob twhi thtihhneo maen odu t­
sidaen)d society'si gunsouroaaflnt lchpyees yncahiovledo ygnmiaiccaoslf
thlei offte h ceh ialndtd h aed uallti Tkheep. e rmeaotfti hoseno ccioanls cious­
ness laatr ge thwsiect ihe ntiaficcqaulielrxyep de ritehnatcthe ee v enotfs
early chairloedf h oporidim mpeo rtfaontrch ee hapapnidwn oerssk -po­
tentoifta hlae d uhlatbs r ougahbto aur te voluitnti horene labteitowne en
pareanntds childrweonu lhdwa hvbieec ehdn e emiemdp ossaih bulned red
yeaargso .
Thep resweonrtkw ,e howpielfi,ln dap laicnte h is hoifs ttiohnrety e r­
dependbeentcwees ecni eannctdeh ceu ltculriamlIa ttusel .t imgaotaielst o
openne wa veniunes reas eaarrcewhah iccha bne coomfei mmedpiraatce­
ticsailg nificIatsn eceetk.osd evelaonpdp romoatneu nderstaonfd ing
social-psyfcahcotwlohorigschi ahcv amela diept o ssfiobtrlh eae u tihtoarrian
typoefm ant ot heratteonr epltahcieen divliidsautnaiddce mocrtaytpiec
prevailne npttah scete ntaunradyh aolffo ucri viliaznaodtf ti hofena ,c tors
byw hicthh itsh remaatyb ec ontaiPnreodg.r eassniavleoy fst ihsi s new
"anotphorlogtiycpaaeln "do fi tgsr owctohn ditwiiotnhs ,a n ever-increas­
insgc iendtiifffiecr entwiilaeltn ihoantn,hcce eh aensoc fa g enuiendeulcya ­
tiocnoauln terattack.
Confideinntc hepe o sbsiiloifta y mosryes temsatutdiyoc ft hmee cha­
nisomfsd iscrimainnedas tpieocnoi faa cl hlayr acterodliosgcirciamli nation­
typies bnaostoe ndt hhei stoerxipcearlio eftn hcleea fistfte eyne aarlso ne,
buatl soond evelopwmietnhttsih sneoc isacli etnhceemss edluvreirsne gc ent
decadCeosn.s idearnasdbu lcec eesffsofrtuhsla ve mbaedeiennt hciosu ntry
asw elalsi nE urotpoer aitsheve a ridoiussc ipdleianlweiisnt gmh a n:is a
socpihaeln ometnoot nh oer ganizlaetvioeofcln o aolp ertahttai ohna s been
tradiitnti honena tursacli enWcheats .aI m t hinkoifan rge mneorte ly
a
mechanaircraaln gsef moebrnr tingtiongge twhoerrdk o nienv arifioeulsd s
ofs tudaysi, n s ympoosrit ae xtbobouktts h,me o bliizaotfid oinff erent
methoadnssd k idlelvse,l iopnde ids tfiienlcodtfs t heoarnyed m piriinc­al
vestigfaotorin oecno ,m morne seaprrcohg ram.
Succhr ostsi-lfiezroafdt iiffoenr bernatn cohfte hsse o cisacli enacnesd
psycghyoi lseo xacwthlayht a tsa kpelna icnte h per esevnotl uEmxep.e rts
PREFACE XI
int hefi eldosf s ocitahle o·arnyd depptshy cholocgoyn,t ent ancalinliycsails ,
psychoyl,op golitiscoacli oloangdyp ,r ojecttievset ipnogo letdh eierx peri­
enceasn dfi ndingHsa.v inwgo rketdo gethientr h ec losecsoto perattihoeny,
now preseanstt her esuolftt heijro inetff orts thee lemenotfsa theoryo f
thea uthorittayrpieoa fnm an in modersno ciety.
Theya ren otu nmindftuhla tth eyw eren ott hefi rstto h aves tuditehdi s
phenomenoTnh.e yg ratefualclkyn owledtghee idre btt ot her emarkable
psychologipcraolfi loefst hep rejudiicneddi vidpuraolj ectbey dS igmund
FreudM,a uricSea muelO,t toF enichaenld,o therSsu.c hb rilliiannsti ghts
werei na sensteh ei ndispensparbelree quifsoirtt ehsem ethodologini­cal
tegratainodnr esearocrhg anizawthiiocnht hep resesnttu dhya sa ttemp,t ed
andw et hinakc hievteoad c ertadieng reoen,a s calper eviouusnlayp proached.
Institutitohniabslo loykr, e presean jtso inutn dertakionfgt heB erkeley
PubliOcp inioSnt udayn dt heI nstitoufSt oec iRaels earBcoht. ho rganiza­
tionhsa da lreamdayd et heimra rki ne ffortst oi ntegrvaatrei osucsi enacneds
differernets earmceht hodTsh.e BerkelPeuyb liOcp inioSnt udyh add e­
voteidt setlotf h ee xaminatoifpo rne judiinct ee rmosf s ocipasly cholaongdy
hadh itu pont hec losceo rrelabteitowne eonv ertp rejudiacnedc ertain
personaltirtayio tfs a destructniivhei linsattiucr seu,g gestebdy an ir­
rationalpleys simiisdteiocl oogfy t hei ntolerTahnet I.n stitouftS eo cial
Researwcahs d edicattoet dh ep rinciopflt eh eoretaincda lm ethodological
integraftrioomni tesa rlideasytsa tt heU niversoiftF yr ankfuarntd,p ub­
lishseedv ersatlu digerso winogu to ft hibsa siacp proacIhno. n ev olumoe,n
authoraintdy tfhaem iltyh,ec onceopftt he" authoritpaerirasno naliwtays"
putf orwaradsa linbke tweepns ychological diasnpdpo osliittiicoanls lean­
ingsP.u rsuitnhgi lsi noef t hought futrhtehI enrs,t itute foarnmdu lated
publishiend1 93a9 c ompreheen rseisvearpcrho jeocnta nti-SemiStoimsem .
fivey earlsa tear s,e rioefsd iscusswiiotnhts h el atDer .E rnsSti mmealn d
ProfessRo.rN evitSta nfoorfdt he UniveorfsC iatlyi forlnaiitadh eb asfiso r
thep resepnrto ject.
Asfi nalloyr ganiztehder, e searsctha wffa sh eadebdy f ours enimoerm ­
bersD,r .R .N .S anforofdt heB erkelPeuyb liOcp inioSnt udayn dD rT..
vVA.d ornoof t heI nstitoufSt oec iRaels earwchho,w eret hed irectaonrds ,
Dr.E lsFer enkel-BruannsdwD irk. D anieLle vinsoTnh.e icro llaboration
was soc lospee,r haIps sh oulsda yd emocrataincdt, h ew orks oe venldyi ­
videadm ongt hemt haittb ecamcel eaarta ne arlsyt agteh atth eyo ughtto
shareeq ualilnyt her esponsibainldti hteyc redfiotr t hep resepnutb lica­
tioTnh.e m ainc oncepotfst hes tudwye ree volvbeydt het eama sa whole.
Thisi str uaeb ovael olf t hei deoaf t hei ndirmeecastur emenotf a ntidemo­
crattirce ndtsh,eF scalSeo.m ed ivisioofln a bocro ulndo tb e avoided,
howevearn,d i tp roveadd visatbolh ea vet hev arious chsaipgtneebrdys
individsutaalffm embersT.h e actuwarli tipnrgo cen�e cessairnivloyl ves
Xll PREFACE
am orien timoactceu pawtiittohhn me a teruinadlcesor nsaitdieaornntd h us
a meaosfum roer sep ecriefiscp onsNiebvielritthyte.hl feea sscr,te mains
thaetac ohft hfeo usre nmieomrb ecrosn tritboeu vteecrdhy a patnehdre ne c
thatthw eo raksa whiostlh eo roughly collective.
Itm ayb eo fi ntetroen sottt eh per imaarsys ignomfee natsco hft he
seni!.o1:ram ffe mbedrsu ritnhgae c turaels eaprrcohc esSsa.n fDcoror.nd ­
ceivtehde twhaveya ritoeucsh nisqhuoeubslec d o mbiannepddl antnheed
reseaprrcohc edMuurceohsf h. i tsi mweas devottoed de tacialsseetd u dies,
witshp ecrieafle rteotn hcdeey nameitci oolfot ghpyer ejupdeircseodn ality.
DrA.d ornion trodsuocceido ldomigeincsairloe nlsat tope edr sonfaalcittoyr s
andc haractercoolnocgecipoctsna clto amnwiti tahu thoritHaera ilasnoi sm.
analyzeidd eotlhoes geicctaoilfot nhsie n tervbiyme ewasno sfc ategories
ofs oicatlh eoDrry.B. r unsfwoirkm ulsaotmeoedf t hfier spte rsonality
variaobftl hresee seaOrntc hhbe.a soifhs e era rlwioersrkh ,ce a rrtirheodu gh
thsey stemdaytanimci,c aolrliye nctaetde gorainzdaq tuiaonnt ifiocfa tion
thien termvaiteewrD iraL.le .v inhsaopdnr imraersyp onsfiobri ltihtey AS,
E,a nd PsEcCa lfeosr, a tnhael oyfs eiiosdl oignpy s ycholtoegrimfcsoa,rl
the ProQjueecsttaiinvoaenl aynsdi stf,h oer statisatnpidrc oacle dduersei.g n
Thremeo nogracphhairpcsto ,en ea no verp-raelsle notfat thimeoe nt h­
odogyl o arneds uolft so nteh meoa fi tne chnitqhuTeeh se,m aAtpi­c
percepTteisaotnn,dt wod ealwiintg"h c ritgircoaulwp"es r wer ittbeyn
BetAtryo n, LMeavriinaas noWdni ,l liMaormr oAwl.l twherrpeeee r ma­
nentolnty h set aoffft hset uadnycd o meptleflaym iwliitaihrtp sr ogress.
Thep rojceocutnl odht a vbee erne alwiiztehdo ut thaen idgn etneelr­ous
ligseunptp oofrt thA em eriJceawni Csohm mitItn1e 9e44.t hCeo mmittee,
feeltihnneeg e fdoa rs ourneds ebaarscfihots rh fien anacinoadrl g anizational
suppioptrl ta ntnoge idv teoc oorpaetsitvued oifae t sy,p e whibcoho kt his
exempldieficeistd,oce rde aaD teep artmoefSn cti enRteisfiecaF rrcohm. the
firstth Dee partwmase cnotn ceaisva es dc iencteinfittceos r t imualnadt e
co-ordtihnea twoeofl r ekna gds icienitnti hsseot csi oalnopdgs yy choolfo gy
prejuadnidac,tte h sea mtei maes, l aab oraftoeorvr ayl uaatcitnipgor no ­
grams. Tthhomeue gmhb eorfts h Dee partmernets'esas rtcahff are con­
stanutnldype rre stsous roel ve psreoutbp lf oetrmh se bmy t hdea y-to-day
worokf a ne xtenosrigvaen ifizgahttifioonndrg e moactrriicg ohnts se veral
brofardo nttsh,eh ya vnee vsehri rtkherede sponsoiffb uirltihtebyras iincg
reseaprrcohg rTahmsi.vs o lusmyem boltihzaletis nb ke twedeenm ocratic
educaatnifdou nn damreensteaalr ch.
MA..H"<oR KHEIMER,
DirecItnosrt,io tfSu otceRi easle arch