The Australian species of Pachyneuron Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)

26 Pages·2001·12.2 MB·English

by  Gary A P Gibson

]. HYM. RES.
Vol. 10(1), 2001, pp. 29-54
The Australian Species of Pachyneuron Walker
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)
Gary. A. P. Gibson
Systematic Entomology Section, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0C6 (E-mail: [email protected])
—
Abstract. Four species of Pncln/iiciiwii Walker are recognized from Australia: P. aphidis (Bouche
1834), P. emersoni Girault (1916), P. nclsoni Girault (1928) and P. rieki Gibson, n. sp. A lectotype
is designated for P. emersoni. Pachyneuron kingsleyi Girault (1916) is formally synonymized with
P. emersoni (new synonymy). Males and females of the four species are differentiated by key
featvires, illustrated, and compared with morphologically similar species present in other regions.
Pachyneuron oiicrsoni and P. rieki are restricted to Australia, P. aphidis and P. iielsoiii are more
widely distributed. World distribution is summarized for P. aphidis and P. ne!so)ii and Australian
distribution and host records are compiled for all the species.
Pachyneuron Walker consists of about 50 of Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera
recognized world species with the follow- (Noyes 1998).
ing distribution as listed by Noyes (1998): Boucek (1988) listed four species of Pa-
Afrotropical (4), Australasian (5), Oriental chyneuron from Australia, but suggested
(8), Neotropical (11), Nearctic (12) and Pa- that P. kingsleyi Girault was probably only
learctic (28). Szelenyi (1942) gave a key to a form of P. emersoni Girault and estimat-
the Palearctic species, Graham (1969) to ed that there were probably five valid spe-
the European species and Kamijo and cies. Based on the very few localities listed
Takada (1973) to the Japanese species, but by Boucek (1988) for the species and the
in other areas the species are unrevised absence of other than the original publi-
and some distributional records listed in cations of Girault on Australian Pachyneu-
Noyes (1998) are questionable. Most spe- ron, the genus might be thought to be rel-
cies are hyperparasites of Aphididae or of atively rare and unimportant. However,
three of the four recognized species are
other plant sucking Hemiptera (Coccoi-
common and two are widely distributed
dea, Psylloidea) through their Braconidae
(Ichneumonoidea) or Aphelinidae and En- throughout Australia (Figs. 49-51). I ex-
amined over 2,000 specimens for this
cyrtidae (Chalcidoidea) primary parasit-
study and the species undoubtedly are
oids, or are primary parasitoids or hyper-
major factors in the population dynamics
parasitoids of the predators of these plant
of Australian aphids and their syrphid
pests (Diptera: Syrphidae, Chamaemyi-
predators. The purpose of this study is to
idae; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae; Neurop- differentiate the Australian species and to
tera: Chrysopidae). Some species are also tabulate the known hosts anci distribution
recorded as pupal parasitoidsofminingor
of the species in Australia.
gall forming Diptera (Agromyzidae, Chlo-
MATERIALS AND METHODS
ropidae, Cecidomyiidae) or as egg para-
sitoids of several families of Lepidoptera Literature citations for W.H. Ashmead
(apparently as hyperparasitoids), and and A.A. Girault incorporate the paper
there are rare records from other families numbers, between brackets following the
30 Journal of Hymenoptera Research
year of publication, that are used in their ting the first two numerals ofthe year; and
bibliographies by Crawford (1908) and the four most frequent collectors, C.J. Bur-
Dahms (1978), respectively. Morphologi- well, J.C. Cardale, I.D. Naumann and J.S.
cal terms and abbreviations used forstruc- Noyes are shortened to CJB, JCC, IDN and
tures mostly follow Gibson (1997). Newly JSN, respectively. The study was based on
used abbreviations and terms are: 'mvw' specimens provided by the individuals
for 'marginal vein width', the maximum and collections listed below; acronyms are
width of the marginal vein, and petiole used in the text to denote depositories of
'body' (Fig. 22) for the more or less rect- specimens; those collections denoted with
angular portion posterior to the constrict- an asterisk provided type material or oth-
ed or tapered petiole 'neck' (Fig. 22) that er specimens of Nearctic and Palearctic
articulates with the propodeal foramen. species that were used to help establish
Measurements were made from dry- correct nomenclature.
mounted specimens using an ocular mi- ANIC Australian National Insect Col-
crometer with 100 divisions per centime- lection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT
tre and a binocular microscope with zoom (J. Cardale and S. Schniidt)
magnification up to 225X. Specimens for ASCU Agricultural Scientific Collec-
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were tions Unit, Orange Agricultural
NSW
prepared following Bolte (1996); illustra- Institute, Orange, (M.
tions of P. aphidis were made from speci- Fletcher and P. Gillespie)
mens from North America. The SEM mi- BMNH'^ The Natural History Museum,
crograph negatives were converted into a London, England (J. Noyes)
digital format using a 35mm scanner. Pho- CNCP Canadian National Collection
tographs of forewings mounted in Canada of Insects, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Balsam on slides were taken using a digital DPIQ Queensland Department of Pri-
camera mounted on a dissecting micro- mary Industries, Brisbane, QLD
scope. These digital images were enhanced (J. Donaldson)
using Adobe Photoshop®, and assembled HFES* Hokkaido Forest Experiment
into final plates using CorelDraw®. Distri- Station, Bibai, Hokkaido, Japan
bution maps were generated using Bio- (K. Kamijo)
link© Only those localities whose position MHNG* Museum d'Histoire naturelle,
could. be determined unequivocally were Geneva, Switzerland (B. Merz)
mapped so that the maps generally are QMBA Queensland Museum, Brisbane,
QLD
less comprehensive than the listed rec- (C. Burwell)
ords. Length of the sections summarizing UQIC University ofQueenslandInsect
QLD
material examined under'Distribution' for Collection, St. Lucia, (G.
each species was reduced using the fol- Daniels)
lowing procedures: all specimens validat- USNM* United States National Ento-
ing locality records are in ANIC unless mological Collection, U.S. Na-
otherwise indicated; locality records are tional Museum of Natural His-
listed in alphabetical order with different tory, Washington, DC (E. Gris-
localities separated by a period, records sell)
with the same primary locality are sepa- WARI Waite Agricultural Research In-
rated by semicolons and the primary lo- stitute, University of Adelaide,
cality is omitted from the second and sub- Glen Osmond, SA (A. Austin)
sequent records; the sex and number of Pachxjneiiron Walker
specimens examined are not given for the Pachyneuron Walker, 1833: 371, 380. Type spe-
three common species; all collection dates cies: Pachifiicuron fonnosuni Walker, by nion-
have been standardized, including omit- otypy.
Volume 10, Number 1, 2001 31
Pachynevron Blanchard, 1840: 260, 266. Unjusti- tured than reticulate femoral depression
fied emendation. (Figs. 4, 38). Forewing with marginal vein
Pachynevrum Agassiz, 1846: 778. Unjustified noticeably thicker than stigmal or post-
emendation. marginal veins and at least slightly wid-
Serimus Brethes, 1913: 90. Type species: Serimus ened distally, about as long as stigmal
argcntinus Brethes, by monotypy. Synonymy
by De Santis, 1957: 118. vein and at most 0.35 length of costal cell
Propachyneuronia Girault, 1917[327]: 102. Type (Figs. 6, 24, 36, 48). Caster variably dis-
species: Encyrtus siphoiophorae Ashmead, by tinctly petiolate (Figs. 11, 22, 27, 41); first
original designation. Synonymy by Gahan, gastral sternum with anterior margin un-
1918: 66. modified, not produced into flange be-
Nepnchyucuron Girault, 1917[330]: 9. Type spe- neath petiole (Figs. 12, 28, 42); terga flat to
cies: Pachyneuron eras Girault, by original low convex in critical-point dried female,
designation. Synonymy by Timberlake, 1926: often flat or collapsed in air-dried female.
—
308. Remarks. Australian Pachyneuron can
Eupachifiieuwii Blanchard in Leiboff, 1948: 256. be identified to genus using the key of
Type species: Eupachyneuron bosqui Blan- Boucek (1988). Individuals are most likely
chard, by monotypy. Synonymy by Boucek,
to be confused with specimens of the
1988: 441.
monotypic genus Inkaka Girault (Boucek
Atrkhoptilus Delucchi, 1956: 141-142. Type spe-
cies: Pachyneuron aeneum Masi, by original 1988, figs. 767-769), but specimens of /.
designation. Synonymy by Boucek, 1965: 18. quadridentata (Girault) differ conspicuous-
Pachyneuron {Serimus); De Santis, 1975: 8-10. ly by lacking a carinately margined pron-
Change of status. otal collar, the pronotum being almost
— vertical and not visible in dorsal view. In-
Diagnosis. Head without distinctmalar dividuals of Inkaka also have an obvious
depression; clypeus with apical margin malar depression, the antennal toruli
shallowly emarginate (Figs. 17, 18) to pro- slightly below the level ofthe lowerorbits,
duced (Figs. \, 2); gena and lower face ex- and a more elongate-slender marginal
cluding clypeus mostly isodiametric-retic- vein that is at least 0.4 times as long as the
ulate (Fig. 18); torulus at or above lower costal cell; in females the scape does not
orbit near middle of face (Figs. 1, 13, 16, extend to the anterior ocellus, and in
17, 25, 30, 47). Mandible with four teeth males the scape has two distinct subapical
(Figs. 1, 2). Antenna 13-segmented with 2 lobes on its anterior outer margin so as to
or 3 anelli; scape of female, when ap- appear emarginate subapically.
pressed to head, extending to anterior Coruna Walker and Euneura Walker are
ocellus; scape of male subequal in width not yet recorded from Australia, but com-
or evenly tapered to apex (Figs. 9, 21, 33, prise species that are hyperparasites of
34, 45, 46). Pronotum visible in dorsal aphids and that are morphologically sim-
view, with pronotal carina (in regional ilar to species of Pacinjneuron. It probably
species) (Figs. 3, 4, 14, 26, 37, 38). Meso- is only a matter of time before species of
notum reticulate, the sculpture formed by one or both genera are accidentally intro-
raised ridges; mesoscutum with incom- duced into Australia. Individuals of Co-
plete notauli (Figs. 3, 4); mesopleuron runa have sulcate notauli that extend to
with upper mesepimeron shiny and much the transscutal articulation and therefore
more finely sculptured than lower mese- are easily distinguished from Pachyneuron;
pimeron (Figs. 4, 38). Propodeum with su- more subtle features differentiate Euneura
pracoxal flange shorter than length of nu- from Pachyneuron. In Euneura the lower
cha (Fig.15). Metacoxa bare dorsobasally face is more extensively longitudinally
(Figs. 4, 38), outer surface smooth to cori- striate-reticulate (Boucek 1988) and the su-
aceous-reticulate, much more finely sculp- pracoxal flange is longer than in Pachyneu-
32 Journal of Hymenoptera Research
ron (Kamijo and Takada 1973). Also, in Eu- Females of Eimeura also have the metaso-
neum the metacoxa and femoral depression ma strongly convex and hence more sub-
are similarly reticulate, whereas in Pachy- circular in cross section than do females of
neuron the metacoxa is much more finely Pachyneuron, but this difference is less ob-
sculptured than is the femoral depression, vious in critical-point dried individuals.
KEY TO AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF PACHYNEURON WALKER
1 Both sexes: propodeum uniformly coriaceous anterior to nucha, without plical furrowor
ridges (Fig. 5); petiole body in dorsal view shiny, virtually smooth and strongly trans-
verse (Fig. 11); clypeus medially convex and apically rounded to angulate (Figs. 1, 2).
Female: flagellumwith3 anelli and 5 funicularsegments (Figs. 7, 8).Male: anteiinabrown
except possibly for extreme base of scape and legs with femora mostly infuscate
P. aphidis (Bouche)
- Both sexes: propodeum with variably distinct, more or less W-shaped complex ofplicae
and costulae anterior to nucha (Figs. 15, 29, 39); petiole body in dorsal view strongly
reticulate to reticulate-rugose and often longer than wide (Figs. 22, 27, 41); clypeus
medially flat to depressed and shallowly emarginate (Figs. 17, 18). Female: flagellum
with 2 anelli and 6 funicular segments (Figs. 19, 20, 31, 32, 43, 44). Male: antenna with
at least scape mostly or entirely yellow and legs yellow 2
2(1) Female: flagellum clavatewithlongitudinalsensillaalongalmostentirelengthofflagellar
segments and with adpressed setae (Figs. 19, 31, 43) 3
- Male: flagellum filiform with longitvidinal sensilla in apical half of flagellar segments
and with semierect setae (Figs. 21, 33, 45) 5
3(2) Forewing with basal cell separated from speculum by oblique line of at least 7 setae on
dorsal surface of basal fold and with 2 or more setae within basal cell near apex (Fig.
48); petiole body with 1-3 setae projecting anterolaterally from each side near middle
(Fig. 41) P. rieki Gibson, new species
- Forewingusually completely barebasally, butat mostwith 1 or2 setaeondorsalsurface
of basal fold (Figs. 23, 24, 35, 36); petiole body without setae projecting from lateral
margin (Figs. 22, 27) 4
4(3) Forewing without marginal fringe (Figs. 35, 36); marginal vein comparatively shortand
thick, length less than 2.5 times maximum width (Fig. 36), and postmarginal vein only
slightly (less than 1.25 times) longer than stigmal vein (Fig. 36); propodeum reticulate-
coriaceous anterior to nucha, similarly or even more strongly sculptured medially than
laterally (Fig. 29) P. nelsoni Girault
- Forewing with marginal fringe (Figs. 23, 24) and/or with relatively elongate-slender
marginal vein at least 3.5 times as long as wide, and with postmarginal vein distinctly
(at least 1.5 times) longer than stigmal vein (Fig. 24); propodeum with comparatively
shiny, finely coriaceous to virtually smooth pentagonal or hexagonal region anterior to
nucha (Fig. 15) P. emersoni Girault
5(2) Forewing without marginal fringe (Figs. 35, 36); flagellar segments oblong, the middle
segments less than 1.8 times as long as wide (Fig. 33); antenna uniformly yellowish or
with flagellum light brown P. nelsoni Girault
Forewing with marginal fringe (Figs. 23, 24, 48); flagellar segments elongate, middle
segments more than 1.8 times as long as wide (Figs. 21, 45); antenna usually with dark
brown flagellum contrasting distinctly with yellow scape 6
6(5) Forewing with basal cell separated from speculum by oblique line of at least 7 setae on
dorsal surface of basal fold (Fig. 48); head with lower face uniformly convex (Fig. 47);
scape in profile with line of distinct setae along anterior margin (Fig. 46)
P. rieki Gibson, new species
Volume 10, Number 1, 2001 33
- Forewing with basal cell and speculum uniformly bare (Figs. 23, 24) and/or head with
lower face distinctly depressed or concave lateral to convex supraclypeal area and clyp-
eus (Fig. 16); scape in profile without line of distinct setae along anterior margin (Fig.
21b) P. eniersoni Girault
Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouche) onymy with £. siphonophorae by Girault,
(Figs. 1-12, 49) 1917[327]: 102.
Pachyneuron micans Howard, 1890: 246. Syn-
Dip^lolcpis Aphidis Bouche, 1834: 170. Syntypes; types, female (examined). Type data: USA,
types lost according to Graham, 1969: 842. Indiana, Lafayette, reared by Webster from
Sex described: both. Siphonophora avenae. Type depository:
Pteromalus miniitissimiis Forster, 1841: 28. Lec- USNM, type no. 1467. Sex described: both.
totype male, designated by Delucchi, 1955: Synonymy with E, siphonophorae by Girault,
138. Type data: Germany, bred on Aphidiiis
1917[327]: 102.
rosarum. Type depository: Naturhistorisches Pachyneuron gifuensis Ashmead, 1904[243]: 158.
oMunsyemuymb,yVRieeinnnhaa.rdS,ex18d5e9s:cr1i9b5e.d: male. Syn- Spaynn]t,ypGeifsi,.1,fbermeadleby(eYx.amNianewda).[OTcyt.pe19d0a2t]a:fr[Joam-
Pachyneuron pruni Walker, 1850: 128. Lectotype an Aphis. Type depository: USNM, type no.
female, designated by Graham, 1969: 842. 7190. Sex described: female. Synonymy by
Type data: Prussia. Type depository: BMNH. Kamijo & Takada, 1973: 57.
Sex described: female. Synonymy by Gra-
Serinius argentinus Brethes, 1913: 91. Holotype
ham, 1969: 842.
male. Type data: Argentina: Buenos Aires.
Pachyneuron aphidis; Reinhard, 1859: 195.
Sex described: male. SynonymybyDeSantis,
Change of combination.
1957: 119.
Encyrtus siphonophorae Ashmead, 1886[36]: 131.
Syntypes, female (examined). Type data: Pachyneuron lali Mani, 1939: 81. Holotype fe-
male, by original designation. Type data: In-
USA, Florida [Jacksonville] bred in 1881 from
orange aphis {Siphonophora citrifolii Ash- dia: Karnal (Punjab), 15.iii.l938, K. B. Lai,
mead). Type depository: USNM, type no. bred from Aphis runiicis L. on Solanum ni-
4860. Sex described: female. Synonymy by grum. Type depository: Indian Agricultural
Boucek, 1988: 441, 442. ResearchInstitute, NewDelhi. Sexdescribed:
Pachyneuron aphulivora Ashmead, 1887[37]: 14. female. SynonymybyBouceketai, 1978:451.
Syntypes, both sexes (examined). Type data: Note: purported description of male applies
USA, Florida [Jacksonville], bred June6from tofemalebased ondescriptionofthreeanelli,
the cabbage aphis (Ap>}ns brassicae L). Type see Boucek et al. (1978).
depository: USNM, type no. 2854. Sex de- Pachyneuron ferrierei Mani, 1939: 83. Syntypes,
scribed: female. Synonymy with E. siphono- male. Type data: India: Chaubatia, U.P.,
phorae by Girault, 1917[327]: 102. Note: Ac- R.N.I., 22.viii.1935, parasitic on an aphid
cording to Timberlake (1918: 402) Girault's causing leaf curl. Type depository: Indian
synonymy is incorrect because notes of A.B. Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
Gahan on the types, "taken when they were Sex described: male. Synonymy by Bouceket
in a better state of preservation than at pre- ai, 1978: 45. Note: type .series mistakenly
sent, show that aphidivorum has only two stated as female (Boucek et al. 1978).
ring-joints". However, although Ashmead Eupachyneuron bosqui Blanchard /;/ Leiboff,
described only females, both females and 1948: 256. Type status unknown. Type data:
males are labelled as syntypes in the USNM Argentina, La Pampa, reared from Schyzaphis
collection and Gahan's note undoubtedly re- granunum. Sex described: female. Synonymy
ferred to a male. with P. aphidis by Boucek, 1988: 442.
Pachyneuron maidaphis Ashmead, 1888: 23. Syn- Pachyneuron minutissimum; Delucchi, 1956: 129,
types, female (examined). Type data: USA, 137-139. Change of combination.
Florida [Lake City]. Type depository:USNM, Pacliyneuron triarticulata Mani &Saraswat, 1974:
type no. 26530. Sex described: female. Syn- 98-100. Holotype female, by original desig-
Journal of Hymenoptera Research
34
nation. Type dc\Lr. India: Northwest Hima- strongly transverse, shiny and virtually
laya, Dalhousie (Ahla catchment area, Kha- smooth (Fig. 11); in ventral view divided
jjiar), M.S. Mam and party, 18 & 27.V.1971. mediolongitudinally by white membra-
Type depository: USNM, database no. nous region (Fig. 12).
0700023. Sex described: female. Synonymy Male.—Similar to female except flagel-
PacbhyyBnoeuucwenk{eSterail,mu1s9)78s:iyi4h5o1n.ophorac; De Santis, lum (Figs. 9, 10) with 2 anelli and 6 funic-
1975: 9. Change of status. ular segments; all segments, except possi-
bly preclaval segment, longer than wide
Pachyiicuroii aphidis; Boucek, 1988: 442.
(at most about 1.8 times).
—
Femnle. Body brown to dark brown Distribution.—PncJn/iieuro}} aphidis is a
with variably distinct metallic green lus- cosmopolitan species that Noyes (1988) re-
ter; antenna brown except extreme base of corded from over 40 countries and all con-
scape often yellowish; tegula yellow to tinents except Antarctica.
brown; legs with femora variably darkly Australian distribution (Fig. 49) and
infuscate except apically yellowish, tibiae host records based on label data of ex-
and tarsi yellowish or with tibiae lightly amined specimens are: AustralianCapitalTer-
infuscate subbasally. Head with clypeus ritory: Canberra, 2.xii.46, 18.vi.54, E.F. Riek; coll.
convex and apically rounded to angulate 17.V.89, em. 25.V.89, Diacrcticlla rnpnc ex. Brcvicorync
(Figs. 1, 2). Flagellum with 3 anelli (Fig. 8) b1r0n.sifiiii.c8a9,ceomn. 1S8i.siyiiii.i8b9r,iiADipihidoiffiiicsinsaoliei,chiV.MFa.rsEhaasltlope;x.cHoilfl-.
and 5 funicular segments (Fig. 7); funicu- pc)V)in/ziis lactiicae (L.) on Soiichiis olcmceiis, V.F. Eas-
lar segments subquadrate to oblong and top. New South Wales: Glossodia, 20.vi.80, parasite
with long, conspicuous, decumbent setae of Aphis ncrii, D. James. Katoomba, 2.xii.75, IDN
(Figs. 7, 8); longitudinal sensilla extending (UQIC). Merungle Hill, 2.ii.66, on mature oranges,
almost entire length of funicularsegments, M.I. Nikitin(ASCU). Mootwingee Nat. Pk.,OldMoo-
separated from each other by distance twingeeGorge, 5-8.xi.84, G.R.Brown& H.M Holmes
(ASCU). Newport, 18.iii.36, ex. Apliis iwrii (ASCU).
equal to 2-3 sensillar diameters (Fig. 8). Rob Roy, 29.V.74, ex. ear of wheat, M. Greening
Forewing (Fig. 6) with marginal fringe; (ASCU). Rydalmere, 7.vi.61, L.T. Woolcock; 22.ii.68,
with distinct discal setae; dorsally with parasitized Brcvicorync brassicac, J.T. Hamilton
basal cell apically delineated by oblique (ASCU). Sydney, 20.v.49, ex. pumpkin aphids
line of setae directed posterobasally from (ASCU). Tamworth, l.xi.79, ex. Trioxys complanatus
on spotted alfalfa aphid, N. Forrester. Ulladulla,
base of parastigma; ventrally with poste- 18.i.72, ex. aphid on Cakilccdentiila, M. Gray; 10.ii.81,
rior margin of basal cell often delineated H. lactiicac; 17.ii.81. Warrumbungles Nat. Pk. via
by longitudinal cubital setal line, and of- Coonabarabran, 17.xii.74, IDN (UQIC). Wellington,
ten with one to several setae on ventral 23.ii.54, ex. B. brnssicac. Queensland: Beerwah,3.5km
NW
surface near submarginal vein; speculum (26.50S 152.56E), CJB (UQIC). Brisbane, Alan
on dorsal surface open posteriorly; costal Fletcherlab., ix.82, ex. galls on Rhopnloun/iacalifoniica
Felt, P. McFadyen (QDPl). Bunya Mts. Nat. Pk. nr.
cell with distinct setae on ventral surface; Westcott Plain (26.52S 151.34E), 6-7.X.84, IDN &JCC.
veins with following ratios {ii = 10): smv/ Camp Mt., 1.X.61, ex. Aphis ncrii on Asclcpins CKras-
mv = 2.70-3.28, mv/mvw = 2.75-3.58, stuica, E.N. Marks (UQIC). Cecil Plains, D-Vac SIR-
pmv/mv = 1.57-2.12, pmv/st = 1.64- ATAC trial in cotton, 1981-82, P.D. Rossiter (QDPI).
2.21. Mesonotum with highly convex, rel- Gmaatntonn,(QD16P.IV).;78,5.Ve.x8.1 M(cQrDoPpIl)n;/aDs.P.dIi.viiRlessaenaa,rcBh.StFartainozn-,
atively slender scutellum (Figs. 3, 4). Pro- l-7.ix.81, 7-14.ix.81, 2I-28.ix.81 (QDPI). Helidon,
podeum (Figs. 3-5) strongly transverse, 30.viii.79, ex. Aphidiiis colcmani on Aphis ncrii, B.A.
uniformly striate-coriaceous without me- Franzmann (QDPI). Lake Broadwater, 25 km SE Dal-
dian carina, costula, or plical carina except by (27.22S 151.06E), 2-3.iv.96, CJB (QMBA). Miles, 1
near nucha, but with paramedial trans- km W, Dogwood Ck., 7.X.74, I.D. Galloway (QMBA).
Mt. Glorious (27.20S 152.46E), 27.ix.95, S.G. Evans
verse depressions basally; spiracle circular
(QMBA). Russell Pk. nr. Mt. Mowbullan (26.53S
to slightly oval. Petiole without setae pro- 151.37E), 7.X.84, IDN & JCC. Sanford, x.61, E. War-
jecting from sides; in dorsal view body wick. Tenthiil, 15.viii.79, ex. Apliidiiis cok'iiuiiii in
Volume 10, Number 1, 2001 35
Figs. 1-6. Pachyneurou aphidis: 1, head, frontal (9); 2, clypeus and mandibles (9); 3, mesosoma, dorsal ($);
4, mesosoma, lateral (9); 5, scutellum-propodeum (c5); 6, forewing (9). Scale bars = |xm. Abbreviations; bsl
= basal setal line, csl = costal setal line.
36 Journal of Hymenoptera Research
sFieggsm.en7-t1s2,.fl-Pfnlc,ln/(i?i)c;iir9o,iiannptlemnlnlsa:(7,j)a:n9tae,nnenati(i1e,'):y7bci,,' tm'ilidtidrle-,'e7bf-,run"ainc-eulllairas-n"e-d.gm.f.eu-n.tnisc,ulaflr,-sfle,g;me10n,tsb;as8a,lbfalsaaglelfllaargeslelga-r
ments, tl,-fl, (d); 11, petiole, dorsal (V); 12, petiole, ventral (?). Scale bars = |jLm.
VoLUMH 10, Number 1, 2001 37
Apliis iicrii, B.A. Franzmann (QDPI). Toowoomba, tralian species because it has conspicuous
16.V.75,ex.mummiesonRhopalosiphuin iiiaidis, H.Bri- decumbent setae similar to males (Figs. 7,
eBr.A(.QDFPrIa)n;z1m5.axn.n79,(QexD.PIA)pl.iiSdioiutsthLolAcuisntnruailoina;ApAldieilsaiiicdreii,, 8). Males are easily distinguished by their
Waite Institute, iv.88, hyperparasite of Apliidius soii- brown antennae, males of the other spe-
chi, D. Martin (WARI). "Brecon", 10 km S Keith, cies have at least the scape yellow.
26.i.82, A.D. Austin (QDPI). GlenOsmond, WaiteAg. Because of a similar clypeus and pro-
Res. Inst., coll. 24.iii.82, em. 30.iii.82, ex. pea aphid, podeum, individuals of P. aphidis are mor-
oD.nSlaumcoeerdnel,;WD..A.SR.aIm.o,ed21l.;i.8W1,aietx.eTInnosxtxiptu,teS,AvAi.c7u3,ltuerxe. phologically most similar to P. californicum
Brcvicoryiw brassicaeandMi/zuspersicae, C. Crawford. Girault (1917[322]), known only from
Pinnaroo, 25 km SSW (35.28S 140.47E), 20.X.89, America north of Mexico. However, in P.
24.X.89, IDN & JCC; 49 km SW (35.42S 140.49E), californicum the petiole is completely scler-
20.X.83, 24.X.83, IDN & JCC. Victoria: nr. Benalla, otized ventrally (i.e., forming a complete
9.ii.78, ex. T. ninculata. tube, cf. Fig. 28) even though short as in
Hosts.—Noyes (1988) listed 115 species P. aphidis, and the speculum is usually
and 62 genera as hosts for P. aphidis in the closed on the ventral surface by a line of
following taxa: Diptera (Cecidomyiidae, setae along the cubital fold.
Syrphidae), Hemiptera (Aphidoidea:
Aphididae, Pemphigidae; Coccoidea: Coc- Pachyneiiron emersoni Girault
cidae, Kermesidae, Pseudococcidae; Psyl- (Figs. 13-24, 50)
loidea: Psyllidae), and Hymenoptera
Pachyneiiron emersoni Girault, 1916[274]: 229-
(Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae;
230. Lectotype female, complete (examined),
Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae). Based on
here designated: "878 ", "Swan Riv, W.
label data, Australian primary and sec- Austr.", "G. Compere Collector", "9 Lecto-
ondary hosts include Aphididae: Acyrtho- type Boucek 1985". Type depository: USNM,
siphon pisum (Harris), Aphis nerii (Fonsco- type no. 19691. Paralectotypes, here desig-
lombe), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Nasonovia nated: 1 point with mesosoma, same data as
(= Hyperomyzus) lactucae (L.), Myzus per- lectotype (USNM type no. 19691); 1 slide
sicae (Sulzer), Therioaphis maculatn (Buck- with parts of two male antennae under one
ton) and Braconidae: Aphidius colemani Vi- cover slip and a crushed head, one female
ereck, Aphidius sonchi Marshall, Diaeretiella hind leg and two male hind legs under an-
rapae (Mcintosh), Trioxys complanatus other cover slip (USNM type no. 19691); 1
pointwithmesosoma, samedata aslectotype
(Perez). There is also a single record from (QMBA type no. HY 3568); 1 point with pair
Merophyas divulsana (Walker) (Lepidop-
of middle legs, same data as lectotype plus
tera: Tortricidae) and an anomalous re- "from Icerya, California, Alex. Craw, import
cord of 'galls' on Rhopalomyia californica from Australia, G. Compere, July 1900"
Felt. — (QMBA type no. HY 3568). Notes: Although
Remarks. Pachyneiiron aphidis is the Boucek labelled the two USNM point-
only species of Pachyneiiron in Australia mounted specimens as lectotype and para-
with a convex, apically rounded or angu- lectotype he did not validate these designa-
late clypeus (Fig. 2). It is further differen- tions through publication. Girault's original
tiated from P. nelsoni and P. emersoni fe- description stated that the USNM has "two
moanlethsebfyotrheewipnrges(eFnicg.e 6o)f;ahobawseavlerse,taslpelciin-e fpmaeolmiean,lte-bsmaoosunendtteaogdns plUelgSusNsttMrhuectspulairrdeael"ae;nchdtootcwyoelpvoere.riTsthheea
mens of P. rieki (Fig. 48) and rare P. emer- male antennae on the slide may belong to
soni males also have a forewing basal setal this specimen but it is unknown to which
line. Females of P. aphidis are also unique specimen the other parts belong.
within the genus because they have 3 Pachyneiiron kingslcyi Girault, 1916[274]: 230.
anelli and 5 funicular segments, and the Holotype female (examined). Type data:
flagellum differs from those of other Aus- Australia: N.S.W., Brooklyn,31 October1914.
38 Journal of Hymenoptera Research
Type depository: QMBA, type no. HY 3569. shaped ridge crenulate and the surface lat-
Sex described: female. New synonymy. eral to plical ridges finely coriaceous; spi-
Pachyneuron emersoni; Dahms, 1983: 246; Bou- racle distinctly oval. Petiole without setae
cek, 1988: 442. projecting from sides (Fig. 22); in dorsal
Pachyneuron kingslei/i; Girault, 1927[416]: 335; view distinctly (at least 1.75 times) longer
Girault, 1929[431]: 319; Dahms, 1984: 738- than wide, with body slightly to distinctly
739; Boucek, 1988: 442.
longer than wide and uniformly reticulate
—
Female. Body dark with variably dis- (Fig. 22); in ventral view completely scler-
tinct metallic green luster; antenna dark otized with median furrow, the body dis-
brown except with basal half to all of tinctly longer than wide, finely coriaceous-
scape yellow; tegula yellow; legs with reticulate and shiny.
—
femora variably darkly infuscate except Male. Similar to female except as fol-
apically yellowish, tibiae and tarsi yellow- lows: body brighter metallic green or blu-
ish. Head with clypeus flat to slightly de- ish green; legs uniformlybrightyellowbe-
pressed and apically shallowlyemarginate yond coxae except metafemur sometimes
(Fig. 13). Flagellum compact-clavate, with lightly infuscate; head with lower face dis-
2 anelli (Fig. 20) and 6 funicular segments tinctly concave (Fig. 16) to very shallowly
(Fig. 19); funicular segments slightly lon- depressed (Figs. 17, 18) lateral to convex
ger than wide basally to quadrate or supraclypeal area and clypeus; scape en-
slightly transverse apically and with ad- tirely yellow orbrownish apically, slightly
pressed setae (Figs. 19, 20); longitudinal expanded and flattened basally immedi-
sensilla extending almost entire length of ately above radicle, tapered apically and
funicular segments, separated from each slightly curved, and in lateral view with-
other by distance equal to 1-2 sensillar di- out distinct line of setae along anterior
ameters (Fig. 20). Forewing (Figs. 23, 24) margin (Fig. 21b); flagellum usually dark
usually with marginal fringe; with distinct brown, filiform; funicular segments elon-
discal setae; dorsally without line of setae gate, middle segments more than 1.8 times
differentiating apex of basal cell from as long as wide and all segments with
speculum (very rarely with 1 or 2 setae on very sparse longitudinal sensilla within
basal fold); ventrally without line of setae apical half and with conspicuous, semi-
along cubital fold; costal cell with distinct erect setae about as long as width of seg-
setae on ventral surface (Fig. 23b); veins ment (Figs. 21a, c); forewing always with
with following ratios {n = 10): smv/mv = marginal fringe; basal cell on dorsal sur-
2.94-3.60, mv/mvw = 3.63^.86, pmv/mv face sometimes delineated apically by line
= 1.32-1.64, pmv/stv = 1.55-1.80. Meso- of up to 7 setae, with 1-3 setae sometimes
notum with relatively low convex, broad also delineating extreme posteroapical an-
scutellum (Fig. 14). Propodeum (Fig. 15) gle of cell, and rarely with 1-3 setae with-
with posteriorly convergent, carinately in cell toward apex. Petiole usually with-
margined plical ridges and usually less out setae, rarely with single seta projecting
distinct, often irregularly fl-shaped anter- anterolaterally from one side near middle.
omedian carina or ridge (costula) near —
Distrilmtion (Fig. 50). Australian Capital
base, the ridges together differentiating a Territory: Bendora, 14.xii.60, D.H. Colless. Blundell's,
more or less W-shaped basal region with 26.ix.30, 14.iv.31, L.F. Graham; 6.i.61, E.F. Riek. Brin-
coriaceously sculptured anterolateral de- dabella Ra., Lees Spring (35.22S 148.49E), 24.xi.81,
pressions from a mostly shiny and smooth IDN; nr. Lees Spring, 24.xi.31, L.F. Graham; Mt. Gin-
to finely coriaceous pentagonal or hexag- ini, 24.xi.81, IDN. Canberra, 14.ii.39, from cabbage,
T.G. Campbell; 3.xii.39; 29.ix.46, 2.X.46, 6.viii.47,
onal posteromedian region anterior to a 15.vii.48, 8.xi.48, E.F. Riek; 25.xi.65, O.W. Richards;
coriaceous or medially smooth and shiny 10.V.66,ex. Aphiscrnccivora, D.Morgan;18.i.80,onEu-
nucha, with the short region anterior to H- calyptus blossom, IDN; 20.i.80, on Bncckia blossom,