The Art of Systems Architecting, Third Edition PDF
Preview The Art of Systems Architecting, Third Edition
T H I R D E D I T I O N THE ART OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING T H I R D E D I T I O N THE ART OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING MARK W. MAIER EBERHARDT RECHTIN Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7913-5 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Maier, Mark. The art systems of architecting / Mark W. Maier. -- 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-7913-5 (alk. paper) 1. Systems engineering. I. Title. TA168.M263 2009 620.001’171--dc22 2008044161 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Eberhardt Rechtin, who opened new vistas to so many of us, and inspired us to go out and find more. Mark Maier Contents Preface ................................................................................................................xv Part I: Introduction A Brief Review of Classical Architecting Methods .......................................1 Notes ....................................................................................................................4 Chapter 1 Extending the Architecting Paradigm ....................................5 Introduction: The Classical Architecting Paradigm .....................................5 Responding to Complexity ...............................................................................5 The High Rate of Advances in the Computer and Information Sciences ...7 The Foundations of Modern Systems Architecting ......................................8 The Architecture Paradigm Summarized ....................................................19 The Waterfall Model of Systems Acquisition ...............................................20 Spirals, Increments, and Collaborative Assembly .......................................23 Scopes of Architecting .....................................................................................25 Conclusion .........................................................................................................27 Notes and References ......................................................................................27 Chapter 2 Heuristics as Tools ....................................................................29 Introduction: A Metaphor ...............................................................................29 Heuristics as Abstractions of Experience .....................................................30 Selecting a Personal Kit of Heuristic Tools ..................................................31 Using Heuristics ...............................................................................................34 A Process Framework for Architecting Heuristics .....................................35 Heuristics on Heuristics ..................................................................................38 A Taxonomy of Heuristics ..............................................................................39 New Directions.................................................................................................41 Conclusion .........................................................................................................41 Notes and References ......................................................................................42 viii Contents Part II: New Domains, New Insights Case Study 1: DC-3 .........................................................................................47 The History .......................................................................................................47 Architecture Interpretation ............................................................................51 Three Story Variations .....................................................................................51 Was the Boeing 247 Successfully Architected? ............................................52 What Is the “Architecture” of the DC-3? ......................................................53 Art Raymond’s Principles ...............................................................................53 Notes and References ......................................................................................55 Chapter 3 Builder-Architected Systems ..................................................57 Introduction: The Form-First Paradigm .......................................................57 Technological Substitutions within Existing Systems ................................59 Consequences of Uncertainty of End Purpose ............................................61 Architecture and Competition .......................................................................61 Reducing the Risks of Uncertainty of End Purpose ...................................63 Risk Management by Intermediate Goals ....................................................64 The “What Next?” Quandary .........................................................................65 Controlling the Critical Features of the Architecture.................................66 Abandonment of an Obsolete Architecture .................................................67 Creating Innovative Teams .............................................................................68 Architecting “Revolutionary” Systems .........................................................70 Systems Architecting and Basic Research ....................................................72 Heuristics for Architecting Technology-Driven Systems ..........................73 Conclusion .........................................................................................................74 Exercises ............................................................................................................74 Notes and References ......................................................................................75 Case Study 2: Mass and Lean Production ..................................................77 Introduction ......................................................................................................77 An Architectural History of Mass Production ............................................77 Cottage Industry (1890s to 1910s) ...................................................................78 Birth of Mass Production (1908–1913) ...........................................................78 Competition from New Quarters (1920s to 1930s) .......................................79 The Toyota Production System (1940s to 1980s) ...........................................80 Metaphor or Vision Changes ..........................................................................81 Craftsmen ..........................................................................................................81 A Car for the Masses, or If We Build It, It Will Sell .....................................81 Cars as Fashion .................................................................................................82 The Supermarket Metaphor ...........................................................................82 The Toyota Way ................................................................................................82 Elements of the Architecture of the Ford Production System ...................82 The Assembly Line ..........................................................................................83 Contents ix Enterprise Distribution ...................................................................................83 Management Processes ...................................................................................84 Quality Assurance for Distributed Production ...........................................84 Devotion to Component-Level Simplification..............................................84 Social Contract ..................................................................................................85 Conclusion .........................................................................................................85 Notes and References ......................................................................................86 Chapter 4 Manufacturing Systems ..........................................................87 Introduction: The Manufacturing Domain ..................................................87 Manufacturing in Context ..............................................................................88 Architectural Innovations in Manufacturing ..............................................91 Dynamic Manufacturing Systems .................................................................93 Lean Production .............................................................................................105 Flexible Manufacturing .................................................................................108 Heuristics for Architecting Manufacturing Systems.................................111 Conclusion ........................................................................................................111 Exercises ..........................................................................................................112 Notes and References ....................................................................................112 Case Study 3: Intelligent Transportation Systems .................................115 Introduction .....................................................................................................115 ITS Concepts ....................................................................................................116 ITS Sociotechnical Issues ...............................................................................118 Who Is the Client for an Architect? ..............................................................118 Public or Private? .............................................................................................119 Facts and Perceptions ....................................................................................121 Architecture as Shared Invariants ...............................................................122 Dominance of Economics .............................................................................122 Notes and References ....................................................................................123 Chapter 5 Social Systems .........................................................................125 Introduction: Defining Sociotechnical Systems ........................................125 Public Participation ........................................................................................125 The Foundations of Sociotechnical Systems Architecting .......................127 The Separation of Client and User ...............................................................127 Socioeconomic Insights .................................................................................128 The Interaction between the Public and Private Sectors ..........................130 Facts versus Perceptions: An Added Tension ............................................131 Heuristics for Social Systems .......................................................................134 Conclusion .......................................................................................................135 Exercises ..........................................................................................................135 Notes and References ....................................................................................136
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