The Art and Science of HDR Imaging

392 Pages·2011·77.13 MB·English

by  John J. McCann

THE ART AND SCIENCE
OF HDR IMAGING
Wiley - IS & T Series in Imaging Science and Technology
Series Editor:
Michael A. Kriss
Consultant Editor:
Lindsay W. MacDonald
Reproduction of Colour (6t h Edition)
R. W. G. Hunt
Colour Appearance Models (2n d Edition)
Mark D. Fairchild
Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications
Noburu Ohta and Alan R. Robertson
Color Constancy
Marc Ebner
Color Gamut Mapping
J á n MoroviČ
Panoramic Imaging: Sensor - Line Cameras and Laser Range - Finders
Fay Huang, Reinhard Klette and Karsten Scheibe
Digital Color Management (2n d Edition)
Edward J. Giorgianni and Thomas E. Madden
The JPEG 2000 Suite
Peter Schelkens, Athanassios Skodras and Touradj Ebrahimi (Eds.)
Color Management: Understanding and Using ICC Profi les
Phil Green (Ed.)
Fourier Methods in Imaging
Roger L. Easton, Jr .
Measuring Colour (4t h Edition)
R.W.G. Hunt and M.R. Pointer
The Art and Science of HDR Imaging
John McCann and Alessandro Rizzi
Published in Association with the Society for Imaging Science
and Technology
imaging.org
THE ART AND SCIENCE
OF HDR IMAGING
John J. McCann
McCann Imaging, USA
Alessandro Rizzi
Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2012
© 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Registered offi ce
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to
reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available
in electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and
product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed
to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding
that the publisher and the Society for Imaging Science and Technology are not engaged in rendering professional
services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional
should be sought.
Cover photographs: John McCann made these images using R.Sobol’s HP945 Retinex image processing: l/r Tasmanian
Meadow, Hilton Head, Stockholm, Seville, and Canyon de Chelle, NM.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McCann, John J.
The art and science of HDR imaging / John J. McCann, Alessandro Rizzi.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-66622-7 (cloth)
1. High dynamic range imaging. I. Rizzi, Alessandro, 1965- II. Title.
TR594.M33 2012
771'.44-dc23
2011020577
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Print ISBN: 9780470666227
ePDF ISBN: 9781119951476
oBook ISBN: 9781119951483
ePub ISBN: 9781119952121
Mobi ISBN: 9781119952138
Set in 9 on 11 pt TimesNewRoman by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
To Mary,
scientist, colleague, wife, mother,
great cook, and fellow adventurer.
John at Yosemite, 1981
Contents
About the Authors xix
Preface xxi
Series Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
Section A HISTORY OF HDR IMAGING 1
1 HDR Imaging 3
1.1 Topics 3
1.2 Introduction 3
1.3 Replicas and Reproductions 4
1.4 A Choice of Metaphors for HDR Reproduction 5
1.4.1 Pixel-based Reproduction 5
1.4.2 Spatial Reproduction 6
1.5 Reproduction of Scene Dynamic Range 7
1.6 HDR Disciplines 8
1.6.1 Interactions of Light and Matter 8
1.6.2 Light Sensors 8
1.6.3 Image Processing 8
1.6.4 Image Rendition 10
1.7 Outline of the Text 10
1.7.1 Section A – History of HDR Imaging 10
1.7.2 Section B – Measured Dynamic Ranges 10
1.7.3 Section C – Separating Glare and Contrast 10
1.7.4 Section D – Scene Content Controls Appearances 11
1.7.5 Section E – Color HDR 11
1.7.6 Section F – HDR Image Processing 11
1.8 Summary 11
1.9 References 12
2 HDR Tools and Defi nitions 13
2.1 Topics 13
2.2 Introduction 13
2.3 Pixels 14
2.4 Dynamic Ranges 14
viii Contents
2.4.1 Dynamic Range of Light in Scenes 14
2.4.2 Dynamic Range of Vision 15
2.5 Measuring Light 17
2.5.1 Radiometry – Measuring Electromagnetic Radiation 17
2.5.2 Photometry – Measuring Visible Light 17
2.6 Measuring Color Spaces 18
2.6.1 Color Matching Functions 19
2.6.2 Uniform Color Spaces 19
2.6.3 Early Pixel-based Color Matches Followed by Neural Spatial Interactions 21
2.7 Image Reproduction 21
2.7.1 Color-Forming Technologies 22
2.7.2 Spatial Additive Color in Flat-Panel Displays 23
2.7.3 Tone Scale Control of the Interior Color Space 23
2.7.4 Colorimetric Reproductions 24
2.8 Contrast 24
2.9 Digital Imaging 25
2.10 Summary 25
2.11 References 26
3 HDR in Natural Scenes 27
3.1 Topics 27
3.2 Appearance in HDR and Color Constancy 27
3.3 Summary 30
3.4 References 31
4 HDR in Painting 33
4.1 Topics 33
4.2 Introduction 33
4.3 Ancient Painting 33
4.4 Perspective 35
4.4.1 Perspective in the Renaissance 36
4.5 Chiaroscuro 37
4.6 Gerritt van Honthorst (Gherardo delle Notti) 37
4.7 Rembrandt van Vijn 40
4.8 John Constable 40
4.9 John Martin 40
4.10 Impressionism 41
4.11 Photorealism 43
4.12 Summary 43
4.13 References 44
5 HDR in Film Photography 45
5.1 Topics 45
5.2 Introduction 45
5.3 Multiple Exposures in the 1850s 46
5.3.1 Edouard Baldus 46
5.4 HP Robinson 47
5.5 Hurter and Driffi eld-Scientifi c Calibration of AgX Film Sensitivity 48
5.6 Sheppard and Mees 50
5.7 19th Century – Professional Amateur Photography 50
Contents ix
5.8 20th Century – Corporate Photography 50
5.9 20th Century Control of Dynamic Range 51
5.9.1 The Tone Scale Curve 51
5.9.2 The Physics Behind the Tone Scale Curve 52
5.9.3 Jones and Condit – Range of Light in Scenes 52
5.9.4 Color Film 53
5.9.5 LA Jones 53
5.9.6 Color Measurement vs. Color Photography 54
5.9.7 HDR Pseudocolor Measurement – Wyckoff 56
5.10 Other Silver-Halide Stories 56
5.11 Summary 56
5.12 References 57
6 The Ansel Adams Zone System 59
6.1 Topics 59
6.2 Introduction 59
6.3 Compressing the HDR World into the LDR Print 59
6.4 Visualization 60
6.5 Scene Capture 61
6.5.1 Assigning Scene Luminances to Zones in the Print 61
6.5.2 Zone System: Interplay of Exposure and Development 61
6.5.3 Compressing the HDR Scene into the LDR Print – Spatial Image Processing 63
6.6 “Performing the Score” 65
6.6.1 Dodging and Burning 65
6.7 Moonrise, Hernandez 66
6.8 Apparent vs. Physical Contrast 66
6.9 Summary 66
6.10 References 68
7 Electronic HDR Image Processing: Analog and Digital 69
7.1 Topics 69
7.2 Introduction 69
7.3 Human Spatial Vision 69
7.4 Electronic HDR Image Processing 70
7.4.1 The Black and White Mondrian 70
7.4.2 Analog Electronic Spatial Rendering 71
7.4.3 Digital Electronic Spatial Rendering 73
7.4.4 Electronic HDR Pixel Processing 74
7.5 Summary 74
7.6 References 75
8 HDR and the World of Computer Graphics 77
8.1 Topics 77
8.2 Introduction 77
8.3 Early Years: the 60s 78
8.4 Early Digital Image Synthesis: the 70s 78
8.5 The Turning Point: the 80s 79
8.6 Computational Photorealism: from the 90s 80
8.7 Summary 80
8.8 References 81
x Contents
9 Review of HDR History 83
9.1 Topics 83
9.2 Summary of Disciplines 83
9.3 Review 84
9.4 Summary 87
9.5 References 87
Section B MEASURED DYNAMIC RANGES 89
10 Actual Dynamic Ranges 91
10.1 Topics 91
10.2 Introduction 91
10.3 Dynamic Range of Light Sensors 92
10.4 Bits per Pixel 93
10.5 Dynamic Range of Display Devices 94
10.6 Interactions of Pixels in Images 95
10.6.1 Capture to Reproduction 95
10.6.2 Reproduction to Perception 96
10.7 Summary 96
10.8 References 96
11 Limits of HDR Scene Capture 99
11.1 Topics 99
11.2 Introduction 99
11.3 HDR Test Targets 99
11.4 Camera Veiling Glare Limits 101
11.4.1 Digital Camera Response 101
11.4.2 Measurements of Luminous Flux on the Camera’s Image Plane
(1scaleBlack) 102
11.4.3 Measurements of Luminous Flux on the Camera’s Image Plane
(4scaleBlack) 103
11.4.4 Measurements of Luminous Flux on the Camera’s Image Plane
(4scaleWhite) 104
11.4.5 Errors in Estimated Scene Luminance 105
11.5 Glare in Film Cameras 107
11.5.1 Duplication Film-Camera Response 107
11.5.2 Negative Film-Camera Response 107
11.5.3 Pinhole-Camera Response 110
11.6 Review 111
11.7 Summary 111
11.8 References 112
12 Limits of HDR in Humans 113
12.1 Topics 113
12.2 Introduction 113
12.3 Visual Appearance of HDR Displays 113
12.4 von Honthorst’s Painting and the 4scaleBlack HDR Target 116
12.5 HDR Displays and Black and White Mondrian 116
12.6 HDR and Tone Scale Maps 117
12.7 HDR Displays and Contrast 117