the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Area

174 Pages·2002·4.93 MB·English

Kaktovik Subsistence
Land Use Values through Time in the -
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Area
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NAES 82-01
Kaktovik Subsistence
LAND USE VALUES THROUGH TIME IN THE
ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE AREA
I .
i
by
Michael J. Jacobson
Cynthia Wentworth
Kaktovik Resource Specialists:
Nora and George Agiak
Mae Agiak Kaveolook
Eunice Agiak Sims
Herman Aishanna
Isaac and Mary SirakAkootchook
George Akootchook
Jane Akootchaok Thompson
Olive Gordon Anderson
Betty and Archie Koonneak Brower
Tommy Uii'ii'iiq Gordon
Alfred and RUby Linn
Herman and Mildred Rexford
u.s. Fish and Wildli1e Service
Northern Alaska Ecological Services
101 12th Avenue. Fairbanks, Alaska 99701
1982

CONTENTS
I
Foreward .
..•.1
Acknowledgements ..iii
Introduction ,... . . ._ v
1. SubsistenceSetting. . , .1
2. HlsloryofKaktovik. .. . . .3
3. Traditronal LandUseInventorySites . .7
4. LandUsaPatternsOverTime. ..... . , . .15
5. The LandandtheSubsistenceEconomicSystem ........21
6. YearlyCycle _.. . _ ..29
7. ResourcesHarvested _ . .....35
8. FutureStudiesandAecommmendalions ., . ,,69
Appendix1. Genealogy................ ........ ,71
Appendix2. TheReindeerEra ............ ........ ........ .79
AppendIx3. TraditionallandUseInventorySites. ..,..... ,..85
Appendix4. IndivIdualHistoriesandResidenceChronologies 121
Appendix5. MuSkox., ,., , 137
UteratureCited . ·· , ,..139
Cover photo: Tents along the Sadlerochit River(M. Jacobson).
Bookdesignby Visible Ink, Anchorage, Alaska.

LISTOFTABLES
Table 1. PopulationfromBrownlowPoint10DemarcationPoint ...
..7
Table 2. Traditional land Use InventorySites
intheArclicNationalWildlifeRefuge .............8
Table 3. Traditional Land Use InventorySites
Mld·BeaufortSeaCoastalArea..... ,......... _....... ...9
Table4. KaktovikFuelPrices, 1977·1981 .. ._....22
TableS. KaktovikStapleFoodPrices ... ,.... ,.23,
Table6. BlotrcResourcesCommonlyUsedbyKaktovikResidents. ..,, 36
Table7. WhalesTakenbyViUageofKaktovikBetween1964and1981 ., ,49
Table8. Genealogy:AkootchookFamily, .. ....... . 72
Table9. Genealogy:GordonFamily. ........... ,. ...... . 73
Table 10. Genealogy:OlogakFamily .......... . 75
Table11. Genealogy:AreyFamily. . ,.. ....... . 76
Table12. Genealogy:OtherRelatedFamilies. ... . ,, 77
Table 13. EconomicSitualfonAfterSevereWinterof1935-36 .. ,, 81
LISTOF FIGURES
Fig.1. NorthernPortion,ArcticNalJonalWildlifeRefuge, .
.vl
Fig.2. NorthSlopeBorough . .
.....vi
Fig.3. Mid-BeaufortSeaCoastalArea. . _.. ...ix
Fig. 4. Traditional land Use InventorySites
ArcticNationalWidlifeRefugeArea , _ , .
..10
Fig. 5. Traditional Land UseInventorySites
BarterIslandandVicinity... ,..
.10
LISTOF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo1. CrossingthefoothillsneartheHulahulaRiver .... , ....1
Photo 2. Susie and AndrewAkootchook, about 1948.
TheyhelpedestablishatradingpostatBarterIslandin1923 ... ....4
Photo 3. Tom Gordon, aScottlsh whaler and trader,
establishedatradingpostalBarterIslandin1923 ...... . 4
Photo4. FishingforarcticcharattheHulahulaRiver'sSecondFishHole ,..11
PhotoS. SinginganddancIngatIglukpa!ukinthe 1920's ....... . 12
Photo6. Oldhouse,nowvacant,atPinuqsraluk..... , 13

Photo 7. PerryAkoolchook inspects his snowmachine
ataSadlerochitRivercamp.
._..16
Photo8.
NoraAgiakandothergirlsrowaboatalBarterIslandin the1920's __ .,17
Photo 9. Whaling caplain Isaac Akoolchookwith maktak
IromlargebowheadwhalekiJledfall 1981 ... __ .,...25
Photo10.
loadedslednearArcUcCreekontheSadlerochitRiver, ..27
Photo11. BoatingalongIhecoastnearBarterIslandin lateJuly, 1977
.. 30
Photo 12. A sled load of firewood is brought to the Hulahula River's
SecondFish Holecamp. ... _.... , _.
,.. ,...31
,
Photo13. DancinginsideIhecommunityhallduringThanksgiving .
..32
Pholo14. Ugruk(beardedseal)skinstretchedouttodryalKaktovik
.33
Photo15. cariboutakennearPokok(Humphrey)BayinJuly
., ... , ,..37
Photo16. MasakGordonbutcherscariboumeatatKaktovik
,.. , 38
Photo17. Thiscaribouhideisusedasasleepingpadwhencamping
.39
Photo18.
Examiningedibleparasitesonafreshcaribou hide ....40
Photo19.
Arcticfoxskinsarehunglordrying _.. _......... ,..45
Phol020.
Settingatrapforarcticgroundsquirrel .... ,.... ,.. ,....47
Photo 21. Holding an arctic groundsquirrel trapped
30milesinlandontheHulahulaRiver, ... ,,..
.48
Photo22.
VillagershelpbutcherabowheadwhaleatBarterIsrand,October1977,50
Photo23.
GeorgeAkoolchookremovesmaktakfromalargebowheadwhale. _..51
Photo24.
HappinessatNazukatuqfeast ... _..... _.. _ 52
Photo25.
ButcheringalargebowheadwhaleatBarterIsland. . 52
Photo26. Seal hunter on an ice floe several miles
northofBarterIsland,inAugust. ,, . _.. _54
Photo 27.
Women at Uqsruqlalik(Griffin Point)cutting ugruk meat
inlostripsforstaringinsealall- _ ,.. ,... . _..55
Photo28. Ugrukmeathangsfromdryingrack ,..
..55
Photo29.
Thispolarbearwaskilledclose toBarterIslandinNovember, 1977_
..56
Photo30.
These willowswere placed In lhe snow at Sadlerochit Springs
50 thatsnares for capturing ptarmigan could be hung
in thespacesbetween them .
,....60
Photo31.
Pluckingfeathersfromptarmigan , ,. _.. , .
,,.61
Photo 32. Ken Sims of Kaklovik holds an arctic char(left)
andachumsalmoncaughtclosetoBarterIsland, . ...62
Photo 33. lake troutare caught in the Neruokpuk lakes
byfishingthrough theicewithhookandline _.. _....
'..64
Pholo34. Rshingforlaketroulthroughthickice ..... _ .
..66
Photo35. lloyd and Susan Gordon with ptarmigan and
groundsquirrelstakennearSadlerochitSprings .. _..... ,.....94
Photo36. KaktovikgirlswithlheircalchofarcticcharatSecondFishHole.. _..96
Photo37. Womenandchildrenatfglukpafuk, summer1924. . ,...... ...100
I