The Arctic in World Affairs A North Pacific Dialogue on Building Capacity for a Sustainable Arctic in PDF
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The Arctic in World Affairs: A North Pacific Dialogue on Robert W. Corell is a Principal at the Global Environment Building Capacity for a Sustainable Arctic in a Changing Technology Foundation where he leads the Center for Energy Global Order addresses five major themes relating to the CORELL 2017 North Pacific Arctic Conference Proceedings and Climate Solutions. He is a Senior Fellow at the the Arctic: the impacts of a changing global order; responsible Consortium for Ocean Leadership. He led the Arctic Climate KIM economic development in the Arctic; sustainable Arctic Impact Assessment. He is actively engaged in research concerned KIM communities; Arctic challenges and opportunities for global with the sciences of global change and the interface between maritime industries, and opportunities for enhancing the and science and public policy, including facilitating understanding dialogue between practitioners and analysts. Bringing together of vulnerability and sustainable development in the circumpolar YOUNG The Arctic in World Affairs prominent experts from the three North Pacific Arctic Arctic, He holds Professorships at the University of Miami coastal states (Canada, Russia, and the United States) and and the University of the Arctic. He was Assistant Director for three leading North Pacific non-Arctic states (China, Japan, Geosciences at the National Science Foundation where he had A North Pacific Dialogue on Building Capacity for a and Korea), the book goes beyond generalities; it identifies oversight for the Atmospheric, Earth, Ocean Sciences, Polar and evaluates the likely effectiveness of innovative measures Programs. He is an oceanographer and engineer by background The Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) is a government- inAT Sustainable Arctic in a Changing Global Order designed to maintain the Arctic as a zone of peace and and training, having received Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees at affiliated research organization under the umbrella of the National a N Case Western Reserve University and MIT. Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Science Coh promote sustainable development in this region. (NRC) in the Republic of Korea. Since its establishment in 1984, harthe — On the role of the Arctic in a changing global order, the MtJhoean rRgite impDueeb olIincgs t oiKft uKitmeo,r eaias g.a oH vSeee nrsnieomrrv eeRnse tas-aesaf ftrihclheia DtFeeidlrl eoocwrtog ora fnG itzheanet eiKroaonlr eoinaf KmpoMarrtIi t dihemavsee lboaepnemdn efani stmh, ecarojioaerss t taphlo ianlnikcd-iet oasn ciekna cniln um dthainen gad gesevhmeipleopnpitnm, gme naatnr iodtif m lnoeag tsiisaotfinectasyl, nging G Pacific Ar ERdoibteedrt bWy. Corell, Jong Deog Kim brseyossoptkoe nmaddsind agren stdose stihm eempmle,e rmagsisenengs tspaesot iltoihcnye iismstsrupaletisce,a getiixeopsn,ls o arfoensrd o gepovvtiaeorlnnusaa nftoecers ItNnhoedr uAtshrt rcPytai ccI infpticoe llAliicgryce tnricce esCe &aornc fShetr repanrtcoeegg.r yHa mRe e hsmeaaas nrlceahdg eDar,n ivdini spcilaourndt iicaninpgda tt heades Tanhde s eEcausritt-yW, aensdt fCishenertieers a(fEfaWirsC.) promotes better relations and lobal ODialoguctic Yoon Hyung Kim, Oran R. Young oAprRpctoeicrgt, autnrhdiet iiebnsog fo orkre rseepxlpeovlnoasrnietbs r lieens eneaocrvocahnt.iovme isctr adteegvieelso fpomr erenstp oinns itbhlee ioPnnh .sDienv.t eeirnran lOa ntciaoetanionanilc am lA aprrcriohnjieet ecectnst uvorirneo anconmades ntEatnal gla inrnedele aortiicnoegna snf.r poKomimli cN yh iahason nda uAnsdiae,r satnandd tihneg aPmacoifnigc tthher opueoghpl ec oaonpde nraattiiovne ss otuf dthy,e rUesneitaerdc hS,t aatnesd, rdere on B in dihsye vtdoer oloecxpatmrrbaeocnntt s r,oe asfo ntudhr etc oeA st,rr caintniccsl’psu odnriatn tgtuh rfeaimslh r teaosn osdou urmctheinse.er nrTa hmlse a acrskh eawtlslee linln ga aes UU nniivveerrssitiyt.y, and a B.A and an M.A. from Seoul National dsoefira vclooesmg uames .o aEn rs ectsaoobnulcirescrhene ,fd ob rbr iiynn gftoihnregm Upa.teSioo. pnCl eao ntnodgg raeentshase lyrin sti os1 o9exn6c 0ch,r aittnhicgeae l C viesiesnwuteessr, uilding W manadn hnuerm tahna ts ymstienmims.izes disruptive impacts on both biophysical o Concerning sustainable Arctic communities, the book Yoon Hyung Kim is a Professor Emeritus of economics build expertise, and develop policy options. C apr discusses both the threats facing Arctic communities and at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and a senior fellow al the options available to them as they endeavor to make c at the East-West Center. He also serves as a vice chairman of itd progress toward sustainable futures. Contributors also identify y the Korea Forum for Progress. He served as an independent f opportunities for the conduct of research that can improve director of the Korea Gas Corporation, S-Oil, and the Korea or A outcomes in this realm. Resource Management Corporation. He is a former director a general of the Planning Bureau of the Ministry of Energy Suff On Arctic challenges and opportunities for global maritime and Resources and a former senior fellow at the Korea sta industries, the book focuses on six questions relating to Arctic a Development Institute. He has been serving as chair of the ini shipping: (i) what are the implications of developments in global Steering Committee of the North Pacific Arctic Conferences abr maritime operations? (ii) what are the economic constraints at the East-West Center since their inception in 2011. Kim les affecting Russia’s further development of the NSR?, (iii) what A has a Ph.D. in economics from Stanford University, an M.S. r role can the marine insurance companies and classification c in statistics from Stanford University, and a B.A. in economics t societies play in enhancing safe ship operations in the Arctic?, (iv) ic from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. what are the priorities of shipping companies, cargo producers, and port developers?, (v) what is the new approach to the Oran R. Young is a Professor Emeritus at the Bren School commercialization of the NSR?, and (vi) what are the prospects of Environmental Science & Management at the University for large-scale resource extraction in the Russian Arctic of California, Santa Barbara. Young served for six years as connected to maritime transportation? founding chair of the Committee on the Human Dimensions of Turning to enhancing the dialogue between practitioners Global Change of the US National Academy of Sciences. As an and analysts, the book considers (i) fundamental issues expert on Arctic issues, Young serves as a PI on the Pan-Arctic regarding the science/policy interface that affect relations Options project, a research initiative involving scientists in five between practitioners and analysts who are concerned with key countries funded through the Belmont Forum. Past service in policy challenges in the Arctic, (ii) the most effective ways to this realm includes chair of the Steering Committee of the Arctic communicate scientific findings to various audiences including Governance Project, chair of the Board of Governors of the University of the Arctic, and co-chair of the 2004 Arctic Human ISBN 979-11-962468-5-3 KMI the general public, and (iii) research opportunities that can strengthen the dialogue between policymakers and analysts. Development Report. Young received a Ph.D. in Political Science Press from Yale University, an M.A. in Political Science from Yale Overall, the book fills gaps in knowledge regarding University, and an A.B. in Government from Harvard University. contemporary Arctic issues, identifies remaining uncertainties, and evaluates innovative policy that can promote peaceful and sustainable development in the Arctic. (최종)2017 NPAC표지대지(소프트).indd 1 17. 12. 28. 오후 2:08 The Arctic in World Affairs A North Pacific Dialogue on Building Capacity for a Sustainable Arctic in a Changing Global Order 2017 North Pacific Arctic Conference Proceedings (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 1 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 KMI/EWC SERIES ON THE ARCTIC IN WORLD AFFAIRS The Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) is a government-affiliated research organization under the umbrella of the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Science (NRC) in the Republic of Korea. Since its establishment in 1984, KMI has been a major think-tank in the development of national maritime and fisheries policies including shipping and logistics, port development, coastal and ocean management, maritime safety and security, and fisheries affairs. Currently, KMI is building research capacity on the new ocean industries—the so-called Blue Economy—for sustainable coastal and ocean resources development. The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. Established by the U.S. Congress in 1960, the Center serves as a resource for information and analysis on critical issues of common concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop policy options. The Center’s 21-acre Honolulu campus, adjacent to the University of Hawai’i at Manoa, is located midway between Asia and the U.S. mainland and features research, residential, and international conference facilities. The KMI/EWC series The Arctic in World Affairs publishes work from the North Pacific Arctic Conference, which aims to provide a forum in which key individuals from relevant countries and major stakeholder groups are able to develop relations of trust that allow them to discuss complex and sometimes difficult issues pertaining to the maritime Arctic in a spirit of problem solving rather than advocacy. The first volume in the series, A North Pacific Dialogue on Arctic Transformation, based on the 2011 North Pacific Artic Conference, was edited by Robert W. Corell, James Seong-Cheol Kang, and Yoon Hyung Kim. The second volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on Arctic Marine Issues, from the 2012 conference, was edited by Oran R. Young, Jong Deog Kim, and Yoon Hyung Kim. The third volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on the Future of the Arctic, from the 2013 conference, was edited by Oran R. Young, Jong Deog Kim, and Yoon Hyung Kim. The fourth volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on International Cooperation in a Changing Arctic, from the 2014 conference, was edited by Oran R. Young, Jong Deog Kim, and Yoon Hyung Kim. The fifth volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on the Arctic in the Wider World, from the 2015 conference, was edited by Oran R. Young, Jong Deog Kim, and Yoon Hyung Kim. The sixth volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on Arctic Futures: Emerging Issues and Policy Responses, from the 2016 conference, was edited by Robert W. Corell, Jong Deog Kim, Yoon Hyung Kim, and Oran R. Young. The volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on Building Capacity for a Sustainable Arctic in a Changing Global Order, from the 2017 conference, was edited by Robert W. Corell, Jong Deog Kim, Yoon Hyung Kim, and Oran R. Young. (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 2 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 The Arctic in World Affairs A North Pacific Dialogue on Building Capacity for a Sustainable Arctic in a Changing Global Order 2017 North Pacific Arctic Conference Proceedings Edited by Robert W. Corell Principal, Global Environment and Technology Foundation, the United States, and Professor, University of the Arctic, Norway Jong Deog Kim Senior Research Fellow, Korea Maritime Institute, Republic of Korea Yoon Hyung Kim Senior Fellow, East-West Center, United States, and Professor Emeritus of Economics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea Oran R. Young Professor Emeritus, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, the United States A JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE KOREA MARITIME INSTITUTE AND THE EAST-WEST CENTER (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 3 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 Ⓒ Korea Maritime Institute and East-West Center 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Korea Maritime Institute 26, Haeyang-ro 301beon-gil, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 606-080 Republic of Korea www.kmi.re.kr East-West Center 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848-1601, USA www.eastwestcenter.org Published in December 2017 ISBN 979-11-962468-5-3 93300 (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 4 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables x Contributors xi Preface xiii O verview: Building Capacity for a Sustainable Arctic in a 3 Changing Global Order Yoon Hyung Kim, Oran R. Young, Robert W. Corell, and Jong Deog Kim PART I T HE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC IN A CHANGING GLOBAL ORDER Policy Perspectives F inland’s Chairmanship Program for the Arctic: Setting Priorities 47 Timo Koivurova China’s Key Arctic Policy Challenges 55 Gao Feng Korea’s Arctic Policy and Activities 58 Young-jun Kim U.S. Arctic Policy Since the Cold War, and What Comes Next 65 Brooks B. Yeager Canada’s Arctic Policy 75 David L. VanderZwaag Russia’s Arctic Policy 79 Tatiana Mitrova Research Perspectives T he Evolution of Arctic Policy Development and Arctic Research Planning in the United States 81 Fran Ulmer S ocial Science Perspectives on Arctic Research, Partnerships, Organizations, and Inter-Regional Collaboration 92 Peter Sköld v (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 5 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 H ow Science Can Influence the Way Finland’s Chairmanship in the Arctic Council is Advanced 102 Timo Koivurova PART II R ESPONSIBLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARCTIC Perspectives Perspectives from the Industry Sector 109 Tero Vauraste Canadian Perspectives 117 Victor Santos-Pedro Russia Perspectives 126 Tatiana Mitrova South Korea’s Perspectives 131 Sung Jin Kim View from a Young Analyst 144 Meredith Jennings PART III S USTAINABLE ARCTIC COMMUNITIES Perspectives B uilding Sustainable Arctic Communities Begins with Self- Determination 155 Herb Nakimayak V iew from the Arctic Environment 163 Kevin Harun V iew from Arctic Regional Communities 171 Denise Michels A Scientific Perspective 178 Gail Fondahl P erspective from the Russian Far East 187 Eduard Zdor vi (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 6 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 PART IV A RCTIC CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL MARITIME INDUSTRIES Perspectives Challenges to the Future of Arctic Marine Operations and Shipping 203 Lawson W. Brigham Economic and Political Perspectives on the Development of the Northern Sea Route 214 Andrei Zagorski What Role Can The Marine Insurance and Classification Societies Play in Enhancing Safe Ship Operations in the Arctic? 238 Frank J. Gonynor Proposal to Mitigate Arctic Shipping and Logistics Risks Utilizing Fourth Industrial Technology 250 Sung Woo Lee Perspectives on the Northern Sea Route by Japanese Maritime Parties 261 Natsuhiko Otsuka Can Future Arctic Shipping Networks Reconcile Local and Global Needs? 269 Mia Bennett PART V E NHANCING DIALOGUE BETWEEN PRACTITIONERS AND ANALYSTS Perspectives Korean Perspectives 281 Jong Deog Kim and Jeehye Kim Four Impacts from the China-Nordic Arctic Research Center 291 Yang Jian Evidence for Informed Decision-Making to Achieve Arctic Sustainability 300 Paul A. Berkman Bridging Science and Policy in the Arctic Council in a Time of Increasing Political Stakes 310 Malgorzata (Gosia) Smieszek View from a Young Analyst 319 Zhimin Mao vii (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 7 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 List of Figures Figure I.1 Arctic Boundary as Defined in U.S. Law 84 Figure I.2 Arctic Research Funding in the U.S. Government in 2005 90 Figure II.1 The Northwest Passage Route 114 Figure II.2 A Grocery Store in Iqaluit, Canada 124 Figure II.3 Eight Arctic Support Zones 129 Figure II.4 Trans-Arctic Navigation Routes Today Versus Mid-Century 132 Figure II.5 Petroleum Potential in the Circum-Arctic 134 Figure II.6 Prompt Port Facility: General Arrangement 141 Figure III.1 Inuit Nunaat / Inuit Homeland 156 Figure IV.1 Annual Cargo Shipping on the NSR 215 Figure IV.2 Length of Navigation on the NSR 216 Figure IV.3 Number of Transit Voyages through the NSR 218 Figure IV.4 Structure of NSR Transit Shipping (percent) 218 Figure IV.5 Kara Sea Basin Map 219 Figure IV.6 LNG Shipment Routes from Yamal Peninsula 221 Figure IV.7 Integrating Sustainability in Business through Prevention and Casualty Handling 240 Figure IV.8 Answer: By Reducing the Footprint of Global Trade 241 Figure IV.9 Integrating Sustainability in Cooperation with Members and Society 242 Figure IV.10 T he Crystal Serenity on Its 2016 Northwest Passage Voyage 246 Figure IV.11 The Kulluk as Seen Grounded on Sitkalidak Island, Alaska, in January 2013 247 Figure IV.12 Transit Numbers and Cargo Volume of Shipping through NSR 251 Figure IV.13 N umber of Russian and Non-Russian Transit Vessels 251 Figure IV.14 V olume of Cargo Using NSR: Transit and Internal 252 viii (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 8 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12 Figure IV.15 N atural Resources in Russian Siberia 257 Figure IV.16 T ransportation Route for Heavy Cargo via OB River and NSR (2016) 257 Figure IV.17 P roducts of 4th Industrial Technology Applying to Use NSR 258 Figure IV.18 P ossible Complex Logistics Network in Eurasia Linked to NSR 258 Figure IV.19 T rajectory of Ships That Sailed the NSR in 2014 265 Figure IV.20 L ocation of Hokkaido 265 Figure V.1 Long-Term Priorities in Arctic Cooperation 287 Figure V.2 Urgency for Cooperation 287 Figure V.3 Human Population Growth 301 Figure V.4 Inquiry Pyramid 302 Figure V.5 Decision-Support Process to Integrate Evidence 302 Figure V.6 S takeholder Hierarchy 303 Figure V.7 Satellite Data North of the Arctic Circle Showing 304 Figure V.8 C ontinuum of Urgencies 306 ix (최종)2017 NPAC_앞부속(i-xvi).indd 9 17. 12. 28. 오후 3:12
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