The Arctic in World Affairs

444 Pages·2015·9.73 MB·English

The Arctic in World Affairs
A North Pacific Dialogue on International Cooperation
in a Changing Arctic
2014 North Pacific Arctic Conference Proceedings
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KMI/EWC SERIES ON THE ARCTIC IN WORLD AFFAIRS
The Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) is a government-affiliated research organization
under the umbrella of the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities
and Social Science (NRCS) in the Republic of Korea. Since its establishment in
1984, KMI has been a major think-tank in the development of national maritime
and fisheries policies including shipping and logistics, port development, coastal and
ocean management, maritime safety and security, and fisheries affairs. Currently,
KMI is building research capacity on the new ocean industries, the so-called
Blue Economy, for sustainable coastal and ocean resources development. KMI’s
international research network covers not only the Asian region but also other
regions such as Africa, the Pacific islands, the Americas, Europe, and the polar areas.
The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the
people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative
study, research, and dialogue. Established by the U.S. Congress in 1960, the Center
serves as a resource for information and analysis on critical issues of common
concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop
policy options. The Center’s 21-acre Honolulu campus, adjacent to the University
of Hawai’i at Mānoa, is located midway between Asia and the U.S. mainland and
features research, residential, and international conference facilities. The Center’s
Washington, D.C., office focuses on preparing the United States for an era of
growing Asia Pacific prominence.
The KMI/EWC series The Arctic in World Affairs publishes work from the North
Pacific Arctic Conference, which aims to provide a forum in which key individuals
from relevant countries and major stakeholder groups are able to develop relations
of trust that allow them to discuss complex and sometimes difficult issues pertaining
to the maritime Arctic in a spirit of problem solving rather than advocacy.
The first volume in the series, A North Pacific Dialogue on Arctic Transformation,
based on the 2011 North Pacific Artic Conference, was edited by Robert W. Corell,
James Seong-Cheol Kang, and Yoon Hyung Kim.
The second volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on Arctic Marine Issues, from the
2012 conference, was edited by Oran R. Young, Jong Deog Kim, and Yoon Hyung
Kim.
The third volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on the Future of the Arctic, from the
2013 conference, was edited by Oran R. Young, Jong Deog Kim, and Yoon Hyung
Kim.
This volume, A North Pacific Dialogue on International Cooperation in a
Changing Arctic, from the 2014 conference, was edited by Oran R. Young, Jong
Deog Kim, and Yoon Hyung Kim.
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The Arctic in World Affairs
A North Pacific Dialogue on International Cooperation in a Changing Arctic
2014 North Pacific Arctic Conference Proceedings
Edited by
Oran R. Young
Professor Emeritus, Bren School of Environmental Science and
Management, University of California (Santa Barbara), USA
Jong Deog Kim
Research Fellow, Korea Maritime Institute, Republic of Korea
Yoon Hyung Kim
Senior Fellow, East-West Center, USA and Professor Emeritus of
Economics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
KMI/EWC SERIES ON THE ARCTIC IN WORLD AFFAIRS
A JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE KOREA MARITIME INSTITUTE
AND THE EAST-WEST CENTER
iii
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Ⓒ Korea Maritime Institute and East-West Center 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying,
recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Published by
Korea Maritime Institute
KBS Media center bldg., 45 Maebongsan-ro, Mapo-gu,
Seoul, 121-270 Republic of Korea
www.kmi.re.kr
East-West Center
1601 East-West Road
Honolulu, Hawaii 96848-1601, USA
www.eastwestcenter.org
Published in December 2014
ISBN 978-89-7998-968-7 93300
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Contents

List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Contributors xii
Preface xiv
1. I ntroduction and Overview 1
Yoon Hyung Kim, Oran R. Young, and Jong Deog Kim
PART I PATTERNS OF ARCTIC INVESTMENT
2. O ffshore Petroleum and Maritime Infrastructure 23
Arild Moe and Svein Vigeland Rottem
Offshore Petroleum Activities and Maritime Infrastructure 23
Concluding Remarks 35
3. P atterns of Investment in the Russian Onshore Arctic: 41
An Area of Stable Growth?
Valeriy A. Kryukov
Introduction 41
European Land Area of Russia’s Arctic Zone 43
Northwestern Siberia – The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 47
Eastern and Northeastern Siberia 51
Eastern Taymyr (Khatanga), Northwestern Sakha Republic (Yakutia),
and the Far East 53
General Considerations 56
Commentaries
Tatiana Mitrova 62
Nam Yll Kim 70
Heather A. Conley 79
Lawson W. Brigham 87
Hua Xu 91
Ryuichi Shibasaki 102
Sung Woo Lee 108
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PART II COMPARING NATIONAL ARCTIC STRATEGIES
4. Canada’s Arctic Policy 117
Bernard W. Funston
5. Russia’s Arctic Policy 131
Alexander N. Vylegzhanin
6. United States’ Arctic Policy 155
Raymond V. Arnaudo
7. China’s Arctic Policy 172
Jian Yang
8. Japan’s Arctic Policy 188
Fujio Ohnishi
9. Korea’s Arctic Policy 207
Jong Deog Kim
PART III A RCTIC STATE/NON-ARCTIC STATE ENGAGEMENT
10. Navigating the Interface 225
Oran R. Young
The Globalization of the Arctic 226
Non-Arctic State Engagement in the Arctic Council 229
Broader Intergovernmental Mechanisms 232
Nongovernmental Organizations 237
Public-Private Partnerships in the Arctic 239
Informal Venues 242
Conclusion 244
Commentaries
Lars-Otto Reiersen 251
Jiayu Bai 256
Eiji Sakai 264
Sung Jin Kim 276
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PART IV I NNOVATIONS APPLICABLE TO THE ARCTIC
11. A Fibre Optic System for Canada’s Western Arctic 287
Michael Aumond
Project Location and Objectives 287
Economics of Northern Telecommunications Systems 290
MVFL System Architecture 295
MVFL Project Business Case 298
12. Research Activities of KRISO Ice Tank 300
Kuk Jin Kang
KRISO Ice Tank Facility 300
Research Activities of KRISO Ice Tank 305
Future Plans for KRISO Ice Tank 311
Discussion: What New Technologies in the Areas of Future Arctic
Marine Shipping and Associated R&D are on the Horizon that
Will Impact the Future of the Arctic? 312
Appendix: Full-Scale Ice Trial Procedure 313
Commentaries
Robert W. Corell 315
Mikko Niini 323
Toshiyuki Kano and Takahiro Majima 331
Hyoung Chul Shin 338
PART V I NDIGENOUS RESPONSE TO ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT
13. A Rights-Based Approach 345
Sheila Watt-Cloutier
Commentaries
Ellen Inga Turi 355
Denise L. Michels 363
Nancy G. Maynard 371
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PART VI O PPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION IN A CHANGING ARCTIC
Perspectives
Valeriy A. Kryukov 383
David L. VanderZwaag 389
Sung Jin Kim 399
Michael Aumond 406
Sheila Watt-Cloutier 413
Peiqing Guo 416
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