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The Archaeology of Weapons PDF

436 Pages·1994·21.17 MB·English
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Page i The Archaeology of Weapons Page ii Sword found in the tomb of Sancho IV, King of Castile 1284-95, in the Capilla Mayor in Toledo Cathedral. Frontispiece Page iii The Archaeology of Weapons Arms and Armour from Prehistory to the Age of Chivalry Ewart Oakeshott Illustrated by the Author THE BOYDELL PRESS Page iv Disclaimer: This book contains characters with diacritics. When the characters can be represented using the ISO 8859-1 character set (http://www.w3.org/TR/images/latin1.gif), netLibrary will represent them as they appear in the original text, and most computers will be able to show the full characters correctly. In order to keep the text searchable and readable on most computers, characters with diacritics that are not part of the ISO 8859-1 list will be represented without their diacritical marks. © 1960 R. Ewart Oakeshott All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. First published 1960 Reprinted 1994 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge Reprinted in paperback 1999 ISBN 0 85115 559 6 hardback ISBN 0 85115 738 6 paperback The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk 1P12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. PO Box 41026, Rochester, NY 14604-4126, USA web site: http://www.boydell.co.uk A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-40355 This publication is printed on acid-press paper Printed and bound in the United States of America Page v CONTENTS Preface to 1994 Reprint 3 Errata 7 Introduction 13 Part One The Prehistoric Period I 21 "The Pitiless Bronze" II 37 Iron Comes to Europe: The Hallstatt People III 51 The Gauls Part Two The Heroic Age IV 69 The Great Migrations V 83 Rome in Decline: The Gothic Cavalry VI 89 The Bog-Deposits of Denmark VII 107 The Arms of the Migration Period Part Three The Vikings VIII 131 Swords in the Viking Period IX 150 The Vikings at War X 164 From Charlemagne to the Normans Page vi Part Four The Age of Chivalry XI 181 The "Gay Science" of Chivalry XII 200 Sword Types and Blade Inscriptions, 1100-1325 XIII 224 Sword Hilts ad Fittings XIV 239 The Sword in Wear XV 253 "The Complete Arming of A Man", 1100-1325 XVI 282 Armour and the Longbow in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries XVII 301 Swords and Daggers in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries Appendix: Four Date-Charts 341 Bibliography 351 Index 353 Page vii LIST OF PLATES The sword of Sancho IV, King of Castile, 1284-95. Prom his tomb in the frontispiece Capilla Mayor in Toledo Cathedral Between pages 184and 185 1 Three Bronze-Age swords from Denmark (National Museum, Copenhagen). Warriors from a Krater of Attic red-figure ware, 5th century . (British Museum) B.C 2 Shield from the River Thames at Battersea, c. A.D. 50 (British Museum). 3 Iron Age sword and scabbard, c. 300 B.C.; sword with hilt and scabbard mounts of silver; sword with hilt and scabbard mounts of bronze, both fourth to fifth centuries . (National Museum, Copenhagen). A.D 4 Helmet from the ship grave at Sutton Hoo (British Museum). 5 Reconstructed shield from the ship grave at Sutton Hoo (British Museum). 6 Viking sword from the River Thames (British Museum); sword of late Viking type (coll. author); sword c. 1130-70 (in a private collection); sword from Fornham, site of a battle in 1171. 7 Sword found in Denmark, c. 1150-1200 (National Museum, Copenhagen); sword from the River Witham near Lincoln (British Museum); war sword from the River Thames, c. 1300 (Guildhall Museum); sword with hilt of iron overlaid with silver, c. 1300 (coll. author, ex coll. J. Wallace, Esq.). 8 Hilt of "The Sword of St. Maurice", Imperial Treasury, Vienna; detail of plate 6c; hilt of sword c. 1300, with original grip (coll. author). 9 War sword, c. 1300 (coll. author); copy of "The Sword of St. Maurice" from the Royal Armoury at Turin (coll. author, ex coll. Sir G. F. Laking); sword from the tomb of Fernando de la Cerda, in the convent of Las Huelgas, Burgos. 10 Sword (unsheathed) of Sancho IV of Castile, showing part of the belt, and spurs of Sancho IV of Castile (Toledo Cathedral). 11 "The Israelites repulsed from Hai", from the Maciejowski Bible (Pierpont Morgan Library, New York). Seal of the Guild of St. George, Ferrara (c. 1290) (British Museum), impression of the seal of Roger Fitzwalter (1235). Page viii 12 Monument above the tomb of Can Grande Della Scala (+ 1329), Verona. 13 Sword-hanger from a late fourteenth-century hip belt of copper-gilt (coll. J. Wallace, Esq., ex. coll. author); pair of spurs of gilt bronze, with their original cloth-of-gold straps (ex coll. Sir G. F. Laking). 14 Bascinet, c. 1390, with snouted visor (Wallace Collection no. 74); armet, probably Italian, c. 1470 (Wallace Collection no. 85); barbute, Italian, c. 1440 (coll. R. T. Gwynn, Esq.); sallet, German, c. 1450 (coll. R. T. Gwynn, Esq). 15 Complete amour made between 1497 and 1503 in Nürnburg for Kunz Schott von Hellingen (coll. R. T. Gwynn, Esq., ex coll. W. R. Hearst, ex coll. Count Erbach zu Erbach). 16 Sword, blade with inscription inlaid in yellow metal (National Museum, Copenhagen); sword found in London, c. 1320-50 (British Museum); sword found in the River Cam, c. 1375-1410 (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge); sword, c. 1360-1400 (coll. A. E. Christensen, ex coll. author); sword, probably part of the funeral furniture of Henry V (Muniment Room, Westminster Abbey). 17 Sword of doubtful ownership in Toledo Cathedral, c. 1310-30; sword of Can Grande Della Scala (Archaeological Museum, Verona). 18 Scottish sword, early fifteenth century (coll. Mr. C. O. v. Kienbusch, New York); incised slab in the churchyard at Kinkell, Aberdeenshire; sword, c. 1300, found in the River Trent (in a private collection). 19 Sword, Italian, c. 1460-80 (coll. author); sword, Italian, c. 1485-1500 (coll. David Drey, Esq., ex coll. author, Douglas Ash, Esq., and the late Baron de Cosson); sword, perhaps Flemish, c. 1450-75 (coll. author); sword, Italian, c. 1450-1500 (coll. C. O. v. Kienbusch, ex Londesborough and Bernal collections). 20 Sword with blackened hilt and finger-ring, 1432 (Armouries, Tower of London, ex coll. W. R. Hearst, Baron de Cosson); sword with side ring, c. 1420-50 (coll. author, ex coll. E. J. Sullivan); sword with blackened hilt, "Pas d'Ane" and ring. Spanish, c. 1480 (coll. author); "Landsknecht" sword, c. 1520 (coll. author). 21 Short sword, Italian, c. 1470-90; dagger and sheath, c. 1450-80 (both coll. author).

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Among the most plentiful objects surviving from man's remote past in Europe are his weapons, but although they are rich material for study, they are usually dealt with as isolated groups of region or period within the framework ofthe larger science of archaeology. Their story is rarely treated in co
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