The Archaeologist 68 - Summer 2008 Archaeology in Europe

30 Pages·2009·1.53 MB·English

Summer 2008
Number 68
The ARCHAEOLOGIST
This issue:
ARCHAEOLOGY
AND
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
IN EUROPE
Discovering the
archaeologists of
Europe
p8
The European
route of industrial
heritage
p16
Europæ
Archaeologiæ
Consilium
p19
Institute of Archaeologists
SHE’s, University of Reading, Whiteknights
PO Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB
tel: [phone]
fax: [phone]
[email protected]
www.archaeologists.net
C
O N T E N T S
1 Contents
2 Editorial
3 From the Finds Tray
5 Jobs in British archaeologyJames Drummond Murray
6 Training workshops for finds Nicky Powell,Victoria Bryant and Richard Constable
8 Discovering the archaeologists of Europe Kenneth Aitchison
9 Archaeology in contemporary Europe: Facing the challenges with an EC funded network
Nathan Schlanger
page 14 10 European projects for urban heritage conservation David Baker
12 Archaeology in the European institutions: power versus influence? Noel Fojut
14 Archaeologists of Europe: the European Association of ArchaeologistsAnthony Harding
16 The European Route of Industrial Heritage David Buckley
18 Antiquaries in Europe: the role of national antiquarian societies today Christopher Catling
19 Europæ Archaeologiæ ConsiliumAdrian Oliver
20 World Heritage in Europe Christopher Young
22 Britons and Romans: protecting the Frontiers of the Roman Empire again David Breeze
page 20
24 Austria – an archaeological rogue state? Raimund Karl
26 Archaeology and archaeologists in Hungary Zsolt Magyar
28 On the trail of prehistoric salt in Romania Anthony Harding
30 Digging in the garden of France Jason Wood
32 The archaeological profession in the Irish economy Patrizia La Piscopia,Conor McDermott
and Margaret Gowen
34 Professional archaeology in the Netherlands Karen Waugh
page 26
36 Archaeology beyond the report. The Amsterdam conference on ‘the Future of Dutch
Archaeology’ 2007 Patrice de Rijk
37 Public service and research: Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives
page 37 (INRAP) Nathan Schlangar
40 Aerial archaeology across Europe: Flying Carpet or Patchwork Quilt? Chris Musson
43 Prosecuting ‘time crime’ - some thoughts on law and practice in the United States
Carolyn Shelbourn
44 Burial law and archaeology Alison Taylor and Robin Turner
46 Heritage Protection Review Alison Taylor
48 More archaeology in ParliamentAlison Taylor
50 New guides from English Heritage
52 Introducing a research framework for the archaeology of Wales Review
53 Convergence in the historic environment Peter Hinton and Michael Dawson
55 New members
56 Letters
Summer 2008 Number 68 1
l F R O M T H E F I N D S T R A Y
Archaeology and archaeologists in Europe This issue of TAbrings some of these relevant
a initiatives to the attention of IFA’s membership and,
As labour markets open up, some IFAmembers and we hope, will encourage more to take advantage of
RAOs are already getting used to working abroad in new freedoms, to work and gain experience in
developer-funded contexts, as well as the research- different environments, and to bring fresh ideas
Scotland: Scheduled Monument Consent policy launched
based work to which university archaeologists are back to the UK. It was also an opportunity to invite
Following consultation in 2007, a policy on the consent process for
accustomed. Meanwhile, EU legislation, guidelines, tales of woe alongside modest triumphs, with some
Regional Scientific Advisors Scotland’s 8000 scheduled monuments was launched in March. The
conventions and working practices are now grass roots accounts that make some of us quite
After strong protests from archaeological Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP) sets out government
affecting much of our work, from work-time relieved to be working in Britain.
i organisations English Heritage has mercifully policies on works affecting scheduled monuments. For further details
directives to protection of monuments. Some of this
decided not to go ahead with the proposal to and links see http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/news-full-article.
bureaucracy is still little known but it has potential Back at home, we bring you up to date on the latest
abolish the post of Regional Science Advisor. htm ?articleid=28168
to be very useful, often being rather bolder than our state of resolution regarding excavation of human
Feedback emphasised that RSAs have an important
own government is likely to deliver. Cravings by remains and the law, the new draft Heritage
input into a number of areas, and that replacing
authorities for World Heritage Site status for sites in Protection bill, and other rumblings from within
their advice would mean more expensive and less
their areas is one indication of the value of government. As more politicians become aware of
r effective consultancy. ‘The consultation provided
international respect, as is competition to meet (or at and sympathetic to our interests these agenda can
very solid evidence for the value of these posts and
least not to dramatically fall short of) aspirational sometimes move quite fast, so do watch our website Scotland: removal of archaeological finds
the regard in which the RSAs are held in the sector.’
Conventions. for the latest news. The Scottish Archaeological Finds Allocation Panel (SAFAP)
reminds all excavators working in Scotland that under the
International networking is growing to match this Your editor is taking a break this summer, leaving Treasure Trove system there are particular regulations governing
Eurocentric style of working. Whether it’s heads of Alex Llewellyn, Kathryn Whittington and other the temporary export of archaeological finds (including to
o archaeology in state agencies, national antiquarian staff in IFAoffice to cover the August TA, which Museums’Association: disposal guidelines England) prior to their reporting for Treasure Trove. It is illegal to
societies, special interests that benefit intellectually will include our annual report and articles derived published remove unreported archaeological finds from Scotland for any
and practically from cross-boundary activity (aerial from sessions given at the Swansea conference. If The Museums Association has reviewed its purpose, including post-excavation processing and research,
photography, study of our common industrial past, you have a contribution to make to this but haven’t ethical advice for museums on disposal of items without having obtained the proper authorisation – or the finds
monuments such as the Roman frontier defences sent it in yet, please contact Kathryn.whittington@ from their collections, to ensure collections are become ‘tainted’ as defined by the Dealing in Cultural Objects
etc), or the more general interests of the European archaeologists.net SAP. well managed, actively used and sustainable. The (Offences) Act 2003. Applicants need to complete a standard
Association of Archaeologists, we all find it new advice encourages museums to take a more application form, which can be downloaded from the Treasure
t enlightening, fruitful (and definitely fun) to mix active approach to appropriate disposal, with Trove website, and may apply for the loan of unreported
with like-minds in other nations. As the new Europe safeguards to protect collections and public trust excavated material for periods of up to four years (which may
becomes more familiar, working and socialising in museums. The changes have now come into sometimes be extended to eight). This note particularly applies to
with colleagues across the whole continent can be Alison Taylor effect and can be seen at http://www.museums archaeologists based in other parts of the UK, but it applies too to
seen as a natural way of life. [email protected] association.org/ma/10934. Adisposal toolkit Scotland-based excavators who wish to send finds elsewhere in
providing detailed advice and guidance on how the UK for processing or specialist examination. For further
to undertake responsible disposal can be information see www.treasuretrovescotland.org.uk
i
downloaded from http://www.museums
association.org/asset_arena/text/it/disposal_too Ian Ralston, Chair, SAFAP
lkit.pdf Alan Saville, Head of the
Notes to contributors
Treasure Trove Unit
Themes and deadlines Contributions and letter/emailsare always welcome. TAis made EDITED by Alison Taylor, IFA,
d Autumn: IFAConference papers and digitally available through our website and if this raises copyright SHES, University of Reading, Recently excavated Bronze Age
Annual Report issues with any authors, artists or photographers, please notify the Whiteknights, logboat from the River Tay in
deadline: 1 July 2008 editor. Accessed digitally, web links are especially useful in articles, PO Box 227 course of conservation at the
so do include these where relevant. Short articles (max. 1000 READING RG6 6AB National Museums Scotland
Winter: Protecting our heritage words) are preferred. They should be sent as an email attachment, laboratories. Under the Scottish
deadline: 1 October 2008 which must include captions and credits for illustrations. The DESIGNED and TYPESET system the logboat was claimed
editor will edit and shorten if necessary. Illustrations are very by Sue Cawood as a Treasure Trove item.
important. These can be supplied as originals, on CD or as emails, Edinburgh. Photograph: J Shiels,
E at a minimum resolution of 500 kb. More detailed Notesfor PRINTED by Duffield Printers Crown Copyright
contributorsfor each issue are available from the editor. Opinions Ltd (Leeds)
expressed in TheArchaeologistare those of the authors, and are not
necessarily those of IFA.
2 The Archaeologist Summer 2008 Number 68 3
£
F R O M T H E F I N D S T R A Y Jobs
in
British Archaeology
Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors
annual conference 2007–2008
Cork, 5-7 September 2008
Contemporary and Historical Archaeology in Theory AAI&S will be celebrating its 30th anniversary this year at
conference its conference in Cork. Speakers will include the National
HERITAGE CHAT Monuments Service, UCC Archaeology Department, the
14-16 November, University College, London Discovery Programme, the National Roads Authority and
This year’s conference will explore connections between Headland Ireland. Reduced rates for attendance are
theoretical perspectives and ideals and the more available for both AAI&S and IFAmembers. James Drummond-Murray respectively. All positions saw an increase in the
traditional concerns of heritage management practice. number of jobs advertised.
Papers are promised that challenge the very notion of For more details see
heritage, and the commercial and corporate strategies www.aais.org.uk Aslight change in methodology this year – the Junior CRM/SMR held steady at £19,228, with a big
that go with it, and describe work on contemporary and period under review now runs from April 2007 to increase in the number of jobs, whilst senior posts
historical archaeology which operate within more March 2008 to reflect more closely most fell back slightly to dip under £30,000. Both grades
conventional heritage frameworks. organisations pay year (sorry Jan –March 2007 you saw substantial increases last year, so perhaps there
are forever excluded). 2007 saw a record number of was some consolidation this time. Specialists fell
For further details contact Charlotte Frearson jobs (305), reflecting what a busy year it has been for back markedly to £17,930 from three times the
([email protected]), Sarah May most. Already there are signs 2008 may not be as number of jobs. However, the overall trend is still
([email protected]), Hilary Orange busy as the credit crunch bites. upwards from 2005, and last year can be seen as a
([email protected]), Sefryn Penrose quirk, perhaps based on the small number of jobs.
([email protected]) or John Schofield Unpublished research on the built historic Overall, 2007 was a good year for field-based staff. The survey and illustration section also saw a
(john.schofield@english-heritage. org.uk). environment – Access and standards For site assistants, from 73 advertisements, there decrease but closer analysis revealed a number of
Royal Statistical Society, 12 Errol Street, London was a marked improvement and a break through trainee posts that held the average down.
EC1Y8LX, 4 July 2008 the £15,000 barrier. The standard IFArate based on
This important conference follows on from the grey county council scales is now seen as a drag, and lags Consultants recovered from last year’s decrease to
IKUWA3: The Third International Congress on Underwater
literature conference held for archaeologists late last behind the norm. Supervisors, project officers and go back over £20,000 from a small number of jobs,
Archaeology
year. We will be using the outcome of both sets of project managers also made strong upward strides, although many posts are advertised without salaries
University College, London 7-13 July £
discussions to formulate an action plan to address the passing the £17,000, £19,000 and £25,000 marks attached.
The Third International Congress on Underwater Archaeology
issues under debate. This action plan will be devised in
(IKUWA3) is to be held in London in 2008. The Nautical Archaeology
partnership with the sector. Papers will include
Society, with project partners, IFAand University College London will
Recording historic buildings – what’s the point?Shane
host the largest conference on underwater archaeology ever held in
Gould, English Heritage, Web delivery - encouraging access
Britain. The Congress will be preceded by a 3-day Professional
to the UK’s built historic environment,Jen Mitcham, AVWAGE NOOFADS AVWAGE AVWAGE AVWAGE AVWAGE AVWAGE AVWAGE AVWAGE IFA MINIMA
Development Field School (7-9 July), and followed by optional
2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 APRIL07
Archaeology Data Service, The use of grey literature in
excursions (13 July). Parallel sessions will cover Research trends and the
historic building research – the academic viewpoint, and
future, Techniques and scientific methods, andManaging underwater
Volunteering information: grey literature and the voluntary
cultural heritage for the public. Excavator/ site assistant £15,078 73 £14,294 £14,179 £13,710 £12.903 £13,232 £12,378 £12,024 £14,197
sector.There will also be a breakout session where (PIFA)
participants will be asked to debate the positive and
For further information and registration, see Supervisor £17,087 33 £15,879 £15,900 - £14,765 £14,806 £12,741 12,868 £16,536
www.ikuwa3.com/registrations.php. negative aspects to the questions (AIFA)
Field officer / proj officer £19,928 39 £18,593 £17,598 £16,563 £16,592 £18,489 £15,572 £15,518 £21,452
• how do we maintain high standards in unpublished (MIFA)
research? Can we set, monitor and maintain these
Project manager £25,535 26 £23,350 £22,259 £20,957 £19,701 £21,536 £20,881 £19,447
standards more effectively than at present?
Junior CRM / SMR £19,627 41 £19,380 £17,992 £16,941 £17,274 £15,563 £17,532 £15,608
• how easy is it for researchers to find about relevant
Senior CRM / SMR £29,958 16 £30,104 £26,024 £21,397 £23.840 £30,605 £23,012 £23,486
research and to extract information from it? How
could web delivery solutions such as the Heritage Specialists £17,930 46 £19,250 £17,011 £15,254 £17,170 £14,992 £16,531 £14,632
Gateway make a difference? Illustrators etc £16,871 23 £17,734 £15,778 £15,992 £16,914 £14,085 £14,908 £15,497
Consultants £20,629 9 £19,421 £20,000 - - - - -
for free tickets to this conference, contact Jackie Gardo
305
on 07919 572867 or [email protected].
(199)
4 The Archaeologist Summer 2008 Number 68 5
TRAINING Participants at the Worcestershire MPRG
training day discussing the merits of ceramic
cooking pots
WORKSHOPS
F I N D S
FOR Feedback was positive and the days attracted Answers suggested that most recorded samian in-
archaeology students, museum staff, field house but also used external specialists. Problems
archaeologists and members of local archaeology such as limited budgets, out of date references and a
groups. Following this success, MPRG will be general undervaluing of the material were
Nicky Powell, Victoria Bryant
organising more local sessions in autumn 2008. Each addressed. Online databases and digitised versions
day includes formal teaching but the focus is on of out of print references were proposed. It was
and Richard Constable
handling material and discussing issues such as suggested that there are two levels of samian study:
date, provenance, technology, trade patterns, social the immediate ‘mechanical’ stage, which involves
and economic systems, day-to-day life and social basic identification of fabrics etc, and the expert
IFA ‘Hands-on’training sessions structure. No previous experience is necessary and level, which generally means working in spare time.
each participant will go home with an information Concluding comments suggested that, while pottery
By the time you read this, the IFAFinds Group Slags pack and reading lists. To facilitate discussion there studies have been overlooked in universities in
and wastersseminar will have happened, and we will be a maximum of fifteen on each course. These recent years, they are making a comeback. Arecent
will have discussed with those that attended what will be advertised this summer. project involving the samian collection at Durham
they would like later in the year to complement the University aimed to improve intellectual and
seminar. This is how the IFAFG run short training If you are interested in attending a course or would physical access to the collection, establishing new
sessions: they are cheap, rely heavily on the through the autumn and winter, organised by the just like to find out more, contact Victoria Bryant ways of learning and increasing the employability of
goodwill of established specialists and organisations EH Regional Science Advisors. Meanwhile, a model [email protected], and also watch out students. Some best practice points emerged from
to run, and the themes are suggested by FG of professional/amateur cooperation can be seen in on our website, www.medievalpottery.org.uk. the project, including students working within the
members. Sessions are often over-subscribed; the course on Post-excavation procedurestaught by museum environment and integrating the collection
osteology and building materials being typical Jacqui Pearce as part of Birkbeck’s further and Victoria Bryant into the university curriculum.
examples. continuing education. This is the eighth year the [email protected]
course has run and will begin in September and run After a presentation by English Heritage on the
Few specialist training posts are advertised now, for two terms. three main areas of training offered, there was a talk
and most organisations want fully-formed on the role of the IFA, discussing how to facilitate
specialists who can ‘hit the ground running’. The As soon as further details are available on each of specialist groups, and information on bursaries, the
Portable Antiquities Scheme and bursaries offered the above, we will post on the IFAFG webpage, recently developed NVQ in Archaeological Practice,
by IFAand English Heritage are amongst the few accessed through www.archaeologists.net. and CPD. Discussions emphasised that
places a fledgling specialist can develop and grow archaeologists need to talk to one another; specialists
Wasters for study: a stack with formal training, although this year actually Nicky Powell should not be separated from the main body, and
of fused plates from seems quite good for practical training, for the [email protected] there should be a more standardised approach to
Rotherhithe Photograph: English Heritage Technology Team will be running recording.
Andy Choppoing, © MoLAS nine days on slags and other industrial waste
MPRG pottery sessions Richard Constable
[email protected]
Members of the Medieval Pottery Research Group
have been concerned for some time that
archaeologists in commercial organisations and The second Samian Research Workshop Studying Roman pottery
museums as well as local groups have little access to
basic training in ceramics. The idea behind recent This March saw the latest in a series of lectures on And finally – the Study Group for Roman Pottery
training days was to test the waters. We wanted to samian ware. The groups, chaired by Nottingham (SGRP) annual conference is to be held at the
identify what kind of people would be interested University, are designed to define and resolve McDonald Institute Cambridge (with accommodation
and also if the format of small groups and lots of problems related to samian pottery. The first at Clare College), 4 to 6 July 2008. It includes talks,
hands on work would be the best way to enthuse meeting had ben an overview of the situation, posters and pottery handling sessions, also a field
them. In 2007 MPRG held a successful series of whereas this concerned the future for samian trip and presents an opportunity to find out about
training days for non-specialists interested on local specialists, especially with regard to training pottery research in this region and beyond (includes
medieval and post-medieval pottery, with four opportunities. national and international) papers. It is a great place
events covering the pottery of Somerset, Bristol and for student, amateur, academic and professional
West Dorset; Worcestershire; Wiltshire, and The first paper addressed results of a survey by archaeologists to meet and exchange data. Details
Scotland. UCLof ten commercial archaeological organisations. are on http://sgrp.org.uk
6 The Archaeologist Summer 2008 Number 68 7
A r c h a e o l o g y i n c o n t e m p o r a r y E u r o p e
Facing the challenges with an EC funded network
Discovering the
Nathan Schlanger
archaeologists
•Römisch-Germanische Kommission (RGK),
Frankfurt am Main – DE
of Europe
Archaeology, as we know, is not confined to •Faculty of Archaeology, University of Leiden – NL
treasures, nor to providing narratives of progress or •Direzione Generale per i Beni Archeologici
territorial legitimisation. Concerned with the past, it (DGBA-MIBAC), Roma – IT
is a contemporary scientific and cultural •Instituto de Estudos Galegos PSarmiento (IEGPS
undertaking, and its leading missions – to increase – CSIC) Santiago de Compostela – ES
Kenneth Aitchison
our knowledge of past societies, to protect the •Vlaams Instituut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed
archaeological cultural heritage, to convey its values (VIOE), Brussels – BE
to the broader public – are embedded within the •Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki
Hungary, Slovenia, Greece and Cyprus. Each nation social, economic and political realities of the – GR
will report on archaeological employment in their modern world. •Institute of prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz
country, to be available in both English and the University, Poznan – PL
national language when the project concludes in This has been recently recognised by the European •Academy of Cultural Heritage, Vilnius – LT
September 2008, along with a transnational Commission who, within the framework of the •National office of Cultural Heritage (KÖH),
overview of the situation across Europe. ‘Culture’ programme (DG Education and Culture) Budapest – HU
Discovering the Archaeologists of Europe Preliminary results are informative. Put crudely, are supporting the ACE project Archaeology in •Unité d’archéologie de la ville de Saint-Denis,
is a transnational project run by IFA and where there is private sector archaeology there are Contemporary Europe: Professional practices and public Saint-Denis – FR
many more jobs (and more opportunities to move outreach. Over the coming five years, a dozen •Culture Lab - Conseils en coopération culturelle
part-funded by the EC Leonardo da Vinci
from country to country); where archaeological archaeological institutions from across Europe européenne – BE
funding stream. It is looking at
practice is heavily state-based, there are fewer jobs (archaeological services, university departments, •Festival du film archéologique, Association
archaeological employment across twelve
but these are better paid. Ireland, with an active research institutes and cultural operators) will bring Kineon – BE
EU states, and at the opportunities for
archaeological private sector, has seen a huge boom, together their competences and energies to address
archaeologists to move from one country with a prime driver being the National Roads the transformation of European archaeology, For more details, see www.ace-archaeology.eu (in
to another. The project has developed from Authority’s programme of infrastructural specifically focusing on construction), or contact the coordination team at
our experience of the UK’s five-yearly development – funded in large part by EU [email protected] .
Objective One. The resulting influx of archaeologists •researching the significance of the past(eg
Profiling the Profession studies, and our
means that a remarkable 45% of archaeologists there migrations, settlements patterns, cultural Nathan Schlanger
2007-08 survey will form the UK report for
are not from Ireland – by comparison, 9% of identities and landscapes in the past and present) International research and development –INRAP The inevitable group
this international survey. Thanks to our
archaeologists working in the UK are not from this •comparative practices in archaeology(field [email protected] photograph, outside the
earlier work we are able to interrogate a country. As Objective One funds become focused on methodologies, operations and data management, Collège de France, Paris,
time-series data set, showing how patterns new member states we may see a similar boom in information technologies, European November 2007
of archaeological employment have the archaeological workforce of those countries. Can archaeologists abroad etc)
we ensure this is achieved while maintaining the •the archaeological profession(qualitative and
changed over the last ten years (steady
social and financial status of archaeologists? quantitative aspects of the discipline, archaeology
growth overall, with a relative decrease in
Archaeology is rapidly expanding in the Czech and its practitioners in contemporary society,
those working for national heritage
Republic for example, where the average professional responsibilities and conduct, training
agencies and an increase in the private
archaeological salary is higher than the national and skills, etc)
sector). average (hardly the case in the UK). It would be •public outreach: invitations to archaeology
good if measures were in place to ensure the best of (communication and awareness measures,
Of the other eleven countries only Ireland has both worlds. community involvement, educational tools,
comparable data, and so this is proving a new and exhibitions and valorisation, films, etc)
valuable experience for the archaeological Kenneth Aitchison
communities in Belgium, the Netherlands, IFA head of projects and professional development The partnership includes
Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, [email protected]
•Institut national de recherches archéologiques
préventives (INRAP), Paris – FR (Project leader)
•Archaeology Data Service (ADS), University of
York – UK
8 The Archaeologist Summer 2008 Number 68 9
E U R O P E A N P R O J E C T S
F O R U R B A N H E R I T A G E
C O N S E R V A T I O N
David Baker
The 5th and 6th Framework programmes of the
PICTURE
(2004-2007) concerned itself with EMAHLin Liège which damaged the cultural
European Commission included several projects
Proactive Management of the Impact of Cultural quarter it was intended to revive, and the new
linking heritage, tourism and governance
Tourism upon Urban Resources and Economies. Danish National Opera House which illustrated the
arrangements. These were largely (but not Partners were organisations in Belgium, the Czech impact of ‘iconic’ new architecture upon the
exclusively) university-based collaborations, often Republic, Germany, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, essential character of the planned royal city. The
Norway, Sicily, France, England (English Heritage) project report, Guidance for the environmental
linking widely dispersed countries, with a particular
and France. The project’s main purpose was to help assessment of the impacts of certain plans, programmes
focus upon helping new and candidate entrants to
local authorities deal with the opportunities and or projects upon the heritage value of historical areas, in
the Union. One of the difficulties of such projects is
problems of tourism, managing them through order to contribute to their long-term sustainability is
that the high-quality research they produce is rarely strategic governance arrangements and a specially available at www.suitproject.net.
in a form easily assimilated by its main target developed tool, the Cultural Tourism Impact
Assessment. Major case studies included the small
audience – senior politicians and administrators in
SUT
historic town of Telc in the Czech Republic, where – governance (2000-2003) covered similar
national and local governments. In 2007, Historic
diversification of the local tourism offer was needed ground in focusing upon Sustainable Urban
Environment Conservation was commissioned by the to protect local distinctiveness, and the city of Avila Tourism. Germany, Austria, Greece and Bulgaria
Environment Directorate of the EC to assess the in Spain, where the aim was to draw attention to worked together with special reference to helping
the neglected wealth of interest within those iconic the recently independent East European countries.
outputs from four related projects, with particular
city walls. Further information can be found in the The project facilitated public-private partnerships
reference to dissemination of results, and (with the
final project report, Strategic Urban Governance and developed a self-assessment benchmarking tool
help of Geraint Franklin) to prepare short ‘policy Framework for the sustainable management of cultural to help communities, governments and the private
briefs’ for the main target audience. tourismand a summary version Towards sector to
Sustainability in Urban Cultural Tourismat
http://www.picture-project.com. • improve management of tourism activities
• provide better urban governance for tourism
APPEAR
(2003-2006) was probably of most • bring communities long-term prosperity from
interest to IFAmembers. AccessibilityProjects for SUIT’s(2003-2006) message was Sustainable tourism
the sustainable Preservation and Enhancement of development of Urban historical areas through an
Urban Sub-soilArchaeologicalRemains was active Integration within Towns. Belgium, Northern Amongst case studies, the success in Graz (Austria)
concerned with the sequence of management Ireland, Germany, Denmark and Wales combined to was held up as a good example for the developing
actions for archaeological sites in towns and cities put across a triple message Veliko Tarnovo in Bulgaria. Further information
from initial discovery to public display. Project about the project and the Final Project Report is at
partners were Belgium, Spain, France, ICOMOS and • historic urban areas are culturally-rich modern http://sut.itas.fzk.de/.
Italy. The project developed a complex six-stage ‘living’ systems
methodology and also looked at case studies, • enhancing the local quality of life and conserving The similarities and overlap between these projects
notably Roman Saragossa (‘successful coordination, heritage values are closely connected are a mixed blessing. There is undoubtedly a
communication and integration create a high • public-private partnerships are the key to university-based research community driven by a
quality tourism destination’), the Rose Theatre in successful regeneration and conservation combination of academic interest and the need to
London (‘no solution for problems of an iconic site generate income. The participants are committed,
after 20 years’), and the Roman site of Vesunna near Case studies included Karlsruhe, with an extreme work hard and enjoy themselves. There is definitely Copies of the brochures are available from me at
Perigueux (‘a tourist attraction created, but a gap case of token facadism in a historic centre scope for archaeologists to become more involved as [email protected] as pdf files.
between intention and achievement’). Further redevelopment, Victoria Square Belfast where small- part of cultural resource management, in
information about the APPEAR project is at: scale cherished local landmarks were removed by partnership with built environment and tourism David Baker
www.in-situ.be. over-energetic regeneration, the new mega-Museum interests. Historic Environment Conservation
10 The Archaeologist Summer 2008 Number 68 11
ARCHAEOLOGY in the EUROPEAN giving more influence could actually make it less
effective than the present grouping. Countries faced
institutions: power versus influence? with criticism may be more prescriptive and would
transfer representation to senior policy staff. One
strength of HEREIN is that it brings together
Noel Fojut
members of heritage agencies from across Europe
quite early in their careers, fostering future co-
Noel Fojut, Head of Archaeology at Historic Scotland, spent 2004 working in Strasbourg for the Council of Europe. operation as careers develop. An energetic HEREIN
As well as a taste for Alsace wine and sauerkraut, he brought back a distinctive and, he emphasises, personal with the support of a well-informed steering
perspective on where archaeology sits among the high councils of Europe. committee could be a useful combination,
combining current practical knowledge with senior
policy-making access.
A
lthough the 1992 Valletta Convention not to do. Archaeology is occasionally successful in
remains the watchword on the archaeological small and relatively technical programmes, but Does Europe, whether EU or COE, matter to
philosophy of the collected states of Europe, usually only where there is a political dimension, archaeologists and should we care? In my view it
and something like developer-funding has such as when Greece supplied the senior staff of the does and we should, and here are four of many
appeared almost everywhere, the policy debate in relevant Directorate General and took a strong reasons
European institutions has moved on. Archaeology interest in maritime archaeology – at a time when • the EU has strong powers over natural heritage
has been relegated to a subset of cultural heritage. there was concern over the definition and conservation and none over cultural heritage
Should the profession worry? jurisdiction of coastal waters for economic reasons. conservation. Has the time come for a developer-
funding directive, at least?
EU and COE However, the EU has tended to leave deep thinking • with these greater powers, the EU has allocated
Of the two major inter-governmental bodies in about the historic environment to its older, much Strasburg – the European circuit has its attractions substantial funds to nature conservation.
Europe, the European Union and the Council of less wealthy but more inclusive cousin, the Council Persuading the EU to take cultural heritage issues
Europe, the EU is vastly more powerful, with huge of Europe. Set up in the ruins of the Second World convention and then move on. However, a logical on board remains a challenge
financial resources and capacity to create directives War, the COE makes no laws, issues no directives progression can be seen, with earlier conventions • despite the rhetoric of diversity, there appears to
which must be enacted into the national law of 27 and has a miniscule budget compared with the EU. (Granada and Valletta), concerned with defining and be a European bias towards institutional
countries. In the EU, archaeology (as a subset of It operates solely by consensus but (or perhaps conserving heritage assets, while more recent conformity. Research into early continent-wide
culture and cultural heritage) has always been left to because of this) has carved out an influential niche conventions, Florence and especially Faro, linkages receives more attention than research into
individual countries. Until the early 1990s any as the think-tank of Europe in several key areas. concentrate upon sustainable use of heritage assets differences. If we think that a bad thing, how
financial or policy support was incidental, achieved Best known in the field of human rights and social for economic, social and political goals – could we combat it?
by ingenious insertion into activities sponsored for ethics, the COE also considers the needs of Europe’s instrumental rather than intrinsic values. • cultural heritage in European institutions may be
other reasons, such as regional development or cultural heritage. nearing a turning point. It could probably achieve
knowledge transfer. This was deliberate – the Today, the COE’s intellectual fast-breeder role is a higher profile within the EU, but at the sacrifice
founding fathers wisely feared homogenisation of Useful conventions being questioned, with pressure from Member States of diversity in favour of more regimentation,
culture, and it allowed them to duck the question of Conventions are what the COE does best. Guided by to stop creating new documents and concentrate on regulation and definition. Or it could continue as
what constituted ‘European culture’. steering committees, nominated by governments on getting the best from the conventions: monitoring a poor but honest relation, free to develop more or
a one member per country basis, and backed up by adoption and effectiveness, exerting moral pressure less as it wants, guided by consensus but starved
Not that the EU has ignored heritage, at least as expert working groups, the Council’s main function and offering practical help. This ‘observatory of resources, and provided always that it does not
subsumed within the concept of culture. All EU is to agree and promote common standards. Its function’ has been effective in fields such as human affect trading conditions and competition in the
policies and programmes have to take cultural aspects products include the 1985 Granada Convention rights, and it is argued that well-organised moral Community to an extent that is contrary to the
into account in its action under other provisions of [the] (Architectural Heritage), the 1992 Valletta Convention pressure could do more for Europe’s cultural common interest.
Treaty, in particular in order to respect and to promote (Archaeological Heritage), the 2000 Florence Convention heritage than proliferation of new conventions.
the diversity of its cultures. But those all important (Landscapes)and the 2005 Faro Framework Convention
law-making European directives still cannot be on the Value of Heritage to Society. It has also Multilingual thesaurus
O
made in the fields of cultural heritage. However, the developed initiatives such as European Heritage Amodel already exists for such collective self- n balance, I would prefer my European
EU may take action aimed at encouraging cooperation Days and European Cultural Routes. Interestingly, examination in the form of HEREIN – the European MPto look after my cultural as well as
between Member States and, if necessary, supporting and the Council does not employ a single archaeologist Heritage Network – which has compiled a my natural heritage, however painful
supplementing their action in the following areas: - although, as with the EU, it is sometimes possible for compendium of national policies on cultural the adjustments that would imply for
improvement of the knowledge and dissemination of the archaeologists with useful skills to thrust themselves heritage and is creating a multilingual thesaurus of my old friends at the Council of Europe HQ in
culture and history of the European peoples; - into a cultural heritage-sized gap through bluff, a terms used in heritage policy dialogue. HEREIN’s Strasbourg. It’s all very well thinking deep thoughts,
conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage of skill not unknown to our profession. membership is quite strong on archaeology. The UK but deep pockets would be useful, too.
European significance. is typical, our seat held successively by staff of
The problem with think-tanks is that they are not English Heritage and now Historic Scotland. Noel Fojut
Resources always good at planning. The COE has tended to Head of Archaeology
Such fine-sounding powers are only effective if the boil down the best practice in Europe into a set of The COE envisages bodies like HEREIN developing Historic Scotland
EU votes adequate resources, which it has chosen philosophical principles, enshrine these into a a stronger role, but there is a potential bear-trap: [email protected]
12 The Archaeologist Summer 2008 Number 68 13
Archaeologists of Europe: the European Association of Archaeologists
Anthony Harding
Ninth-century church of St Donat, Zadar View of the Grand Harbour at Valletta from the Bighi Palace, where the A view of Mdina, in Malta The Neolithic temple at Mnajdra, Malta
(host of 2007 EAA) closing dinner will take place this year
work across Europe is certainly a worthwhile one, Scotland, but we do not seek to influence their attention, misleading the public, and diverting
The European Association of Archaeologists as is the desire to see ethical practice in professional decisions: there is no need to, because so many of political support and resources from the real issues
(EAA) is the organisation for European work throughout our continent. These are among their archaeologists are EAAmembers, and ensure of protecting and restoring Bosnia- Herzegovina’s
the things the EAAhas set out to do; it has already that the professional standards EAAupholds are authentic and endangered national heritage’.
archaeology and archaeologists par
achieved much, but has more to try for. There is no enshrined in what they do. The further east you go,
excellence. Founded in 1994 in Ljubljana,
other body which can stand up for archaeology in the more influential the voice of EAAbecomes. This Annual meetings
Slovenia, it has grown in size and influence
this way at a European level. is partly because the legal framework for heritage The main way that people use the EAA, apart from
over the years. With a membership of around
protection is not always as strong as one would receiving the European Journal ofArchaeologyand the
a thousand, coming from almost all the Its working parties include wish in some countries, and even where it is in Newsletter, The European Archaeologist, is to attend
countries of Europe (and with a sizeable US • the European Reference Collection theory strong, in practice politicians may bypass the Annual Meetings. By common consent, these are
contingent), it is ideally placed to provide a • archaeological legislation and organisation planning laws and thieves loot archaeological sites very enjoyable events, held in a different country
• sustaining the historic environment within farmed without much fear of legal comeback. each year, and providing participants with the
forum for discussion, news, information
landscapes in Europe opportunity to meet a huge range of like-minded
exchange and a meeting point for
• teaching and training of archaeologists Sarajevo people from all over Europe. The meetings are good
archaeologists of every kind from all over
• professional associations in archaeology Almost all European countries have signed and value financially as well, and enable one to visit
Europe. • trade in cultural material ratified the Valletta Convention on the Protection of sites and monuments you would not normally be
• archives and collections in Europe the Archaeological Heritage, but have different ways able to see.
• creation of research strategies for the European of interpreting its provisions; all too often we find
The European idea frontiers of the Roman Empire that heritage comes low down the list of priorities Whether you work mostly in the field, or in project
Ironically, given the Euroscepticism which so deeply and there are Round Tables on when the national – or a local – interest is at stake. management, or in museums, or in the lecture
embedded in our country, by far the largest • making the most of information – maximising the Nevertheless, campaigns are sometimes fought. For room, you will find plenty of people with common
contingent of EAAmembers comes from the UK. value of archaeological results example, following a visit to Sarajevo by the interests at EAAmeetings, and will learn a lot from
This is partly for the obvious reason that English is • ecology and archaeology President, Secretary and Administrator, EAA archaeologists facing common problems but in a
the official language of EAA, but it is also a • perspectives of medieval and post-medieval affirmed its support for the small community of different culture. If you have never been, why not
reflection of a generally outward-looking attitude pottery production centre researches in Europe professional archaeologists in Bosnia-Herzegovina, give it a go in Malta this year? Great sites to visit,
among British archaeologists. Many people believe urging ‘the authorities, cantonal, federal and state, lots of interesting sessions to attend – go to
in the European idea, and even those who are Influence? to uphold the standing of the profession by www.e-a-a.org for full details, and put 17-20
lukewarm about it can see the benefits of meeting How much influence does EAAhave? The answer providing adequate resources for museums, rescue September in your diary now!
up with those with similar interests with whom they is not straightforward, and depends a lot on the archaeology and heritage protection, and to
can do business – literally or figuratively. The goal country concerned. In Britain, we have great withdraw all support for the absurd ‘pyramid’ Anthony Harding
of creating common standards for archaeological support from English Heritage and Historic project which is attracting world-wide media President, European Association of Archaeologists
14 The Archaeologist Summer 2008 Number 68 15
T h e engineering monuments and structures which centre for aviation heritage in the UK, and the
demonstrate specific aspects of technology while Museum Pizensky Prazdrod Brewery in Pilsen
offering a good visitor experience. The four existing (brewers of Pilsner Urquell beer) became the first
E u r o p e a n
UK ERIH routes are South Wales, the East of Anchor Point in the Czech Republic. After the
England (www.industriouseast.org.uk ), the West formal launch many more sites across Europe are
Midlands and the North West of England. expected to seek to become Anchor Points or to join
R o u t e o f
Promotional leaflets exist for each route and various with other sites to create new regional routes.
events have been staged.
I n d u s t r i a l www.erih.net has details of all of the Anchor Points
Theme routes and regional route sites in four languages, and
Many other sites are recognised on transnational details over 700 other sites which make up theme
H e r i t a g e
theme routes, based on the themes of routes.
• mining
• iron and steel David Buckley
David Buckley • textiles; production and manufacturing David Buckley Archaeologist Ltd
• application of power 69 Vicarage Road, Chelmsford CM2 9BT
• transportation and communications 01245 263 809
Creation of the European Route of Industrial • water. [email protected]
Heritage (ERIH) network was prompted by Afurther three were added to cover
• housing and architecture
massive economic changes over recent decades
Discovering by night the Duisburg Landscape Park, Germany • service and leisure industry Launching the
which have left the heavily industrialised regions of Europe in
• industrial landscapes South Wales ERIH
serious decline, impressive buildings and infra-structure becoming regional Route at
Between 1999 - 2001 an Interreg-funded feasibility Research for these was carried out by specialist Aberdulais Falls,
derelict or swept away by regeneration. Many groups have been
study was carried out. Since 2003 the partnership industrial archaeologist, Barrie Trinder. He has also South Wales
formed to protect particular sites and buildings, to undertake
has built the network using the Interreg IIIB researched personalities who have influenced
recording and generally develop interest in the rich but threatened European funding programme. The ERIH brand has European industrial history. To date ninety
been developed, marketed and promoted, and is biographies of significant individuals, including
industrial heritage, but funding and support for these efforts have
now a model which can be expanded to other entrepreneurs, inventors, engineers, scientists, Experiencing
often been poor and appreciation of the potential for marketing
European regions. authors, workers, and others, illustrating the industrial heritage
and tourism generally lacking. transnational nature of industrial history, are on the at the Museum of
Anchor Points website. Following the successful pilot The Industrial Science and
The aims of ERIH are to The network consists of sites of national or Eastregional route in the East of England, a new Industry in
• raise the profile of industrial heritage international importance, known as ‘Anchor Points’. HLF application has been agreed which will enable Manchester
• improve the economic potential and attractiveness Currently there are 66 of these, 27 in the UK, and development of digital lesson plans on industrial
of former industrial sites several hundred more potential sites have been heritage for the 14 – 19 age groups, and a travelling
• develop cross-marketing approaches between them identified across Europe. Existing sites include exhibition.
• increase visitor numbers • the Big Pit, South Wales
• New Lanark, Scotland (WHS) Formal launch
In this way industrial heritage can contribute to • Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire (WHS) In February at the former Zollverein Colliery (WHS)
sustainable regeneration in former European • Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills, Essex at Essen in the Ruhr ERIH was formally established
industrial regions. • Cruquius Pumping Station, Haalemmermeer, as a new transnational legal entity under German
Netherlands law.
Viewing working International brand • Volkingen Iron Works, Saarland (WHS)
steam engine at The Ruhr Route of Industrial Culture (Ruhrgebiet) • North Duisburg Landscape Park, Germany The founding members elected an interim Board
Kew Bridge Steam (www.route-industriekultur.de), launched in 1999 in • Flemish Mining Museum, Beringen, Belgium. and agreed categories of membership for
Museum the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, is the model organisations, Anchor Point sites, other sites and
that is being followed. This region became the Lead Anchor Points are identified by a distinctive sign at individuals. Aformal launch will take place at the
Partner for ERIH and Volkingen Iron Works (WHS) the entrance and an internal sign giving a brief ERIH Annual Conference in October 2008. In the
in Saarland, the other German partner. Dutch explanation and website details. Leaflets and a UK the lead co-ordinating role for ERIH has been
partners are the Foundation for the Industrial touring exhibition about ERIH are available in the taken by the Ironbridge Institute, (contact David de
Heritage for the Netherlands and the Province of four project languages (English, Dutch, German and Haan [email protected]) and a new Steering
North Holland. In the UK the four partners are French). Group is now taking forward development of ERIH
Torfaen County Borough Council, Telford and in the UK.
Wrekin Borough Council, University of Manchester Regional routes
Field Archaeology Centre and Essex County Below the level of Anchor Points ERIH partners are Expansion has included two new Anchor Points.
Council. creating regional routes. These link significant civil The Imperial War Museum, Duxford, the foremost
16 The Archaeologist Spring 2007 Number 63 17