The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800

340 Pages·2008·3.64 MB·English

by  Jane Hathaway

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T A L
HE RAB ANDS UNDER
O R , 1516–1800
TTOMAN ULE
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A History of the Near East
General Editor: Professor P. M. Holt
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East
from the sixth to the eleventh century
Hugh Kennedy
The Age of the Crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to
1517
P. M. Holt
The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923
M. E. Yapp
The Near East since the First World War
M. E. Yapp
Medieval Persia 1040–1797
David Morgan
The Formation of Turkey
C. Cahen
The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800
J. Hathaway
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T A L
HE RAB ANDS
O
UNDER TTOMAN
R , 1516–1800
ULE
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J H
ANE ATHAWAY
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY
K K. B
ARL ARBIR
RO Routledge
U
n
i>G Taylor & Francis Group
E
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2008 by Pearson Education Limited
Published 2013 by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 2008, Taylor & Francis.
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ISBN 13: 978-0-582-41899-8 (pbk)
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Set in 10.5/13pt Galliard by 35
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Dedicated to the memory of
Professor P. M. Holt
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CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x
NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND DATES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF MAPS xv
introduction REWRITING ARAB HISTORY,
1516–1800 1
Why The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule? 2
Sources for the study of the Ottoman Arab lands 5
‘Decline’ and decentralization 7
State and society 9
Local notables and localization 12
Households 13
Households and localization 14
Artisans 16
Rural populations 17
Marginal populations 18
Conclusion 21
chapter one LAND AND PEOPLES 23
Regions and nomenclature 23
Geographical features 25
Peoples 27
Religious minorities 29
Conclusion 34
chapter two THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST OF
THE ARAB LANDS 35
The rise of the Ottomans 35
The Mamluk sultanate (1250–1517) 36
The Safavids 37
The Portuguese 38
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CONTENTS
Conquest of the Mamluks 39
Süleyman I’s conquest of Iraq 40
Yemen 41
North Africa 44
Conclusion 44
chapter three THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
OTTOMAN PROVINCIAL
ADMINISTRATION 46
Relations with the conquered population 46
Administrative subdivisions 48
Land tenure 49
The nature of Ottoman rule in Egypt 51
Early challenges to Ottoman rule 52
chapter four CRISIS AND CHANGE IN THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 59
The ‘decline’ paradigm 59
The crisis of the seventeenth century 62
Kuls and Osman II 64
Janissary hegemony in the Arab provinces 67
Jelali governors and their equivalents 69
The loss of Yemen 75
The Köprülü reforms 76
chapter five PROVINCIAL NOTABLES IN THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 79
Ayan 79
The ayan household 81
Georgian mamluks in ayan households 98
Women in the household 99
African eunuchs and ayan households 102
Ayan architecture 107
Conclusion 112
chapter six RELIGIOUS AND
INTELLECTUAL LIFE 114
The ulema 115
Sufism 126
The ulema in social protest 131
The ulema as intellectuals 132
Conclusion 136
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CONTENTS
chapter seven URBAN LIFE AND TRADE 138
Arab provincial cities 138
Government regulation of markets 147
Long-distance trade 154
The Red Sea coffee trade and its cultural effects 162
Conclusion 167
chapter eight RURAL LIFE 169
Land tenure 169
Village life 172
Tribes 180
Conclusion 186
chapter nine MARGINAL GROUPS AND
MINORITY POPULATIONS 188
Religious minorities 189
Non-elite slavery 200
Women 202
The poor and disabled 209
Conclusion 211
chapter ten IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL
CHANGES IN THE LATE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 213
‘Neo-Sufism’ 214
Wahhabism 217
The crisis of Selim III’s reign (1789–1807) 219
conclusion TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER
OTTOMAN RULE 228
The effects of Ottoman rule 228
The Ottoman Arab provinces after 1800 234
The Ottomans and the world 237
The question of nationalist historiographies 244
Present-day relevance 247
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY 249
OTTOMAN SULTANS TO 1839 285
POLITICAL CHRONOLOGY 286
GLOSSARY 295
INDEX 311
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