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THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT A HISTORY IAN J. BICKERTON the arab–israeli conflict contemporaryworldsexploresthepresentandrecentpast.Booksintheseriestake adistinctivetheme,geo-politicalentityorculturalgroupandexploretheirdevelopmentsovera periodrangingusuallyoverthelastfiftyyears.Theimpactofcurrenteventsanddevelopments areaccountedforbyrapidbutclearinterpretationinordertounveilthecultural,political, religiousandtechnologicalforcesthatarereshapingtoday’sworlds. serieseditor JeremyBlack Inthesameseries BritainsincetheSeventies Oil,IslamandConflict: JeremyBlack CentralAsiasince1945 RobJohnson SkyWars:AHistoryofMilitary AerospacePower UncertainIdentity: DavidGates InternationalMigrationsince1945 W.M.Spellman Warsince1945 JeremyBlack TheRoadtoIndependence?: ScotlandsincetheSixties TheGlobalEconomicSystemsince1945 MurrayPittock LarryAllen ARegioninTurmoil: TheNordicModel: SouthAsianConflictssince1947 Scandinaviasince1945 RobJohnson MaryHilson AlteredStates: CubainRevolution: AmericasincetheSixties AHistorysincetheFifties JeremyBlack AntoniKapcia TheContemporaryCaribbean EuropesincetheSeventies OlwynM.Blouet JeremyBlack THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT A HISTORY IAN J. BICKERTON reaktion books ToJenny,whobringsmuchjoy PublishedbyReaktionBooksLtd 33GreatSuttonStreet Londonec1v0dx www.reaktionbooks.co.uk Firstpublished2009 Copyright©IanJ.Bickerton2009 Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublishers. PrintedandboundinGreatBritain bycpiAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Bickerton,IanJ. TheArab-Israeliconflict:ahistory.–(Contemporaryworlds) 1.Arab-Israeliconflict–History. I.Title II.Series 956’.04-dc22 isbn:9781861895271 Contents Preface 7 Introduction 13 1 TheUnfoldingSituation,2008–9 30 2 Prelude:TheBritishMandate 51 3 TheFirstArab–IsraeliWar 66 4 The1956War 87 5 AlteredStates:TheWarsof1967and1973 106 6 PeaceGained,PeaceLost 138 7 TheFirstIntifada,andtheOsloAccords 158 8 DarknessReturns 179 9 UnfinishedBusiness 208 Conclusion 221 References 227 SelectBibliography 235 Acknowledgements 238 Index 239 Preface Wehadfedtheheartonfantasies, theheart’sgrownbrutalonthefare; Moresubstanceinourenmities Thaninourlove; MeditationsintimeofCivilWar WilliamB.Yeats TheArab–Israeliconflictisatouchstoneforthetwentiethandtwenty-first centuries.ItspansWorldWariandWorldWarii,theColdWarandtheWar on Terrorism, and many nations have been touched at least indirectly by someaspectofthedispute.Ithasseen,andparticipateddirectlyorindirectly in,theriseandfallofEmpires,theOttomanandBritish.Theconflicthas beeninstrumentalinshapingourviewofJews,Muslims,Christians,Arabs, theMiddleEast,oilandtheroleofsuperpowers,especiallytheUnitedStates, in world affairs. The events and people involved have demonstrated the tremendouspowerofnationalisticideology,andreligiousandethnicidentifi- cationinthemodernworld.Theongoingdestructiveviolenceoftheconflict leadsustoreflectuponthehorrors,theefficacyorfutility,ofwar,andthe recklessreadinessofleaders–andfollowers–toembracemilitaryforceand brutalityasameanstoachievewhatareperceivedasessentialgoals.Theseem- inglyinsolubleconflictforcesustoreconsiderthemeaningsoftoleranceand intolerance,forgivenessandvengeance,aswewitnesstheongoingviolence. Fewareasofthecontemporaryworldhaveattractedmoreattentionin thepastsixtyyearsthantheMiddleEast.Themostobviousreasonforthisis thattheregionisthemajorsourceofpetroleum,containingtwo-thirdsof theworld’sknownpetroleumreserves.Butthereareotherreasonsaswell.If oneincludesIslamicNorthAfrica,theMiddleEastextendsfromtheIndian OceanintheEasttotheAtlanticOceanintheWest,encompassing21coun- tries(ifPalestineisincluded)inanareaconsiderablylargerthanEurope.It 7 the arab–israeli conflict isthebirthplaceoftheworld’sthreegreatmonotheisticreligions,Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and in 2007 was home to more than 430 million people(upfrom104millionin1950).StrategicallylocatedbetweenEuropeand Asia,itisgeographically,culturally,linguisticallyandreligiouslydiverse,and hasfascinatedadventurersforcenturies.Andforthepastsixtyyearsithas beenthesceneofoneofthemostintractableconflictsinlivingmemory,the Arab–Israeliconflict. ThedecisionofthenewlyestablishedUnitedNationsfollowingWorld WariitopartitionthesmallsliveroflandbetweentheJordanRiverandthe easternshoreoftheMediterraneanSea–since1919theBritishmandateof Palestine–whichcreatedtheinternationallegalframeworkfortheestab- lishmentofaJewishstate,Israel,againstthewishesofthepredominantlybut farfromexclusivelyMuslimlocalpopulation,triggeredaconflictthatcon- tinuestothepresent.ForJewsaroundtheworldthiscreatedanentirelynovel andunprecedentedsituation.Forthefirsttimeinalmosttwothousandyears aJewishstateexisted,providingJewsanopportunitytoreturntoanancient homeland.ForArabsitwasalsoanentirelynewandunexpecteddevelop- ment.ForthefirsttimesincethefoundingofIslam,Jewslivedinaninde- pendentstateintheirpresence,claiminghistoricreligiousandnationalrights toownershipofoneofIslam’sholiestcities,Jerusalem.Intheirdetermina- tiontoestablishormaintaintheirrightsandtoreinforceorretrievetheir physicalcircumstancesbywhatevermeansathand,thetwogroupsignored therightsandneedsoftheother,andresortedtomilitaryforce.Theoutcome hasbeenanunrelentingandcruelconflictthathasnotresolvedanyofthe issuesdividingthem. TheproclamationmadeoftheexistenceofIsraelon14May1948wasan epochaleventinthehistoryofJews,MuslimsandChristians.Forthemajority ofworldJewry,itwastheanswertoatwo-thousand-year-olddream,signalling thebirthofaJewishstateforthefirsttimein2,000years.ForsomeJews,Israel wasamiraculousevent,thefulfilmentofGod’spromisetoJewsthatthey shouldinherit‘thepromisedland’.Thosewhohadmigratedtothelandover theprevioushalfcenturysawtheachievementastheresultofahard-fought militaryvictory.ToMuslimsworldwide,thepresenceofaJewishstateintheir midstwasincomprehensible.TothoseArabswhosefamilieshadlivedin theregionforgenerations,itwasacatastrophe.TomanyinChristianEurope, IsraelwascompensationfortheirfailuretointervenetosaveJewsfromthe 8

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Though more than sixty years have passed since the signing of the proclamation of the State of Israel, the impact of that epochal event continues to shape the political policies and public opinion of not only the Middle East but much of the world. The consequent conflict between Arabs and Israelis f
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THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT A HISTORY IAN J. BICKERTON the arab–israeli conflict contemporaryworldsexploresthepresentandrecentpast.Booksintheseriestake adistinctivetheme,geo-politicalentityorculturalgroupandexploretheirdevelopmentsovera periodrangingusuallyoverthelastfiftyyears.Theimpactofcurrenteventsanddevelopments areaccountedforbyrapidbutclearinterpretationinordertounveilthecultural,political, religiousandtechnologicalforcesthatarereshapingtoday’sworlds. serieseditor JeremyBlack Inthesameseries BritainsincetheSeventies Oil,IslamandConflict: JeremyBlack CentralAsiasince1945 RobJohnson SkyWars:AHistoryofMilitary AerospacePower UncertainIdentity: DavidGates InternationalMigrationsince1945 W.M.Spellman Warsince1945 JeremyBlack TheRoadtoIndependence?: ScotlandsincetheSixties TheGlobalEconomicSystemsince1945 MurrayPittock LarryAllen ARegioninTurmoil: TheNordicModel: SouthAsianConflictssince1947 Scandinaviasince1945 RobJohnson MaryHilson AlteredStates: CubainRevolution: AmericasincetheSixties AHistorysincetheFifties JeremyBlack AntoniKapcia TheContemporaryCaribbean EuropesincetheSeventies OlwynM.Blouet JeremyBlack THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT A HISTORY IAN J. BICKERTON reaktion books ToJenny,whobringsmuchjoy PublishedbyReaktionBooksLtd 33GreatSuttonStreet Londonec1v0dx www.reaktionbooks.co.uk Firstpublished2009 Copyright©IanJ.Bickerton2009 Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublishers. PrintedandboundinGreatBritain bycpiAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Bickerton,IanJ. TheArab-Israeliconflict:ahistory.–(Contemporaryworlds) 1.Arab-Israeliconflict–History. I.Title II.Series 956’.04-dc22 isbn:9781861895271 Contents Preface 7 Introduction 13 1 TheUnfoldingSituation,2008–9 30 2 Prelude:TheBritishMandate 51 3 TheFirstArab–IsraeliWar 66 4 The1956War 87 5 AlteredStates:TheWarsof1967and1973 106 6 PeaceGained,PeaceLost 138 7 TheFirstIntifada,andtheOsloAccords 158 8 DarknessReturns 179 9 UnfinishedBusiness 208 Conclusion 221 References 227 SelectBibliography 235 Acknowledgements 238 Index 239 Preface Wehadfedtheheartonfantasies, theheart’sgrownbrutalonthefare; Moresubstanceinourenmities Thaninourlove; MeditationsintimeofCivilWar WilliamB.Yeats TheArab–Israeliconflictisatouchstoneforthetwentiethandtwenty-first centuries.ItspansWorldWariandWorldWarii,theColdWarandtheWar on Terrorism, and many nations have been touched at least indirectly by someaspectofthedispute.Ithasseen,andparticipateddirectlyorindirectly in,theriseandfallofEmpires,theOttomanandBritish.Theconflicthas beeninstrumentalinshapingourviewofJews,Muslims,Christians,Arabs, theMiddleEast,oilandtheroleofsuperpowers,especiallytheUnitedStates, in world affairs. The events and people involved have demonstrated the tremendouspowerofnationalisticideology,andreligiousandethnicidentifi- cationinthemodernworld.Theongoingdestructiveviolenceoftheconflict leadsustoreflectuponthehorrors,theefficacyorfutility,ofwar,andthe recklessreadinessofleaders–andfollowers–toembracemilitaryforceand brutalityasameanstoachievewhatareperceivedasessentialgoals.Theseem- inglyinsolubleconflictforcesustoreconsiderthemeaningsoftoleranceand intolerance,forgivenessandvengeance,aswewitnesstheongoingviolence. Fewareasofthecontemporaryworldhaveattractedmoreattentionin thepastsixtyyearsthantheMiddleEast.Themostobviousreasonforthisis thattheregionisthemajorsourceofpetroleum,containingtwo-thirdsof theworld’sknownpetroleumreserves.Butthereareotherreasonsaswell.If oneincludesIslamicNorthAfrica,theMiddleEastextendsfromtheIndian OceanintheEasttotheAtlanticOceanintheWest,encompassing21coun- tries(ifPalestineisincluded)inanareaconsiderablylargerthanEurope.It 7 the arab–israeli conflict isthebirthplaceoftheworld’sthreegreatmonotheisticreligions,Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and in 2007 was home to more than 430 million people(upfrom104millionin1950).StrategicallylocatedbetweenEuropeand Asia,itisgeographically,culturally,linguisticallyandreligiouslydiverse,and hasfascinatedadventurersforcenturies.Andforthepastsixtyyearsithas beenthesceneofoneofthemostintractableconflictsinlivingmemory,the Arab–Israeliconflict. ThedecisionofthenewlyestablishedUnitedNationsfollowingWorld WariitopartitionthesmallsliveroflandbetweentheJordanRiverandthe easternshoreoftheMediterraneanSea–since1919theBritishmandateof Palestine–whichcreatedtheinternationallegalframeworkfortheestab- lishmentofaJewishstate,Israel,againstthewishesofthepredominantlybut farfromexclusivelyMuslimlocalpopulation,triggeredaconflictthatcon- tinuestothepresent.ForJewsaroundtheworldthiscreatedanentirelynovel andunprecedentedsituation.Forthefirsttimeinalmosttwothousandyears aJewishstateexisted,providingJewsanopportunitytoreturntoanancient homeland.ForArabsitwasalsoanentirelynewandunexpecteddevelop- ment.ForthefirsttimesincethefoundingofIslam,Jewslivedinaninde- pendentstateintheirpresence,claiminghistoricreligiousandnationalrights toownershipofoneofIslam’sholiestcities,Jerusalem.Intheirdetermina- tiontoestablishormaintaintheirrightsandtoreinforceorretrievetheir physicalcircumstancesbywhatevermeansathand,thetwogroupsignored therightsandneedsoftheother,andresortedtomilitaryforce.Theoutcome hasbeenanunrelentingandcruelconflictthathasnotresolvedanyofthe issuesdividingthem. TheproclamationmadeoftheexistenceofIsraelon14May1948wasan epochaleventinthehistoryofJews,MuslimsandChristians.Forthemajority ofworldJewry,itwastheanswertoatwo-thousand-year-olddream,signalling thebirthofaJewishstateforthefirsttimein2,000years.ForsomeJews,Israel wasamiraculousevent,thefulfilmentofGod’spromisetoJewsthatthey shouldinherit‘thepromisedland’.Thosewhohadmigratedtothelandover theprevioushalfcenturysawtheachievementastheresultofahard-fought militaryvictory.ToMuslimsworldwide,thepresenceofaJewishstateintheir midstwasincomprehensible.TothoseArabswhosefamilieshadlivedin theregionforgenerations,itwasacatastrophe.TomanyinChristianEurope, IsraelwascompensationfortheirfailuretointervenetosaveJewsfromthe 8

Description:
Though more than sixty years have passed since the signing of the proclamation of the State of Israel, the impact of that epochal event continues to shape the political policies and public opinion of not only the Middle East but much of the world. The consequent conflict between Arabs and Israelis f
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