Table Of Content

The Applied Ethics of Emerging Military and Security Technologies The Library of Essays on the Ethics of Emerging Technologies Series Editor: Wendell Wallach Titles in the series: The Applied Ethics of Emerging Military and Security Technologies Braden R. Allenby The Ethics of Biotechnology Gaymon Bennett The Ethical Challenges of Emerging Medical Technologies Arthur L. Caplan and Brendan Parent Emerging Technologies Gary E. Marchant and Wendell Wallach The Ethics of Nanotechnology, Geoengineering, and Clean Energy Andrew Maynard and Jack Stilgoe The Ethics of Information Technologies Keith W. Miller and Mariarosario Taddeo The Ethics of Sports Technologies and Human Enhancement Thomas H. Murray and Voo Teck Chuan Machine Ethics and Robot Ethics Wendell Wallach and Peter Mario Asaro The Applied Ethics of Emerging Military and Security Technologies Edited by Braden R. Allenby Arizona State University, USA Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2015 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Braden R. Allenby 2015. For copyright of individual articles please refer to the Acknowledgements. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Control Number: 2014951750 ISBN 13: 978-1-4724-3003-8 (hbk) Contents Acknowledgements ix Series Preface xi Introduction xiii PART I CHANGING CONTEXT AND OVERVIEW 1 Brad Allenby (2013), 'The Implications of Emerging Technologies for Just War Theory', Public Affairs Quarterly, 27, pp. 49-68. 3 2 P.W. Singer (2010), The Ethics of Killer Applications: Why is it so Hard to Talk about Morality When it Comes to New Military Technology?', Journal of Military Ethics, 9, pp. 299-312. 23 3 National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering (2014), 'Summary', in Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security - A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues, Washington DC: The National Academic Press, pp. 1-13. 37 4 Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui (1999), Unrestricted Warfare, Beijing: People's Liberation Army Literature and Art Publishing House, translated by Central Intelligence Agency Foreign Broadcast Information Service, pp. 1-35, 204-27. 51 5 International Committee of the Red Cross (2011), 'International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts', Geneva: International Conference of the Red Cross Red Crescent, pp. 3-53. Ill 6 Noetic Corporation (2013), 'Technology as Dialectic: Understanding Game Changing Technology', paper prepared for the Emerging Capabilities Division, Rapid Fielding, Office of the Secretary of Defense, pp. 1-10. 163 7 Alan Backstrom and Ian Henderson (2012), 'New Capabilities in Warfare: An Overview of Contemporary Technological Developments and the Associated Legal and Engineering Issues in Article 36 Weapons Reviews', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 483-514. 173 PART II ROBOTS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 8 Gary E. Marchant, Braden Allenby, Ronald Arkin, Edward. T. Barrett, Jason Borenstein, Lyn M. Gaudet, Orde Kittrie, Patrick Lin, George R. Lucas, Richard O'Meara and Jared Silberman (2011), 'International Governance of Autonomous Military Robots', Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, 12, pp. 272-315. 207 9 Wendell Wallach (2013), 'Terminating the Terminator: What to do about Autonomous Weapons', Science Progress, pp. 251-54. 251 vi The Applied Ethics of Emerging Military and Security Technologies 10 Peter Asaro (2012), 'On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, Automation, and the Dehumanization of Lethal Decision-Making', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 687-709. 255 11 Human Rights Watch (2012), 'Losing Humanity: The Case against Killer Robots', International Human Rights Clinic, pp. 1-5. 279 12 Ronald C. Arkin (2010), 'The Case for Ethical Autonomy in Unmanned Systems', Journal of Military Ethics, 9, pp. 332-41. 285 PART III UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND THE TRANSITION FROM MILITARY TO CIVILIAN SYSTEMS 13 Stuart Casey-Maslen (2012), 'Pandora's Box? Drone Strikes under jus adbellum, jus in bello, and International Human Rights Law', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 597-625. 297 14 Bradley Jay Strawser (2010), 'Moral Predators: The Duty to Employ Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles', Journal of Military Ethics, 9, pp. 342-68. 327 15 US Department of Justice (2011), 'Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed against a US Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al-Qa'ida or an Associated Force', pp. 1-16. 355 16 Daniel Rothenberg (2013), 'What the Drone Debate is Really About: It's not Privacy or State Power', Slate, pp. 1-3. 371 17 Brad Allenby (2013), 'The Golden Age of Privacy is Over: But Don't Blame Drones', Slate, pp. 1-3. 375 PART IV CYBERCONFLICT AND CYBERSECURITY 18 Patrick Lin, Fritz Allhoff and Neil Rowe (2012), 'Computing Ethics War 2.0: Cyberweapons and Ethics', Communications of the ACM, 55, pp. 24-6. 381 19 Herbert Lin (2012), 'Cyber Conflict and International Humanitarian Law', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 515-31. 385 20 George R. Lucas Jr (2013), 'Jus in Silico: Moral Restrictions on the Use of Cyberwarfare', in F. Allhoff, N. Evans and A. Henschke (eds), Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War, New York: Routledge, pp. 367-81. 403 21 Randall R. Dipert (2010),' The Ethics of Cyberwarfare', Journal of Military Ethics, 9, pp. 384^10. 419 22 James Cook (2010), '"Cyberation" and Just War Doctrine: A Response to Randall Dipert', Journal of Military Ethics, 9, pp. 411-23. 447 PART V GENOMICS AND NEUROSCIENCE ENGINEERING 23 Maxwell J. Mehlman, Patrick Lin and Keith Abney (2013), 'Enhanced Warfighters: A Policy Framework', in Michael L. Gross and Don Carrick (eds), Military Medical Ethics for the 21st Century, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 113-26. 463 The Applied Ethics of Emerging Military and Security Technologies vii 24 Gary Marchant and Lyn Gulley (2010), 'National Security Neuroscience and the Reverse Dual-Use Dilemma', American Journal ofBioethics Neuroscience, 1, pp. 20-22. 477 25 Victoria Sutton (2005), 'A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Ethic of Biodefense and Bioterrorism', Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, pp. 310-22. 481 Name Index 495 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements Ashgate would like to thank the researchers and the contributing authors who provided copies, along with the following for their permission to reprint copyright material. BradAllenby for the essay: BradAllenby (2013), 'The Implications of Emerging Technologies for Just War Theory', Public Affairs Quarterly, 27, pp. 49-68. Copyright © 2013 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Cambridge University Press for the essays: Alan Backstrom and Ian Henderson (2012), 'New Capabilities in Warfare: An Overview of Contemporary Technological Developments and the Associated Legal and Engineering Issues in Article 36 Weapons Reviews', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 483-514. Copyright © 2012 International Committee of the Red Cross, published by Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission; Peter Asaro (2012), 'On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, Automation, and the Dehumanization of Lethal Decision-Making', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 687-709. Copyright © 2012 International Committee of the Red Cross, published by Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission; Stuart Casey-Maslen (2012), 'Pandora's Box? Drone Strikes under jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and International Human Rights Law', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 597-625. Copyright © 2012 International Committee of the Red Cross, published by Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission; Herbert Lin (2012), 'Cyber Conflict and International Humanitarian Law', International Review of the Red Cross, 94, pp. 515-31. Copyright © 2012 International Committee of the Red Cross, published by Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission. International Committee of the Red Cross for the essay: International Committee of the Red Cross (2011), 'International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts', Geneva: International Conference of the Red Cross Red Crescent, pp. 3-53. http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/red-cross-crescent-movement/31st- international-conference/31 -int-conference-ihl-challenges-report-11-5-1 -2-en.pdf. Patrick Lin, Fritz Allhoff and Neil Rowe for the essay: Patrick Lin, Fritz Allhoff and Neil Rowe (2012), 'Computing Ethics War 2.0: Cyberweapons and Ethics', Communications of the ACM, 55, pp. 24-26. Copyright © 2012 the Authors. The National Academies Press for the essay: National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering (2014), 'Summary', in Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security - A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues, Washington DC: The National Academic Press, pp. 1-13.