The Application of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion PDF
Preview The Application of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion
The Application of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. This series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with. NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical SCiences Dordrecht, Boston, and London 0 Behavioral and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Social Sciences The Hague, Boston, and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer Verlag Systems Sciences Heidelberg, Berlin, and New York G Ecological Sciences Recent Volumes in Series A: Life Sciences Volume 56-Advances in Vertebrate Neuroethology edited by Jorg-Peter Ewert, Robert R. Capranica, and David J. Ingle Volume 57-Biochemical and Biological Markers of Neoplastic Transformation edited by Prakash P. Chandra Volume 58-Arterial Pollution: An Integrated View on Atherosclerosis edited by H. Peeters, G. A. Gresham, and R. Paoletti Volume 59-The Applications of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion edited by J. C. Earnshaw and M. W. Steer Volume 60-The Use of Human Cells for the Evaluation of Risk from Physical and Chemical Agents edited by Amleto Castellani Volume 61-Genetic Engineering in Eukaryotes edited by Paul F. Lurquin and Andris Kleinhofs Volume 62-Heart Perfusion, Energetics, and Ischemia edited by Leopold Dintenfass, Desmond G. Julian, and Geoffrey V. F. Seaman The Application of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion Edited by J. C. Earnshaw and M. W. Steer The Queen's University of Belfast Belfast, Northern Ireland Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Application of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion, held June 20-July 3, 1982, in Maratea, Italy Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Application of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion (1982: Maratea, Italy) The application of laser light scattering to the study of biological motion. (NATO advanced science institutes series. Series A, Life sciences; v. 59) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Application of Laser Light Scattering to the Study of Biological Motion, held June 20-July 3, 1982, in Maratea, Italy"-T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Lasers in biology-Congresses. 2. Light-Scattering-Congresses. 3. Biomechan- ics-Congresses. I. Earnshaw, J. C., 1943- .11. Steer, Martin W. III. Title. IV. Series. QH324.9.L37N36 1982 574.8'028 83-2327 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4489-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4487-2 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4487-2 © 1983 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1983 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Several previous Advanced Study Institutes have concentrated on the techniques of light scattering, while the biological appli cations were not fully explored. Many of the techniques are now standardised and are being applied to a wide range of biologically significant problems both in vivo and in vitro. While laser light scattering methods are superior to conventional methods, there was a general reluctance among biologists to adopt them because of the complexity of the physical techniques and the accompanying mathe matical analysis. Consequently valuable opportunities for advancing the understanding of the biological problems were being missed. Advances in the design and commercial availability of standard light scattering instruments, and the availability of standard computer programs, made the more widespread use of these techniques a practical reality for the biologist. While biologists are unable to cope with the complexities of the physical techniques, physicists are generally unaware of the nature and scale of the biological problems. The meeting at Maratea was an attempt to bring these two groups together and provide an impetus for the application of laser light scattering techniques to biology. This volume differs from the three previous proceedings on laser light scattering in the NATO ASI series (B3, B23, B73), in that it has been published in the Life Sciences series rather than the Physics series, reflecting the shift in emphasis from the development of a new technique to its application in biology. The contents of this volume have necessarily been organised rather differently from their order of presentation in the meeting. Here we present a linear sequence of contributions from both lecturers and participants, starting with the introductory material. This is followed by techniques, of both experiment and data analysis, and then it progresses from relatively simple macromolecular systems to the complex problems of whole cells. We are very grateful to both lecturers and participants for their considerable efforts in producing these written contributions, based on their often eloquent and well illustrated verbal present ations. v PREFACE Our venue contributed substantially to a relaxed, yet enclosed atmosphere during the meeting. It was based in the Hotel Villa del Mare, Maratea. The hotel clings to the cliff face of a narrow bay, trapped between the mountains and the Mediterranean, only accessible by a narrow corniche road. This led to a highly interactive atmosphere, both in the bar and on the beach, that significantly extended the scientific and cultural content of the meeting. The Italian siesta was compulsory, as were the evening sessions, conducted in the knowledge that they were to be followed by a further dosp of the enthusiastic hospitality of Sen. Guzzardi and his hotel staff. The meeting itself, held in a lecture hall with a cliff face for one wall and through the glass of the other a panoramic view of the Mediterranean, was conducted in a friendly yet critically challenging atmosphere. At the outset the biological camp was criticised for being overoptimistic about the possible applications of light scattering to the study of complex biological systems, while the physical sciences camp was accused of being perfectionist, failing to grasp the point that information of almost any quality might assist the biologist. In a sense the following two weeks of lectures and discussions were an attempt to bridge this divide. The success or otherwise of this operation may be judged by the concluding statements. The running of the meeting and subsequent production of this volume, were due to the efforts of many. Our colleagues on the organising committee provided valuable geographical coverage and some powerful leverage. Much of the labour of turning organisation into practise fell on a small band of research workers, instantly dubbed 'the Belfast mafia' (Grace Crawford, Jill Picton, Jim Crilly and George Munroe). The lecturers responded by providing a contin uous stream of lively and inventive entertainment throughout the final banquet, compered by Hyuk Yu. The final production of this volume depended on the skills of our team of secretaries (Anne Clements, Karen Coulter, Dianne Finlay and Norma McAllister), our illustrator (Mrs Simpson) and photographer (George McCartney), to whom we are very grateful. Belfast J. C. Earnshaw September 1982 M. W. Steer ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are most grateful to NATO, who sponsored this meeting under their Advanced Study Institutes Program. We wish to express our gratitude to the National Science Foundation and the Company of Biologists (Cambridge, UK) who generously assisted with the travel expenses of certain participants. We thank the following organizations whose generous donations assisted with organizational costs and enabled us to subsidize a social programme which directly contributed to the success of the meeting: Langley-Ford Instruments Malvern Instruments Ltd Spectra-Physics GmBH vii CONTENTS FOREWORD Light Scattering Nomenclature • • . . 3 INTRODUCTION Physical Principles of Light Scattering .. ,",.,'" 9 V. Degiorgio Structure and Movement in Cells . • . . . . . . • . . . . .. 31 M. W. Steer Applications of Laser Light Scattering to Biological Sys tems • • • • • • • • • . . • . • 43 M. W. Steer TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION Correlation Function Profile Analysis in Laser Light Scattering I. General Review on Methods of Da ta Analys is • • • • • • • . . • . . . . . • • 53 B. Chu Correlation Function Profile Analysis in Laser Light Scattering II.A Hybrid Photon Correlation Spectrometer • . . • . . • •.•...••.• , 77 K. M. Abbey, J. Shook and B. Chu Electrophoretic Light Scattering: Modern Methods and Recent Applications to Biological Membranes and Polyelectrolytes. . • . . • . . . • • . . . . • • . •• 89 B. R. Ware Laser Doppler Velocimetry in a Biological Context . . • • . . 123 J. C. Earnshaw ix x CONTENTS Implementation of Two Different Techniques for Measuring Lateral Diffusion and Optimisation of the Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 H. Geerts Laser Doppler Micrnscopy: Especially as a Method for Studying Brownian Motion and Flow in the Sieve Tubes of Plants . • • . • . . • . . • . . . • . 147 R. P. C. Johnson Studies of Neurotransmitter Receptor Interactions Using Quantitative Video Intensification Microscopy (V. I. M.) . . . . . . • • . . 165 D. G. MacInnes. D. K. Green, A. Harmar, E. G. Nairn, and G. Fink MACROMOLECULES AND GELS Analysis of Diffusion of Biological Materials by Quasielastic Light Scattering • . . . . 171 H. Z. Cummins The Diffusion of Compact Macromolecules Through Biological Gels . • . . . . . . . . . . . 209 D. B. Sellen Correlation Spectroscopy and Structural Properties of Macromolecular Solutions . . . . . . 221 R. Giordano and N. Micali Depolarized Rayleigh Spectra of DNA in Solution 227 A. Patkowski, G. Fytas, and Th. DorfmUller Double Scattering in a Structured System of Particles 237 T. W. Taylor and B. J. Ackerson MEMBRANES AND AMPHIPHILIC SYSTEMS Fluorescence Techniques for the Study of Biological Motion. . . . • . . •..... 245 D. E. Koppel Light Scattering by Model Membranes . . . • . . • . . . . . • 275 J. C. Earnshaw CONTENTS xi The ~ovement of ~lecules Across Membranes: the Thermodynamic Analysis of the Dependence on Structure, Pressure and Temperature • • • • . . . • • 301 R. A. Klein Light Scattering and Phase Transitions in GMO 'Membranes. • • . • . • • • .• .....••...•• 319 G. E. Crawford and J. C. Earnshaw Photon Correlatior Studies of Phase Transitions in Lipid Monolayers. • . . . . . • . . . • . • • • . . . 325 J. F. Crilly and J. C. Earnshaw Light Scattering from Micellar Solutions - Proposal for a Light Scattering Standard •••••.••..••. 333 M. Corti, C. Minero and V. Degiorgio Laser Light Scattering Study of the Fractionation of Casein Micelles in Skim Milk by Controlled Pore Glass Chromotography .••.••.•••••••• , 347 'M. C. A. Griffin and M. Anderson Structural Studies on Bovine Casein Micelles by Laser Light Scattering • • • . • • .. ....... 353 C. Holt FIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Vesicles • • . • . . • • 359 M. W. Steer Structure and Dynamics of Disk Membrane Vesicles . . . . . . • 367 H. Yu Vesic:.e Dynamics in Pollen Tubes . . • . . . • . . . • . • • • 383 J. M. Picton, M. W. Steer, and J. C. Earnshaw A Preliminary Rheological Investigation of Living Physarum Endoplasm • • • . • • •• .•••••..•. 389 M. Sato, T. Z. Wong, and R. D. Allen MUSCLES AND MUSCLE PROTEINS The Application of Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering to the Study of Muscular Contraction. . . . . . . . . • . . 405 F. D. Carlson
The list of books you might like
