The Apocryphal Gospels PDF
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TheApocryphalGospels:AVeryShortIntroduction VERYSHORTINTRODUCTIONSareforanyonewantingastimulating andaccessiblewayintoanewsubject.Theyarewrittenbyexperts,and havebeenpublishedinmorethan25languagesworldwide. Theseriesbeganin1995,andnowrepresentsawidevarietyoftopicsin history,philosophy,religion,science,andthehumanities.Overthenextfew yearsitwillgrowtoalibraryofaround200volumes—aVeryShort IntroductiontoeverythingfromancientEgyptandIndianphilosophyto conceptualartandcosmology. VeryShortIntroductionsavailablenow: AFRICANHISTORY CHAOS LeonardSmith JohnParkerandRichardRathbone CHOICETHEORY MichaelAllingham AMERICANPOLITICALPARTIES CHRISTIANART BethWilliamson ANDELECTIONS L.SandyMaisel CHRISTIANITY LindaWoodhead THEAMERICANPRESIDENCY Citizenship RichardBellamy CharlesO.Jones CLASSICALMYTHOLOGY ANARCHISM ColinWard HelenMorales ANCIENTEGYPT IanShaw CLASSICS ANCIENTPHILOSOPHY JuliaAnnas MaryBeardandJohnHenderson ANCIENTWARFARE CLAUSEWITZ MichaelHoward HarrySidebottom THECOLDWAR RobertMcMahon ANGLICANISM MarkChapman CONSCIOUSNESS THEANGLO-SAXONAGE JohnBlair SusanBlackmore ANIMALRIGHTS DavidDeGrazia CONTEMPORARYART ANTISEMITISM StevenBeller JulianStallabrass ApocryphalGospels PaulFoster CONTINENTALPHILOSOPHY ARCHAEOLOGY PaulBahn SimonCritchley ARCHITECTURE AndrewBallantyne COSMOLOGY PeterColes ARISTOTLE JonathanBarnes THECRUSADES ChristopherTyerman ARTHISTORY DanaArnold CRYPTOGRAPHY ARTTHEORY CynthiaFreeland FredPiperandSeanMurphy THEHISTORYOFASTRONOMY DADAANDSURREALISM MichaelHoskin DavidHopkins ATHEISM JulianBaggini DARWIN JonathanHoward AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick THEDEADSEASCROLLS Autism UtaFrith TimothyLim BARTHES JonathanCuller DEMOCRACY BernardCrick BESTSELLERS JohnSutherland DESCARTES TomSorell THEBIBLE JohnRiches DESIGN JohnHeskett THEBRAIN MichaelO’Shea DINOSAURS DavidNorman BRITISHPOLITICS AnthonyWright DOCUMENTARYFILM BUDDHA MichaelCarrithers PatriciaAufderheide BUDDHISM DamienKeown DREAMING J.AllanHobson BUDDHISTETHICS DamienKeown DRUGS LeslieIversen CAPITALISM JamesFulcher THEEARTH MartinRedfern CATHOLICISM GeraldO’Collins ECONOMICS ParthaDasgupta THECELTS BarryCunliffe EGYPTIANMYTH GeraldinePinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURYBRITAIN HUMANRIGHTS AndrewClapham PaulLangford HUME A.J.Ayer THEELEMENTS PhilipBall IDEOLOGY MichaelFreeden EMOTION DylanEvans INDIANPHILOSOPHY SueHamilton EMPIRE StephenHowe INTELLIGENCE IanJ.Deary ENGELS TerrellCarver INTERNATIONALMIGRATION ETHICS SimonBlackburn KhalidKoser THEEUROPEANUNION INTERNATIONALRELATIONS JohnPinderandSimonUsherwood PaulWilkinson EVOLUTION ISLAM MaliseRuthven BrianandDeborahCharlesworth JOURNALISM IanHargreaves EXISTENTIALISM ThomasFlynn JUDAISM NormanSolomon FASCISM KevinPassmore JUNG AnthonyStevens FEMINISM MargaretWalters KABBALAH JosephDan THEFIRSTWORLDWAR KAFKA RitchieRobertson MichaelHoward KANT RogerScruton FOSSILS KeithThomson KIERKEGAARD PatrickGardiner FOUCAULT GaryGutting THEKORAN MichaelCook FREEWILL ThomasPink law RaymondWacks FREESPEECH NigelWarburton LINGUISTICS PeterMatthews THEFRENCHREVOLUTION Lincoln AllenC.Guelzo WilliamDoyle LITERARYTHEORY JonathanCuller FREUD AnthonyStorr LOCKE JohnDunn FUNDAMENTALISM MaliseRuthven LOGIC GrahamPriest galaxies JohnGribbin MACHIAVELLI QuentinSkinner GALILEO StillmanDrake THEMARQUISDESADE JohnPhillips GAMETHEORY KenBinmore MARX PeterSinger GANDHI BhikhuParekh MATHEMATICS TimothyGowers Geography Themeaningoflife JohnMatthewsandDavidHerbert TerryEagleton GEOPOLITICS KlausDodds MEDICALETHICS TonyHope GERMANLITERATURE MEDIEVALBRITAIN NicholasBoyle JohnGillinghamandRalphA.Griffiths GLOBALCATASTROPHES Memory JonathanK.Foster BillMcGuire MODERNART DavidCottington GLOBALWARMING MarkMaslin MODERNCHINA RanaMitter GLOBALIZATION ManfredSteger MODERNIRELAND SeniaPaˇseta THEGREATDEPRESSIONANDTHE MOLECULES PhilipBall NEWDEAL EricRauchway Mormonism HABERMAS JamesGordonFinlayson RichardLymanBushman HEGEL PeterSinger MUSIC NicholasCook HEIDEGGER MichaelInwood MYTH RobertA.Segal HIEROGLYPHS PenelopeWilson NATIONALISM StevenGrosby HINDUISM KimKnott nelsonmandela EllekeBochmet HISTORY JohnH.Arnold THENEWTESTAMENTAS HistoryofLife MichaelBenton LITERATURE KyleKeefer HistoryofMedicine NEWTON RobertIliffe WilliamBynum NIETZSCHE MichaelTanner THEHISTORYOFTIME Leofranc NINETEENTH-CENTURY Holford-Strevens BRITAIN ChristopherHarvie HIV/AIDS AlanWhiteside andH.C.G.Matthew HOBBES RichardTuck NORTHERNIRELAND HUMANEVOLUTION BernardWood MarcMulholland nuclearweapons ROUSSEAU RobertWokler JosephM.Siracusa RUSSELL A.C.Grayling THEOLDTESTAMENT RUSSIANLITERATURE MichaelD.Coogan CatrionaKelly PARTICLEPHYSICS FrankClose THERUSSIANREVOLUTION PAUL E.P.Sanders S.A.Smith PHILOSOPHY EdwardCraig SCHIZOPHRENIA PHILOSOPHYOFLAW ChrisFrithandEveJohnstone RaymondWacks SCHOPENHAUER PHILOSOPHYOFSCIENCE ChristopherJanaway SamirOkasha Scienceandreligion PHOTOGRAPHY SteveEdwards ThomasDixon PLATO JuliaAnnas Scotland RabHouston POLITICALPHILOSOPHY Sexuality Ve´roniqueMottier DavidMiller SHAKESPEARE GermaineGreer POLITICS KennethMinogue SIKHISM EleanorNesbitt POSTCOLONIALISM SOCIALANDCULTURAL RobertYoung ANTHROPOLOGY POSTMODERNISM JohnMonaghanandPeterJust ChristopherButler SOCIALISM MichaelNewman POSTSTRUCTURALISM SOCIOLOGY SteveBruce CatherineBelsey SOCRATES C.C.W.Taylor PREHISTORY ChrisGosden THESPANISHCIVILWAR PRESOCRATICPHILOSOPHY HelenGraham CatherineOsborne SPINOZA RogerScruton PSYCHIATRY TomBurns Statistics DavidJ.Hand PSYCHOLOGY GillianButlerand STUARTBRITAIN JohnMorrill FredaMcManus TERRORISM CharlesTownshend THEQUAKERS PinkDandelion THEOLOGY DavidF.Ford QUANTUMTHEORY TRAGEDY AdrianPoole JohnPolkinghorne THETUDORS JohnGuy RACISM AliRattansi TWENTIETH-CENTURY THERENAISSANCE JerryBrotton BRITAIN KennethO.Morgan RENAISSANCEART TheunitedNations GeraldineA.Johnson JussiM.Hanhim¨aki relativity RussellStannard THEVIKINGS JulianRichards ReligioninAmerica WITTGENSTEIN A.C.Grayling TimothyBeal WORLDMUSIC PhilipBohlman ROMANBRITAIN PeterSalway THEWORLDTRADE THEROMANEMPIRE ORGANIZATION ChristopherKelly AmritaNarlikar Availablesoon: biography HermioneLee Nothing FrankClose sovietunion StephenLovell Superconductivity ModernJapan StephenBlundell ChristopherGoto-Jones Formoreinformationvisitourwebsite www.oup.co.uk/general/vsi Paul Foster The Apocryphal Gospels A Very Short Introduction 3 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #PaulFoster2009 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2009 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritainby AshfordColourPressLtd,Gosport,Hampshire ISBN 978–0–19–923694–7 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Contents Listofillustrations viii 1 Theapocryphalgospels–what’sinaname? 1 2 The‘gospels’fromNagHammadi 26 3 Theinfancygospels 61 4 GospelssetduringtheearthlylifeofJesus 86 5 Secretrevelationsanddialoguegospels 117 6 Insightsfromthenon-canonicalgospels 132 Furtherreading 139 References 142 Index 151 List of Illustrations 1 Mapshowingthelocationof 7 TheGospelofThomas manuscriptdiscoveriesin InstituteforAntiquityand Egypt:Akhmˆım,Nag Christianity,Claremont, California 33 Hammadi,and Oxyrhynchus 3 8 Ceilingpanel,‘Jesusvivifies claybirds’,c.1150,Churchof 2 Oxyrhynchus StMartin,Zillis,Switzerland CourtesyoftheEgyptian #TheArtAchive/GlanniDagli ExplorationSociety 5 Orti 66 3 Diggersunearthingscrapsof 9 AlbrechtDu¨rer,Presentation papyrusatOxyrhynchus oftheVirginintheTemple, CourtesyoftheEgyptian 1502–3 ExplorationSociety 5 StaatlicheGraphische Sammlung,Munich 76 4 BernardP.Grenfelland 10 GospelofPetermanuscript ArthurS.Hunt InternationalPhotographic CourtesyoftheEgyptian ArchiveofPapyri,Cairo 93 ExplorationSociety 20 11 Theopeningtwopagesofthe 5 NagHammadi textoftheGospelofPeter InstituteforAntiquityand InternationalPhotographic Christianity,Claremont, ArchiveofPapyri,Cairo 94 California 27 12 Thefinalpageofthe 6 NagHammadicodicies manuscriptoftheGospelof InstituteforAntiquityand Peter Christianity,Claremont, InternationalPhotographic California 28 ArchiveofPapyri,Cairo 95 Chapter 1 The apocryphal gospels – what’s in a name? TherearealsomanyotherthingswhichJesusdid;wereeveryone ofthemtobewritten,Isupposethattheworlditselfcouldnot containthebooksthatwouldbewritten. (John21.25) SoendstheGospelofJohn,withanacknowledgementthatit containedonlyalimitednumberofthetraditionsaboutJesus.Butis thisstatementmereauthorialhyperbole,ordoesitreflectareality thatinthegospelwriter’sdaytherewasavastnumberofstoriesand sayingsattributedtoJesusincirculation?If,eventoalimitedextent, theauthorofthefourthgospelportraystheprevailingcircumstances ofhisownday,itbecomesfascinatingtoaskwhathappenedtoall theseextratraditionsconcerningJesus.Inalllikelihoodthevagaries ofancienthistorywouldmeanthevastmajoritywerelostinthemists oftime.Romanticnotionsofsuchmaterialsurvivingthroughlong chainsoforaltraditionreachingdowntwomillenniaaresimply fanciful.Forsuchadditionaltraditionstosurvive,theonlyplausible mechanismwouldbethroughthemediumofwrittentexts:either copiedandtransmittedbyscribesdownthroughthecenturies,or throughthechancepreservationofancientmanuscripts. Upuntilaboutthe1870s,onlythefirstofthesetwoalternatives wasknowntohaveledtothepreservationofextra-biblical 1
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