The Apache Wars: The Final Resistance (Landmark Events in Native American History) PDF
Preview The Apache Wars: The Final Resistance (Landmark Events in Native American History)
LANDMARK EVENTS IN NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY The Apache Wars THE FINAL RESISTANCE LANDMARK EVENTS IN NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY THE APACHE WARS Th e Final Resistance BLACK HAWK AND THE WAR OF 1832 Removal in the North CODE TALKERS AND WARRIORS Native Americans and World War II KING PHILIP’S WAR Th e Confl ict Over New England LITTLE BIGHORN Winning the Battle, Losing the War THE LONG WALK Th e Forced Navajo Exile RED POWER Th e Native American Civil Rights Movement THE TRAIL OF TEARS Removal in the South LANDMARK EVENTS IN NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY The Apache Wars THE FINAL RESISTANCE JOSEPH C. JASTRZEMBSKI Associate Professor of History Minot State University SERIES EDITOR: PAUL C. ROSIER Assistant Professor of History Villanova University Cover: Chiricahua Apache leader Geronimo (right) is pictured here with his son Chappo (left) and the Apache warriors Yanosha and Fun. THE APACHE WARS: Th e Final Resistance Copyright © 2007 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jastrzembski, Joseph C. Th e Apache wars : the fi nal resistance / Joseph C. Jastrzembski. p. cm. — (Landmark events in Native American history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7910-9343-6 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 0-7910-9343-3 (hardcover) 1. Apache Indians—Wars. 2. Apache Indians—Government relations. 3. Apache Indians—Social conditions. 4. San Carlos Indian Reservation (Ariz.) —History. I. Title. II. Series. E99.A6J37 2007 970.004'9725—dc22 2007000990 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can fi nd Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Series design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Ben Peterson Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America Bang NMSG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. All links and Web addresses were checked and verifi ed to be correct at the time of publication. Because of the dynamic nature of the Web, some addresses and links may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. CCoonntteennttss 1 Th e Apache World 7 2 Apaches and Americans: Th e Confl ict Begins 19 3 Toward the Reservation 34 4 San Carlos 45 5 Maintaining Apache Identity 61 6 Escape and Pursuit 77 7 Prisoners of War 93 8 Return and Commemoration 109 Chronology 115 Timeline 116 Notes 120 Bibliography 122 Further Reading 125 Index 127 1 ThTh ee AAppaacchhee WWoorrlldd “Indah! Indah! The White Men are coming,” screamed the old woman. Th e boy turned and saw fl ashes of rifl e fi re along the lake. His mother quickly lifted him and placed him on the mule’s back. As she tried to lift her in- fant daughter alongside her as well, the mule panicked and reared. A man snatched her baby and ran up the slope. Th e woman followed, tugging on the mule’s bridle. On the trail below they heard the sound of hoof beats. Th e Mexican sol- diers approached. Th e woman took the boy from the mule’s back and struck the frightened animal. It bolted into the deepening twilight. Squeezing themselves between two huge boulders, the boy and his mother crouched in the shadows, willing themselves to be invisible. As the boy cautiously looked out, three soldiers rode up. Th ey stopped and exchanged some words in Spanish. Two rode away, but the third dismounted and leaned his rifl e against the rocks. As the boy and his mother watched, barely breathing, the soldier rolled a cigarette and lit it, just in front of their hid- ing place. Finally, having fi nished his smoke, he threw the stub hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh 7 dd 8 THE APACHE WARS down and ground it underfoot. He mounted his horse again, and rode away. Th e boy and his mother began to move again. Th ey crawled up the arroyo, hoping to reach the mountain and safety. Th ey could still hear occasional gunfi re and they knew that their people were being hunted down and killed. Th e boy never saw his baby sister again.1 Th e great leader Victorio had named the boy Kaywaykla, which means “His Enemies Lie Dead in Heaps.” Victorio was now dead, too, along with his dreams of leading his people to refuge in Mexico, away from the slow death they would experience at the San Carlos Reservation. Kaywaykla himself would later be sent far away to a boarding school. His hair would be cut, his Indian clothes burned, and he would be given the name “James.” Yet hope did not die in him. As his grandfather reminded Kaywaykla, his people, the Apaches, were not meant to have an easy life. One had to learn from every defeat, slowly acquiring the strength and courage that led to victory. James Kaywaykla’s story forms but a part of the epic saga of the last great Indian war of the United States: the struggle to defeat the Apache peoples of the Southwest. For more than 200 years, the Apaches fought to preserve their lands and their way of life, fi rst against Spain, then against Mexico, and fi nally against the United States. Th is is the story of that fi nal resistance. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE Archaeologists report that, probably not more than 2,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Apache people came from northwest- ern Canada and gradually made their way into the present-day southwestern United States. Th ey arrived in the area some- where around a.d. 1500. In the Southwest, the Apaches di- verged farther, some moving toward the plains to the east and others toward the mountains to the west. By the eighteenth century, these migrations were largely complete, with Apache dd The Apache World 9 By A.D. 1500, the Apaches began arriving in what is today the American Southwest, where they largely focused on hunting and gathering, rather than farming. Depicted here are two Apaches wearing warm-weather war dress as they prepare to head into battle.
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