The Anthropology of Economy: Community, Market, and Culture

195 Pages·2001·2.09 MB·English

by  Stephen Gudeman

TheA nthropoloofg y
Economy
CommunitMya,r keta,n dC ulture
StephGeund eman
l3B LACI<WELL
Publishers
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1988.
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Contents
Acknowledgments vii
1 CommunityM,a rketa,n dC ulture 1
TheV aluoefsE conomy 5
TwoT ranscatioRne alms 9
Commenusraotni:P anamai nt he1 960s 12
p
SearatiaonnsdD ilaectsi:Oc thePre rsecptives 15
FromC ommunittyo G lobalization 20
2 Economayt t heB ase 25
TheB ase 27
CommonC onsttriuocns 34
SituatReeda son 38
Self-fsiucfiency 43
A FragmenteWdo rld 47
3 Sharitnhge B ase 52
Allmotent 53
FromS toctko F low 55
Apporotniment 56
Realloncgat thieB aes 57
Sharianngd S ocailV alue 58
Reapoprtoinmenatn dE xhcangRea teAsr:i stotle's
Solution 60
ManaginGge nerosiattHy o me 63
4 TheG reaEts tatPeo:w erE,x tractainodn ,
Expansion 68
Modelasn dH istoriCchaanlg e 69
vi CONTENTS
Self-sufcfyiR,c aiiteonns,a ndR eason 75
ContemporEasrtyea st 78
5 Reciproacnidtt yh eG iftE:x tenditnhgeB ase 80
Genaelogioefts h eG ift 81
Exetndinagn dR ertactitnhgeB ase 86
Sister-nEgxech a 90
TheB adeg ofS ociety 92
6 Tradaen dP rofit 94
TheT rdaeD omain 94
TheP uzzloef P rofit 97
A Theoroyf P rofit 102
Accmuualtion 104
7 Profointt heS mall 101
A PottePrr'osf it 110
InnvoatiionnG ropus 113
Exetndintghe B asea ndP rofit 116
ProfiBta,s ea,n dC apital 117
8 Realmasn dD ialectViaclsu:ei snP roduction,
Tradea,nd U se. 121
FromB aset oB aes:T rnasfrominOgb jects,
RelationsahnidTp rsda,e 122
FromB aset oC apitaAlp:p ropriaPtrioodnu,c tion,
Trdae 126
FromC apittaolB ase:R esiliaenncdRe e sinsctae 132
TrdaeW ithitnh eB aseC:i rcuaintdsB udgets 133
TheB asei nT rdae 137
9 PolitiEccaoln omTyo day 144
InnovaitngR elations 146
TheR atinoailtoyf C apitalainsdmS ocialism 149
TheQ uestinosT oday 155
References 165
Index 183
Acknowledgments
Ib geanr esefaortrch hbi oso wkh eio lna s inqgulaer lteeafrvr eot mh e
UniveorfMs iintsnyoe taan,Ida mg rtaeftuotl hU en ivearsws eilatlsy
thCeo lloefLg ieb eArratflso r theiirnt hspeua psypteo arTrths e.
inidtriaaoflftt h beo owka wsr itdtuernit nhge Iyw eaaasrF ellaotw
thCee ntfeoArrd vanced tShBteeu hdayv Siicnoi reanIltc heastn;hk e
Centetrh safptoe rco ipapluo nritatnytd,h e NaStciioenFnaoclue n da­
tifoonfr i nncaisaulp p(ogrrt#a SnEtS0 -229192).
Thbeo okth'es-s tihswaetl iivnme u ltciopmlmeu nwihtiinceohsu r­
isehn dea-viossru sppobryt eidt hsi sotwfonorI ray m,i ndebttoe d
mancyol leagaunefdsr ieMnyds sp.e ctihaalng kots oA lbeRritvoe ra,
witwhh omIh avuen dertfaikeelnd iwno rCko laonmdGb uiaat e­
malWae.h avpeu bliasrhteiadcn ladbe oso k tobguettth hpaeutr b,l ic
authordsohenisop st u fficeixepnrmteylsd yse bttoh imT.h ee th­
nography ona nGCduo altoemmcbaoilmaafe rso omu srh arfeide ld­
worwkh,i hcehh aasl lomweet do uasnIedh , a vgea ineendo rmloyu s
froomu r mdainsyc usasbiotouhntees t hnogarnaldpa hryig sesru es.
InJ un1e99 5A,r jKol amaenrPd h Miilr owsspkeianh tu mwiede kend
inM inneawphoilwlieeds i scuescsoendoa mnitch roptohlewoyig lyl;
recogtnhiezmfeer sot mh acto nverisnat thviioosnl uImnet .hp ea st
decaIdh ea,v ael shoa de xceldliesnctus sw siitohn scholars from
othdeirs cipalnidItn heasJn,ak c Akm ariglio, Stephen Cullenberg,
AntonCiaol lJa.r iGK,i. bo sn-GraLhaarmLr,oy h manDnei,d re
McClosJkoehRyni, c haDradvsRi,ud c cVieor,nR ount taannJd,a mes
ScoIta tl.os woes pectihaalna knasdp prectioFa rteidoenAr pipqfueel ­
Margalnidn StMeaprhgeflnoi trnh esiurp paonrsdt u ggesItni ons.
anthropIho alvorege yc,ee invceodu ragienmteernretef,se tr,ce rnic­es,
tiqauneds, u ggeisdteifavrseo N mu rit BirJda-mDeCasav rirdi,e r,
ScarElpestttAe ritnu,r o EAsdcaoKmbu apreK,re ,iH tahr Mti,c hael
HerzfAelHlfod r,n bMoarrgMk,o skBoe,On r loGvfesP,la il sRsiocnk,
ShwedaenrRd,i chWairldMl yeM innecsooltlae JaoghuInen sg ham
anMdi scPhean hna vbee eenv er-supapnoIdra tpipvree,tc hieaitre
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
helapng do ocdo lleagAutMe isnhniepsI.ao ltwsaao,n ttot haAnmky
PoratneKdra thlSeaeunn dAethr osm.Re o,x aRneeb,e cEclaia,sn ed,
Kerheanv bee en cgormemaetn tlaitsotreasnn,red er asd,oe vrelsro ng
perioofd st ime.
Thea uthaonrpd u bliasrhgeer raustl te osf evesroaulrf coers per­
misstioo nr peruesvei pouubslliyms ahteedrs ioamoleft: h mea terial
inc hap7tw earfs i rst pres1e99n2at retdi "ciRelnme o,md ye tlhien g
HouseE coofn omCiuclst:u rIen naoinvoda"n At ,meriEctahnn olo­
gisvot1l,9. n ,o 1.1: 41 -5a4ne; a rvleiresroi fso onm oeft he informa­
tion ofcfhearpetd1e ,2ri ,7sn ,a nd8 w asp uibslhienSd t ephen
GudemaannAd l berto" RSiuvsietnartgiah Cn,eo mmunRietsyi,s ting
thMea rkGeuta:t emPaelracsntp ise"v,i ejn ohFn.R i cha(reddLs.a )n,d ,
Propaenrtdth yEe n viro(nOmkaelnaItnC dPS:r easv se)r;so ifco hna p­
te5rw apsu bliass"h Tehde PosGtimtfo,id"nSe trenp Chuelnl enberg,
Jack AmaarniDdga lvRiiuodc, c (ieo)dP ,sos tmodeErcnoinscmos,m i
anKdn oewdlg(eL ondRoonu:t l2ed00g1e),.
ChatperO ne
CommunitMya,r keatn,d
Culture
:
Econoamnitch ropolotgoiy n dautsttearnswid easlal lse ltihfnoeg raphic
situabteicoancusos,me p arparbolcee ssseecsu ariinnmnd ga nagin
valutehdian rgfeso uenvde rhyewrBeue.tc onyow,mh ircehv oalbvoJeust
makihnogl,d uisnigsn,hg a,r eixncgh,a nagniadnc gc,u mulvaatli­ng
ueodb jeacntsdse rviinccelsmu,od retesh asnt andmaarrdkt ehte ory
suggeAsnttsh.r oppollaaoys gspy e crioaillneb rdoeanionugur n der­
stanodfmi antge lriifaelt, hl eef sosr- repcroogcneaisrzdseeie dss p layed
witshp eccilaalir ni tstyih teu aettihonnosg rsatpuhIdentyr h.sbi oso k
Io ffaec rr oss-cmuoldtoeufler caoln odmrya wfnr oamn thropology,
writttheeno raincedos n,t emploirMfayer .yp uriptsoo ds eev eal op
lexiocrlo ann gufaodgrie s cuescsoinnogpm riocc easss ewasese l nl­
vironmweenltfadalir,se t,r ibauntodit ohcneoarnl t,e mpiosrsaureys .
Ia rgtuheea cto nocmoyn soifts wtos rewahlimIccs ha, cl olm munv ity
anmda rkBeottf.ha cmeatksue pe conofmohyru, m aanrsme o tivated
bys ocfiuallf ilclumreinoatsn,itd th pyel, e aosfmu arset aesrw ye,la ls
instrupmuernptcoaoslme p,e tainttdih oaenc ,c umuloafgt aiiBonyns .
communIir teyft,eor r e aoln,- the-agsrsoaoutcniidao nntdso i mag­
inesdo lidtahrpaietto ipeelxsep ecreiM.ea nrkdeets igannaotneysm ous,
shorte-xtcehram.n gWmeeis gchattl hle tsweoa speocfet cso nomy,
thUep -claonstdeh F ea r-diIsnot nagenu ti.es ceo,n oimlsyo caanld
specific,t hcroonsusogtchiri teaullta etdi aonncdso hnitpesx dteu­ally
fined Ivna lotuthehesie .tr ,i s imepveegrnls oobananaladl,b , s tracted
frosmo ccioanlt ext; this doifsm eepnasrbiauotitnen dtc eornascits­ts
inagg enBtostr.he alamresev er-pbruewtse be rnitnn ogwo nen,o w
thoet hienrt of otrheeg rionpu rnadc atniidcd ee olTohgery e.l ation­
shiicpso mplseoxm:e ttihmee sft awcooef es c onoamrsyee parated, at
other tiamrmeeus t utahlelyy doepppeonosdree dni tn,t eractive. But
alwatyhses ihri frteilnagit fsii olwnli ettdhe nsTihoins. ibasob ooku t
thdei alercetliacotafeil co onn otmwyro'e sa lms.
Is haelslp ectiratylop l oyr ttrhameyu ltipolfti hcceio tmym unity
reawlimti htg sr ounidnli oncga l avnasdlh uohewos w,i atn mda rket
2 COMMUNITYM,A RKETA,N D CULTURE
arceo nneicnit nesdt itaunptdir oancstT ihcmeeo st.oo frc apitiasl ism
profit-bmuaItks ihnasglu,lg gtehsaettv etnh e most market-driven
act-otrhnea tioorng alloc boarlp or-amtiixtoehnste w roe alamnsd
relointe hspe r esoefnc coem murnealla tainrdoe nsso ufroicrtes ssu c­
cesEsc.o noamnitch ropIot lhoigunynk,i, q uelyt hddeio supbllaey s
facoefe conoamnytd h iem portoaftn hcueep -clTohsepe o.l iotfi cs
thbioso skt efmr otmh diesm onstrtahtieim opno rotfat nhcceoe m ­of
munrael atlhmu,os bi lgiunstg o reotuhwria nyoksfd istrinbeuwt ing
wealth.
Ia rriavte dtm hoidsse llo wfloyar,s,I f ouinnd ctohuer se of my
studeiceosn,oa mnitch ropiotlsioedsgli yfv ided thMeyoo rwent ically.
intelltercaltiemuldea lr tihgrhottu hgdehi scicpnlolfiincett'hisne go ­
retical pbeercsapeueascctethi i mIvte eh so,uI gh hatsd o lvap eudz zle
ine conoamnitch roptohleo gayn,s wern epwqr uoemsptttiehodan ts
leda s thoii fnt c moyu ranstdeof reisnhq uiarbioteuhstce o nnections
between asnoidcm ipaelristoyn alA b erxirceehfucan ontgioenft.g h ese
experiaennpdce ersp lepxriotviaime disen si amtaupor fte h fei eld and
itfsi ss.u res
Myf irrsets eairntc h1he69, 0 wsa,cs a rroiuetd s imna vlail l loafg e
rurPaaln amIwa e.n t tfhilewlrieetdc h no fidetnhcamety b usiness
schotorla iinni ndge cthiesoiaronyngd a mteh eocroym,b iwnietdh
anthropwooluoylgidye d,le dei pn siignhtttholse o ceaclo noWmeya.r ­
intgh hea ta n oefo claescsoincoaImli i nstte,nt doae pdp ly concepts
frotmh teh eoorfmy a rkteott sha ec tivoifst buiseiss tfeanrrcmsee. 1
Myg oawla tso e litchieatig rr icuclhtouiarcnaepdlsl tohte omnd eci­
siotnr eaetst,a cthhiesniugreb cjtviavleu aatnipdo rnosb laibttiioe s
thoeu tcoIma enst.i citphtaahttei exsde ricnitseetn,ode exdp lain their
behaviinto erro mfrs a ticohnoaialcn ed selfw-oiunlotdpe etrnhe es t,
wayt oaf uelxlp loroaftt hieoinr econotmhye.ow roSyut lbaden dard
myg uidew heivIlea end apitte tdth loeo ccaoln ditIino nltsah.ne ­
guaogfee c onoamnitch ropIwo olouglbydea, " o frmsat"lb, iecaIu se
wapsr esutmhiantg smeovdeerrtanhlie sotwr eirueens i vearpspallil­y
cabTlheea. s sumpItt ihoonu,wg ahastr ,e escptofnuefl,o I ri nferred
thraatt icohnoawilac sseh araecdrc ouslst aunrtdeh sha utm amnasd e
reasosneaqbuleeon fsc eelse crteigoanro dfcl oenstse xt.
Emboldbeynt ehde oarncyde rtoafmi ent hIos de,t tow iwtohrikn
af edwa yosfm oviinngtt ohv ei llIwa eglerl.e memtbheferi risntt er­
viewwi tmhy P anamanneiiagnh wbhoofr a,r mreidac nemd a ifzoer
housechoonlsdu mpHtipisuo znz.l eamnegdne tni tnlcer eadtum ly ity
questsieomten t sow ondehri asic ft iovfbi utryn ing tahned earth
pokihnogli ensf oisrte eding wouldb ybc eo miplalirtutiom n ign ated
aM ontCea rsliom ulaWthiahotan hd.a ppetnoae r do bucsotn cern
withhu mainn tensthiaorpnersda, c taincvdee sr,mb eaaln i?In k gespt
COMMUNITYM,A RKETA,N D CULTURE 3
hearMienygeF ro rtweasr'nsai bnogtu htle i mitoaft" iibolnlbsia alrld"
socio(lHomege ya.ns ete sioncgp iraalc atsip hcyes oiruc nsi ntended
actiaonnrdse ac.ti2Ao)fn tsseorm sel eephloeusrIqss u, it th astt udy
the dnaeyxb;tut th eIwn a asd rifItl ,a cfkaote rhd e oraentcihcoarl.
WhiilneP anaImc ao lleagc rteemadat n dya taab oeucto noemvye,n
adminisatd eertiaenicglo endo qmuiecs tiotnoanr aainrdseoa mm ple
oft h9e1 h ousehiontl hdvesi llBaugItec .o unlodmt a ksee nosfe
thien formaantmdiy oi nn,t erestsc otmumrunnfeiadtm yita,lon y d,
godpahroeonTdth.er ultehsas te pasraactrgeeo dd parenthood rela­
tionshiepcso nfotrmroiamcn sadcrteiwoa nmtsyt enftoiro nt,h is sepa­
ratpiroont etchteseiadrn catnipdte yr manyeenptcr eo,v iadb eads is
for atnrcduo smtm ittmheacntot u fludr tohtehree xrc hgaenIsn .o w
seteh mayts tru(ghgvalien\J ge erna iisnaew do rolfcd o mmeracnida l
Deweyapnr agmattoin sdmue)r sthaonw,d p eocpoluefl edte hla at
pureslayc riendv,i siinbtlaent,gic ieob mlmei tthteetmdoo na.neo ther,
in ftahcoeef c ontrsaerlyfe -sitnpstl,ea ryaer do liend evelompyi ng
understoafcn odmimnugne ictoyn omy.
WheInl atdeirs coverAemde rLidacetapinen n dtehnecoMyra yr,x ­
isma,n dn eoRicaercdoinaonmt ihceesc o,n oimnifco rmfaortmi on
Panasmuad ndlemya dsee nasneId,w roats et uodnyt he devastating
consequoeftn hcee sc fhraonsmgle ef -sufafgirciicetunlomtt a urrkee t
cronpgpI.its3 e emteomd e t hatt htrhteehe e otrhioeusdg,eh v eloped
inL atAimne riacnadn ineteentEhu-rcoepnet,u royf fered building
blofcokcrso nstraug cetnieenrcgao ln oamnitch ropTohleotsgheye .o ­
rieusn,lti hkmeeo raebt sraacntid n dividounaeslsti,asw rtititc chl ass
strucotru drtiehef erf enctoimamla onfrd e souarncsdeh soh,wo wt his
control influenocfwe esa littnmhh ae r kaeelxtlc ohcaTanhtgeieyo. n
suggtehsamtta telriimfaaelyb ef ilwlietcdho nfelxipclto,i atnadt ion,
inconsissutceahnsf c airemsi,n fgo srbu obtshi satnfedo ngrca ei n. For
thPea nasmtau tdhyu,Is u ,s edde veltohpeeotdrou y n dersltoacnadl
practaincvdeo si cbeusItd ; i ndo cto nsider why wtehrees e theories
generaaplpllyi ncoahrbo lwae t heoirtysm ealyrf e floerbc eit n flu­
encbeydt hseo ccioanld iitnwi hoinicsdth e vpesl.o
Upocno mpletthisintsgu Idr ye,c onsmiyd eprwaehtdeh In a sked
mysehlofwa ctorsa'n mdve oainciecnsog ucslo dn trtioab nuu tned er­
stangod fei cnonolmiaifncetd h eoIrnyf.l ubeynt chweeod r okfG eertz
(1793)a nSda hl(i17n96)sI ,w ondehroewtd h aen thropocloong­ical
cepotfc ultcuoruebl edf itttoee cdo nomEivcesn.t uIha olnletyhd,e
isstuoaes inqgulees twihoaintcs: u lteucroanlo ?mT ihcipssu zzsleet
meo ffa onnt erwa Iiw lo.r kmeydw ayt hrotuhg"ehus bstantivist"
vieowfK arPlo laannydti h ien stitutoifTo hnoarlsiVtseembi lne n.
Botwhr itaerirens s tituotriioennatlebldoy,to hfa fgneedrn etrhaelo ­
rioefse cono-moyn bea soendt huen iverosfha ulmiatinyn stincts,
4 COMMUNITYM,A RKETA,N D CULTURE
thoet hoenrt hwea ytsh at alnadln adb aorrse h apaenddu sed in
socieOtfti hetesw .oo ,n lVye bl-epnr agmaatnisdsy tm bo-liins­t
quiriendta oc tomresa'n iWnigtsth.h tihse maen da nthropaosl ogy
myg uiIdb ee,g taon esceoen omcyo nasst rtuhcrtoefudogm lhko dels
anmde tap.hT4oh reds eveloping lpeedr tsmoqpe ue ecstttiihvoeen
way uwseu adlelfyti hneeec ono-amsyc onsiosfgt oionadgns sd e rv­
ictersa nsianmc atrekd-e atnstd o b es cepotfie csasle ntialist theories
ine conomOintc hsoe.n sei dIae r,g utehdam ta tearcitamilao ynb e
constrtuhcrtoerudeg lhi gsioocuisa,l , or other "non-economic" prac­
ticfersow mh itchh ey cannot obnte h oest ehpIeap rrr,ao tpeodse;d
thtahte wraens o u nderl"yrtiu"nem go,d oefle conobmuymt,u ltiple,
meanngiffuolr mulwaittihopinansr ticcuulltauTrro de esm.o nstrate
thber eaodftt hhci lsa Iia mn,a lyszoemtdeh eorwertiitciianWnl eg sst ­
ern ecoansco umlitcusr al cIotfnh steth reuoocrfDti aievosRin idsc .a rdo
ort heei ghteenth-centuryf rpochmuy lstiuofrarcamrlealdty s derived
experiaenandcc hei,e ved thpeoiwrpe aprr ebtrylrs yeu faassihvieo ning
acceppeterdc ephtoiwdo infsf,ew reertneht ef yr otmh eet hnographic
modeWlhsy?s houwlead c ceWpets tern atsbh eeiocnrrgio esss -cul­
turally cooran shv aivniacsn ipgne gcg iraals epc oonno emsisce ntials,
thsee arfocwrhh ich bmeaam yo deWrens,t oebrsne ssion?
Evewnh iflien isthhieinnsgd eahvoowre,vI he artd,o a dmitI that
nowh aadc olleocfst eipoanmr oadtee-li sllusttrhea tihnugma n cul­
turcaalp a-cibtunytow ayt od evealc oopm pareactoinvoeam ni­c
thropoIal loksgnoye .tw h laotc parla ctiincteewsri stethch te epcrtosj
oft hose aoc uotmsmiudnweih tomy a yp rovpiowdeer fpuelr suasions
anldi mointw sh amta yb ea chieEvceodn.o mniole ests,hs at nh eories
v abotuhte nme,v eexrtii sni sola(tdieostnph ireet aed itnhgam to dern
economgiisvtteots hR eo binCsrounss oteoa rnyrd e proidntu hceei r
bounded wmiotedhxe olgse vnaoruis)a b.l es
Iw enbta ctkot h fei etlhde,r eafnoudrn ed,e ratr oeoske parrocjhe ct
inr urCaoll omwbiitah ARlibveer-rftiraoe nadn fdo rmsetru dent.5
Undtehrue m breclolnac ecpotn voefr scaotmimounnaiwlte si teusd,­
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