The Antarctic Treaty System in World Politics

488 Pages·1991·50.77 MB·English

by  Arnfinn Jørgensen-Dahl

THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM IN
WORLD POLmCS
The Antarctic Treaty
System in
World Politics
Edited by
Amfmn Jf2Srgensen-Dahl
Head. Polar Programme
The Fridtjof Nansen Institute. Norway
and
Willy 0streng
Director
The Fridtjof Nansen Institute. Norway
Palgrave Macmillan
e
The FridtjofNansen Institute 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved. For infonnation write:
Scholarly and Reference Division
SL Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10010
First published in the United States of America in 1991
ISBN 978-1-349-12473-2 ISBN 978-1-349-12471-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-12471-8
Ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Antarctic treaty system in world politics I edited by Amfinn
JfIlrgensen-Dahl and Willy 0streng.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-06206-4
1. Antarctic regions-International status. 2. Mining law
-Antarctic regions. I. JfIlrgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn, 1939-
II. 0streng, Willy, 1941-
JX4084.ASAS59 1991
341.7'62'09989--dc20 91-9080
CIP
To Alf Sanengen
Contents
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xii
List of Matrixes xii
Preface xiii
Notes on the Contributors xv
Abbreviations xx
Foreword by Kjell Magne Bondevik xxi
Introduction: The Antarctic Challenge 1
Arnfinn Jprgensen-Dahl and Willy 0streng
1 The Antarctic Treaty System: Goals,
Performance and Impact 4
Christopher D. Beeby
SECTION 1 EXPERIENCES FROM THE
CONVENTION ON LIVING
RESOURCES
2 The Effectiveness of the Decision-Making
Machinery of CCAMLR: An Assessment 25
Francisco Orrego Vicuna
3 Has CCAMLR Worked? Management Politics
and Ecological Needs 43
JohnA. Heap
4 CCAMLR: The Practical Implications of an
Eco-System Approach 54
Marinelle Basson and John R. Beddington
5 CCAMLR - A Critical Assessment 70
Jean-Pierre Puissochet
vii
viii Contents
SECTION 2 THE MINERALS CONVENTION
(CRAMRA) AS A
MANAGEMENT TOOL
6 The Mineral Potential of Antarctica:
The State of the Art 79
Geoffrey Larminie
7 Negotiating a New Regime: How
CRAMRA Came Into Existence 94
Rolf Trolle Andersen
8 The Design of CRAMRA: How Appropriate For
The Protection of the Environment 110
Alan D. Brown
9 The Unfinished Task: CRAMRA and the
Question of Liability 120
Radiger Wolfrum
10 CRAMRA and Other Environmental Regimes
in the ATS: How Well does it Fit? 133
Lee A. Kimball
SECTION 3 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND
mE ATS AT LARGE
11 Antarctica and its Place in the Contemporary
Environmental Movement 147
Sveneld Evteev
12 SCAR in the ATS: Conflict or Harmony? 153
Carlos Rinaldi
13 CRAMRA: The Ugly Duckling of the
Antarctic Treaty System? 161
Christopher C. Joyner
14 Protection of the Environment in Antarctica:
Are Present Regimes Enough? 186
James N. Bames
Contents ix
15 The Antarctic Resource Conventions Implemented:
Consequences for the Sovereignty Issue 229
Peter J. Beck
16 The Changing Role of Antarctic Science 277
Anders Karlqvist
SECfION4 THE A1'5 AND THE
WORLD COMMUNITY
17 The Legitimacy of the A1 '5 22,7
Amjinn Jljrgensen-Dahl
18 The Ability of the Antarctic Treaty System
to Adapt to External Challenges 299
Mohamed Haron
19 The Influence of the United Nations on the
Antarctic System: A Source of Erosion or Cohesion? 309
Stuart Harris
20 The Relationship between the A1'5 and the
Law of the Sea Convention of 1982 322,
Vasiliy S. Safronchuk
21 Consultative Status under the Antarctic Treaty:
Redefining the Criteria? 335
Adriaan Bos
22 Reflections on the Legality of the A1 '5 343
Vladimir Golitsyn
SECfION 5 THE A1'5 MODEL
AND THE FUTURE
23 The Relevance of the Antarctic Treaty System
as a Model for International Cooperation 357
Olav Schram Stokke
24 Cooperative Momentum? The Antarctic Treaty System
and the Prevention of Conflict 372
Sergei N. Karev
x
Contents
25 Towards Firmer Institutionalization of the ATS?
Future Role of the Consultative Meeting and the
Issue of a Permanent Secretariat 379
Kurt Messer and Ralf Breth
26 The Antarctic Treaty System: Are There Viable
Alternatives? 399
Richard Fa lk
27 Antarctic Tourism -The Need for a
Legal Regime? 415
Ian E. Nicholson
28 The AT S Model and the Future 428
Prakash Shah
29 The Conflict and Alignment Pattern
of Antarctic Politics. Is a New Order Needed? 433
Willy 0streng
Select bibliography 451
Index 470
List of Figures
4.1 Krill is a key link in the Antarctic food chain. 56
4.2 Yield versus Population size for a krill
predator, under the assumptions of a large krill
harvest and no krill harvest. 57
4.3 Hypothetical relationships between krill and
two predator groups. 59
4.4 Yield versus krill population under the
assumptions of no predators and optimum levels
of predator population size. 60
4.5 Relative recovery times for baleen whales
and finfish populations under the assumption
that these populations were reduced to a
low percentage of their initial levels. 61
4.6 The relationship between spawning stock and
recruitment for the Antarctic rockcod,
Notothenia gibberifrons. 62
4.7 Relative response times of two predator
populations, baleen whales and finfish,
following krill harvest. 64
4.8 Two possible types of relationship between
the population size and the number of births
and number of deaths per annum. 66
15.1 Antarctic Territorial Claims. 231
15.2a The Antarctic Treaty System: Membership,
Consultative Parties (ATCPs). 235
15.2b The Antarctic Treaty System: Membership,
Non-Consultative Parties. 236
xi