The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change: Part One

389 Pages·2001·11.29 MB·English

The Antarctic Paleoenvironment:
A Perspectiveo n Global Change
Part One
ANTARCTIC
American Geophysical Union RESEARCH
SERIES
Physical Sciences
ANTARCTIC OCEANOLOGY
Joseph L. Reid, Editor
ANTARCTIC OCEANOLOGY II: THE AUSTRALIAN-
NEW ZEALAND SECTOR
Dennis E. Hayes, Editor
ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES
Malcolm Melior, Editor
ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES II
A. P. Crary, Editor
ANTARCTIC SOILS AND SOIL FORMING PROCESSES
J. C. F. Tedrow, Editor
DRY VALLEY DRILLING PROJECT
L. D. McGinnis, Editor
GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHERN
VICTORIA LAND
Edmund Stump, Editor
GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC
Jarvis B. Hadley, Editor
GEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC
MOUNTAINS
Mort D. Turner and John F. Splettstoesser,
Editors
GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY
A. H. Waynick, Editor
METEOROLOGICALS TUDIES AT PLATEAU STATION,
ANTARCTICA
Joost A. Businger, Editor
OCEANOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF
Stanley S. Jacobs,E ditor
STUDIES IN ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY
Morton J. Rubin, Editor
UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH IN ANTARCTICA
L. J. Lanzerotti and C. G. Park, Editors
THE ROSS ICE SHELF: GLACIOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
C. R. Bentley and D. E. Hayes, Editors
VOLCANOES OF THE ANTARCTIC PLATE AND SOUTHERN
OCEANS
W. E. LeMasurier and J. T. Thomson, Editors
MINERAL RESOURCES POTENTIAL OF ANTARCTICA
John F. Splettstoessera nd Gisela A.M. Dreschhoff,
Editors
CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTARCTIC RESEARCH I
David H. Elliot, Editor
CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTARCTIC RESEARCH II
David H. Elliot, Editor
MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL ATLAS
OF THE CIRCUM-ANTARCTIC TO 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes, Editor
MOLLUSCAN SYSTEMATICS AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
Jeffery D. Stilwell and William J. Zinsmeister
ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
American Geophysical Union
SERIES
Biological and Life Sciences ANTARCTIC TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY
George A. Llano, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY II
Milton O. Lee, Editor Bruce Parker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS II TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY III
George A. Llano, Editor Bruce Parker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS III
GeorgeA . Llano and Waldo L. Schmitt, Editors
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IV ANTARCTIC ASCIDIACEA
GeorgeA . Llano and I. Eugene Wallen, Editors Patricia Kott
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS V ANTARCTIC BIRD STUDIES
David L. Pawson, Editor Oliver L. Austin, Jr., Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VI ANTARCTIC PINNIPEDIA
David L. Pawson, Editor William Henry Burt, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VII ANTARCTIC CIRRIPEDIA
David L. Pawson, Editor William A. Newman and Arnold Ross
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VIII BIRDS OF THE ANTARCTIC AND SUB-ANTARCTIC
David L. Pawson and Louis S. Kornicker, Editors George E. Watson
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IX ENTOMOLOGY OF ANTARCTICA
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor J. Linsley Gressitt, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS X HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO ANTARCTIC CONDITIONS
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor E. K. Eric Gunderson, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor Olga Hartman
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XII POLYCHAETA MYZOSTOMIDAE AND SEDENTIARIA OF
David L. Pawson, Editor ANTARCTICA
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIII Olga Hartman
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor RECENT ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC BRACHIOPODS
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIV Merrill W. Foster
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XV
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVI
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVII
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVIII
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIX
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XX
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XXI
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
ANTARCTIC
Volume 56 RESEARCH
SERIES
The Antarctic Paleoenvironment:
A Perspectiveo n Global Change
Part One
James P. Kennett
Detlef A. Warnke
Editors
(cid:127)AmericanG eophysUicnaiol n
Washington, D.C.
1992
ANTARCTIC
Volume 56 RESEARCH
SERIES
Publishedu nder the aegiso f the
Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series
David H. Elliot, Chairman
JohnB . Anderson,S tephenC airns,
SamuelC . Colbeck,R odneyM . Feldmann,
E. Imre Friedmann, Dennis E. Hayes,
Charles R. Stearns
Library of CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata
The Antarctic paleoenvironment.
(Antarctic research series; v. 56)
Papersf rom a conferenceh eld at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Aug.
28-31, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Paleogeography--Antarcticr egions--Congresses. 2. Paleoecology--Antarctic
regions--Congresses.
I. Kennett, James P. II. Warnke, Detlef A.
QE501.4.P3A64 1992 560'.45'09989 92-37312
ISBN 0875908233 (pb. 1) CIP
ISSN 0066-4634
Copyright1 992b y the AmericanG eophysicaUln ion
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from AGU.
Publishedb y
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With the aid of grantD PP-89-1549f4ro mt he
National Science Foundation
Printed in the United States of America.
viii
CONTENTS
The Antarctic ResearchS eries' Statemento f Objectives
Board of Associate Editors xi
Preface
James P. Kennett and Detlef A. Warnke xiii
Acknowledgments xiv
James P. Kennett and Detlef A. Warnke
Introduction
James P. Kennett and John A. Barron
The Development of PaleoseawaysA round Antarctica
Lawrence A. Lawver, Lisa M. Gahagan, and Millard F. Coffin
Biogeographoy f Campanian-MaastrichtiaCna lcareousP lanktoni n the Region
of the SouthernO cean:P aleogeographiacn d PaleoclimaticIm plications
Brian T. Huber and David K. Watkins 31
Late Cretaceous-EarlyT ertiary Antarctic OutcropE videncef or Past
Vegetation and Climates
Rosemary A. Askin 61
PaleogeneC hronologyo f SouthernO ceanD rill Holes' An Update
Wuchang Wei 75
Late Eocene-Early Oligocene Evolution of Climate and Marine Circulation'
Deep-Sea Clay Mineral Evidence
ChristianR obert and Hervd Chamley 97
Evidence From Fossil Vertebrates for a Rich Eocene Antarctic Marine
Environment
Judd A. Case 119
Paleoecology of Eocene Antarctic Sharks
Douglas J. Long 131
CenozoicD eep-SeaC irculation'E videnceF rom Deep-SeaB enthic
Foraminifera
Ellen Thomas 141
The Influenceo f the Tethyso n the BottomW aterso f the Early Tertiary Ocean
Hedi Oberhiinsli 167
ix
Late Eocene-Oligocene Sedimentation in the Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Sector
(Maud Rise, ODP Leg 113, Site 689): Development of Surface and Bottom
Water Circulation
Liselotte Diester-Haass 185
GeotechnicalS tratigraphyo f Neogene Sediments:M aud Rise and Kerguelen
Plateau
Frank R. Rack and Alan Pittenger 203
Cenozoic Glacial History of the Ross Sea Revealed by Intermediate Resolution
Seismic Reflection Data Combined With Drill Site Information
John B. Anderson and Louis R. Bartek 231
Toward a High-Resolution Stable Isotopic Record of the Southern Ocean
During the Pliocene-Pleistocene( 4.8 to 0.8 Ma)
David A. Hodell and Kathryn Venz 265
Miocene-Pliocene Antarctic Glacial Evolution: A Synthesiso f Ice-Rafted
Debris, Stable Isotope, and Planktonic Foraminiferal Indicators, ODP Leg 114
Detlef A. Warnke, Carl P. Allen, Daniel W. Miiller, David A. Hodell, and
Charlotte A. Brunner 311
A Late Neogene Antarctic Glacio-eustatic Record, Victoria Land Basin
Margin, Antarctica
Scott E. Ishman and Hugh J. Rieck 327
Late Quaternary Climatic Cycles as Recorded in Sediments From the Antarctic
Continental Margin
Hannes Grobe and Andreas Mackensen 349
PaleoecologicalI mplications of Radiolarian Distribution and StandingS tocks
Versus Accumulation Rates in the Weddell Sea
Demetrio Boltovskoy and Viviana A. Alder 377
List of Co-chief Scientistso n DSDP and ODP Legs 385
The Antarctic Research Series'
STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
The Antarctic Research Series provides for the presentation of detailed scientific research
resultsf rom Antarctica, particularly the results of the United States Antarctic Research Program,
including monographs and long manuscripts.
The series is designed to make the results of Antarctic fieldwork available. The Antarctic
Research Series encouragest he collection of papers on specific geographica reas within Antarc-
tica. In addition, many volumes focus on particular disciplines, including marine biology,
oceanology, meteorology, upper atmosphere physics, terrestrial biology, geology, glaciology,
human adaptability, engineering, and environmental protection.
Topical volumes in the series normally are devoted to papers in one or two disciplines.
Multidisciplinary volumes, initiated in 1990 to enable more rapid publication, are open to papers
from any discipline. The series can accommodatel ong manuscriptsa nd utilize special formats,
such as maps.
Priorities for publication are set by the Board of Associate Editors. Preference is given to
research manuscripts from projects funded by U.S. agencies. Because the series serves to
.emphasizet he U.S. Antarctic ResearchP rogram, it also performsa function similar to expedition
reports of many other countries with national Antarctic research programs.
The standards of scientific excellence expected for the series are maintained by the review
criteria establishedf or the AGU publicationsp rogram. Each paper is critically reviewed by two or
more expert referees. A member of the Board of Associate Editors may serve as editor of a
volume, or another person may be appointed. The Board works with the individual editors of each
volume and with the AGU staff to assure that the objectives of the series are met, that the best
possiblep apers are presented, and that publication is timely.
Proposals for volumes or papers offered should be sent to the Board of Associate Editors,
Antarctic Research Series, at 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. Publication
of the series is partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
Board of Associate Editors
Antarctic Research Series
xi
PREFACE
The Antarctic continent and the surrounding South- ronmental data from the Antarctic region; (2) to identify
ern Ocean represent one of the major climate engineso f and debate major remaining questions, most of which
the Earth: coupled components critical in the Earth's are thematic in nature; (3) to assisti n formulating plans
environmental system. The contributions in this volume for future Antarctic ocean drilling; and (4) to organize
help with the understanding of the long-term evolution publication of a series of summary/synthesisp apers
of Antarctica's environment and biota. The aim of this leading to this, the first of two volumes. Although it has
and the succeedingc ompanion volume is to help place been the intention of the scientific community to pro-
the modern system within a historical context. duce summary or synthesis volumes of thematic or
The environment and biosphere of the Antarctic
regional nature related to ocean drilling, few have yet
region have undergone dynamic changest hrough geo-
been published. Therefore a major objective of this and
logic time. These, in turn, have played a key role in
the second volume is to help make the results of ocean
long-term global paleoenvironmental evolution. The de-
drilling more widely available to the scientific commu-
velopment of the Southern Ocean itself, resulting from
nity.
plate tectonism, created first-order changes in the cir-
In addition to these volumes the conference also led
culation of the global ocean, in turn affecting meridional
to the production of a white paper, compiled by J.
heat transport and hence global climates. Biospheric
Kennett and J. Barron (available from JOI/USSAC,
changes responded to the changing oceanic climatic
Washington, D.C.), that summarizes major remaining
states. Comprehension of the climatic and oceano-
questionsr elated to Southern Ocean paleoenvironmen-
graphicp rocessest hat have operateda t various times in
tal evolution and outlines further ocean drilling required
Antarctica's history are crucial to the understandingo f
to assist in answering these questions. Selected material
the present-day global environmental system. This
from the white paper has been modified and incorpo-
knowledgew ill become increasinglyi mportant in paral-
rated in the introduction to this volume.
lel with concernsa bout anthropogenicallyc ausedg lobal
This volume presents 18 papers of general and syn-
change. How vulnerable is the Antarctic region, espe-
thetic nature on a wide variety of topics related to the
cially its ice sheets, to global warming? The question is
environmental and biotic evolution of the Antarctic.
not parochial, given the potential of sea level change
Following a contribution that provides plate tectonic
resulting from any Antarctic cryosphericd evelopment.
reconstructionso f the Antarctic region during the last
Conversely, how much of a role does the Antarctic
200 m.y. and related paleoenvironmentali mplications,
region, this giant icebox, play in moderating global,
including sea level, change? the volume is organized so that the papers are presented
This is the first of two volumes in the American in general order of geologica ge, beginningw ith the Late
Geophysical Union's Antarctic Research Series to Cretaceous and ending with the modern Antarctic
present contributions that deal with the paleoenviron- ocean. This arrangement was selected to help empha-
mental and biotic evolution of the Antarctic region. The size the evolution of the Antarctic environmental and
papers are based on work presented at a conference biotic system during the late Phanerozoic. Two of the
held at the University of California, Santa Barbara, contributions deal with the Late Cretaceous, seven
August 28-31, 1991, entitled The Role of the Southern emphasize the Paleogene, and seven the Neogene
Ocean and Antarctica in Global Change: An Ocean through modern Antarctic ocean. Of the proxies em-
Drilling Perspective. This conference, jointly spon- ployed for interpretation of the paleoenvironmental
sored by JOI/USSAC and the Division of Polar Pro- record, eight of the contributions have used sediments,
grams, National Science Foundation, was attended by seven have used the fossil record, and one paper is an
more than 100 scientists from around the world. The interpretation of the stable isotopic record.
primary objectives of the meeting were successful in
providing a forum (1) to summarize existing paleoenvi- James P. Kennett and Detlef A. Warnke
xiii