The Antarctic Dictionary A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ANTARCTIC ENGLISH

409 Pages·2015·38.53 MB·English

The Antarctic Dictionary
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ANTARCTIC ENGLISH
BERNADETTE HINCE
CS IRO
PUBLISHING
National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Hinee, B. (Bernadette), 1951-.
The Antarctic dictionary: a complete guide to Antarctic English.
Bibliography.
ISBN 09577471 IX.
I. English language - Antarctica - Etymology.
2. English language - Antarctica - Dictionaries.
L Title.
427.9989
<) 2000 Bernadette Hince
First published 2000 by (SIRO Publishing and Museum of Victoria
Available from:
CSIRO PUBLISHING
PO Box 1139
( I 50 Oxford Street)
Collingwood 3066
Australia
Tel: [phone] Int: + 61 3 9662 7666
Fax: (OJ) 9662 7555 Int: + 61 39662 7555
F.mail: [email protected]
www.publish.csiro.au
Cover photo "Iceberg 11" © Doug Thost
The publishers gratefully acknowledge the support of Peter Boyer and the
Australian Antarctic Division in the production of this book.
To my daughters Rachacl and Clare,
and with special thanks to Harry Burton
This page intentionally left blank
-Foreword -
HHuummaannss aarree aa rreessttlleessss,, aaddaappttaabbllee aanndd iinnvveenn IInneevviittaabbllyy,, tthhee eexxiiggeenncciieess ooff lliiffee iinn tthhee ffrroozzeenn
ttiivvee ssppeecciieess.. AAss wwee hhaavvee sspprreeaadd aarroouunndd tthhee ccoonnttiinneenntt hhaavvee ssppaawwnneedd aa nneeww vvooccaabbuullaarryy.. TThhiiss
gglloobbee ttoo ccoolloonniissee nneeww eennvviirroonnmmeennttss,, bbootthh vvooccaabbuullaarryy,, lliikkee tthhee EEnngglliisshh llaanngguuaaggee iittsseellff,, iiss aa ffrreesshh
bbeenniiggnn aanndd hhoossttiillee,, wwee hhaavvee ccoonnssttaannttllyy hhaadd ttoo iinnvveenntt ssyynntthheessiiss ooff iinnggrreeddiieennttss ffrroomm ootthheerr,, oollddeerr llaanngguuaaggeess --
nneeww wwoorrddss ttoo ddeessccrriibbee uunnffaammiilliiaarr llaannddssccaappeess,, iiddeenn tthhee llaanngguuaaggeess ooff tthhee sscciieennttiissttss,, eennggiinneeeerrss,, tteecchhnniicciiaannss
ttiiffyy nneeww ppllaannttss aanndd aanniimmaallss,, rreeppoorrtt tthhee cchhaannggiinngg ooff aanndd ddooccttoorrss ooff tthhee nnaattiioonnss tthhaatt hhaavvee eessttaabblliisshheedd ppeerr
tthhee sseeaassoonnss aanndd tthhee wweeaatthheerr,, aanndd ttoo ccaattaalloogguuee tthhee mmaanneenntt bbaasseess iinn AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa..
nneeww ttoooollss aanndd tteecchhnniiqquueess wwee hhaavvee nneeeeddeedd ttoo ssuurr BBeerrnnaaddeettttee HHiinnccee''ss AAnnttaarrccttiicc DDiiccttiioonnaarryy ddooccuummeennttss
vviivvee.. LLaanngguuaaggee lluubbrriiccaatteess tthhee ccoommpplleexx ssoocciiaall tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd uussee ooff tthhiiss vvooccaabbuullaarryy.. IItt iiss aa
mmaacchhiinneerryy tthhaatt hhaass ddrriivveenn oouurr eevvoolluuttiioonnaarryy ssuucccceessss.. uunniiqquuee aanndd sscchhoollaarrllyy wwoorrkk.. WWiitthh iittss rriicchh sseeaammss ooff ppuurree,,
LLaanngguuaaggee iiss aa lliivviinngg,, ccoonnssttaannttllyy eevvoollvviinngg eennttiittyy.. PPyytthhoonneessqquuee hhuummoouurr aanndd ddaarrkk iirroonnyy,, iitt iilllluummiinnaatteess tthhee
BBuutt eevveerryy mmooddeerrnn llaanngguuaaggee iiss aallssoo aann aarrcchhiivvee ooff tthhee wwoorrkkiinnggss ooff tthhee hhuummaann mmiinndd wwhheenn ppuusshheedd ttoo iittss lliimmiittss..
hhiissttoorryy aanndd ccuullttuurree ooff iittss ssppeeaakkeerrss,, aa ccaattaalloogguuee ooff tthhee
tthhiinnggss tthhaatt wweerree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo tthheemm iinn tthheeiirr lliivveess,, aanndd
aa ddeessccrriippttiioonn ooff tthhee eennvviirroonnmmeennttss iinn wwhhiicchh tthheeyy
lliivveedd..
AAss aa pprrooffeessssiioonnaall eexxpplloorreerr,, II hhaavvee hhaadd tthhee pprriivv
iilleeggee ooff ttrreekkkkiinngg aaccrroossss AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa,, aanndd lliikkee ootthheerrss
bbeeffoorree mmee,, ffoouunndd mmyysseellff iinn aann eennvviirroonnmmeenntt ssoo aalliieenn
ttoo hhuummaann eexxppeerriieennccee,, ssoo oovveerrwwhheellmmiinnggllyy ddiiffffeerreenntt,,
tthhaatt eevveenn tthhee rriicchheess ooff tthhee EEnngglliisshh llaanngguuaaggee wweerree SSiirr RRaannuullpphh FFiieennnneess
oofftteenn iinnaaddeeqquuaattee ttoo ddeessccrriibbee iitt.. II 77 AAuugguusstt 22000000
/ am to break into the conversation
With a word that tastes like snow to say.
Douglas Stewart Fire on the Snow 1944
Introduction
TThhee rreeggiioonn ccoovveerreedd bbyy tthhee ddiiccttiioonnaarryy
AANNTTAARRCCTTIICCAA iiss aa ppllaaccee mmaannyy EEnngglliisshh--ssppeeaakk
eerrss nneevveerr tthhiinnkk ooff.. SSoommeettiimmeess iitt sseeeemmss iinnvviiss BBecrrnnaarrdd SSttoonneehhoouussec wwrroottee iinn NNoorrtthh PPoollee,, SSoouutthh PPoollee
iibbllee.. TThhee ccoonnttiinneenntt ddooeess nnoott aappppeeaarr iinn tthhee ((11999900)):: ''TThheerree aarree nnoo SSiinnggllee,, ddeeffiinniittiivvee bboouunnddaarriieess
wwoorrlldd mmaapp ooff tthhee AAuussttrraalliiaann aaiirrlliinnee QQaannttaass wwhhiicchh ffoorr eeiitthheerr AArrccttiicc oorr AAnnttaarrccttiicc ...... AAllll wwhhoo nneeeedd ppoollaarr
mmaakkeess rreegguullaarr ssuummmmeerr ssiigghhttsseeeeiinngg fflliigghhttss ttoo bboouunnddaarriieess ddeeffiinnee tthheeiirr oowwnn,, aanndd ddiiffffeerreenntt ddiissccii
AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa -- ttoo tthhee ssoouutthh ooff AAuussttrraalliiaa aanndd aaccrroossss tthhee pplliinneess uussee ddiiffffeerreenntt ccrriitteerriiaa.:' WWhhaatt ddoo wwee mmeeaann bbyy
bboottttoomm ooff tthhee mmaapp iiss aa llaannddlleessss eexxppaannssee ooff bblluuee ''aannttaarrccttiicc''?? IInn 11990022,, EEddwwiinn BBaallcchh wwrroottee
oocceeaann..
""AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa"" iiss aa tteerrmm wwhhiicchh iiss sslloowwllyy ccoommiinngg iinnttoo
TThhee AAnnttaarrccttiicc iiss,, iinn nnaammee aass wweellll aass iinn ffaacctt,, tthhee uussee ttoo ddeessiiggnnaattee tthhee ccoonnttiinneennlt wwhhiicchh pprroobbaabbllyy
ooppppoossiittee.. IInn tthhee AArrccttiicc,, iinnddiiggeennoouuss ppeeooppllee lliivvee oonn tthhee eexxtteennddss aaccrroossss tthhee rreeggiioonnss ooff tthhee SSoouutthh PPoollee ........
ppeerriimmeetteerr ooff aa ffrroozzeenn oocceeaann.. TThheeyy hhaavvee ooccccuuppiieedd tthhee GGeeooggrraapphheerrss aarree nnoott yyeett aaggrreeeedd aass ttoo tthhee lliimmiittss ooff
tthhee AAnnttaarrccttiicc..
llaannddss ssuurrrroouunnddiinngg tthhee AArrccttiicc OOcceeaann,, uusseedd iittss
rreessoouurrcceess,, aaddaappttiinngg tthheeiirr wwaayyss ooff lliiffee ttoo eexxttrreemmee IInn 22000000,, tthheeyy aarrcc ssttiillll nnoott aaggrreeeedd.. SSoo,, uussiinngg tthhee
ccoolldd,, aanndd bbeeeenn ccoolloonniisseedd bbyy ootthheerr nnaattiioonnss wwhhoo hhaavvee pprreerrooggaattiivvee ooff mmaakkeerrss ooff ddiiccttiioonnaarriieess aanndd ooff wwrriitteerrss
llaatteellyy ccoovveetteedd iittss wweeaalltthh ((tthhee ooiill)).. AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa hhaass nnoo iinn ggeenneerraall,, II hhaavvee ddrraawwnn aa wwiiddee nneett aarroouunndd aa sslliipp
nnaattiivvee ppooppuullaattiioonn.. IItt iiss oouurr oonnllyy ffrroozzeenn ccoonnttiinneenntt,, ppeerryy ssuubbjjeecctt..
tthhoouugghh eevveenn iinn tthhee eeaarrllyy ttwweennttiieetthh cceennttuurryy,, iittss ssttaattuuss IInn tthhiiss ddiiccttiioonnaarryy AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa iiss tthhee ccoonnttiinneenntt aanndd
aass aa ccoonnttiinneenntt wwaass ssttiillll oonnllyy gguueesssseedd aatt.. IInn HHaarrdd iittss ssuurrrroouunnddiinngg sseeaass aanndd iissllaannddss,, aanndd tthhee wwoorrddss
TTiimmeess ((WWiillkkeess,, AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa,, 11996633)) RRoodd MMaalllloorryy''SS bbrriieeff ddeessccrriibbeedd aarree tthhoossee uusseedd tthheerree.. NNoo oonnee hhaass mmaaddee aa
ppooeemm ssaayyss iitt aallll iinn ssiixx wwoorrddss ssttuuddyy ooff tthhee EEnngglliisshh ooff AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa bbeeffoorree.. WWhheenn tthhee
OOXXffoorrdd EEnngglliisshh OOiiccttiioommJJllYY wwaass ppuubblliisshheedd iinn 11993333,,
TThhee AAnnttaarrccttiicc,,
AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa hhaadd oonnllyy jjuusstt bbeeeenn rreeccooggnniisseedd aass aa
SSoo I{IlnnCa/rrcettiicc,,
ccoonnttiinneenntt.. SSiinnccee tthheenn wwee hhaavvee lleeaarrnntt mmuucchh aabboouutt
SSoo AAnnttaarrccttiicc
tthhee rreeggiioonn,, ppaarrttllyy tthhrroouugghh tthhee EEnngglliisshh--ssppeeaakkiinngg
TThhee iissoollaattiioonn aanndd wwiilldd nnaattuurree ooff AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa rreesseeaarrcchheerrss oonn AAuussttrraalliiaann,, BBrriittiisshh,, NNeeww ZZeeaallaanndd,,
wweerree aatt ffiirrsstt bbaarrrriieerrss ttoo bbootthh sscciieennccee aanndd wwoorrddss.. SSoouutthh AAffrriiccaann aanndd UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess bbaasseess iinn AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa..
TToo mmaannyy,, tthhee ccoonnttiinneenntt iiss ssttiillll aa bbaarrrreenn aanndd uussee TThheessee ccoouunnttrriieess hhaavvec aa yyeeaarr--rroouunndd pprreesseennccee oonn tthhee
lleessss wwaasstteellaanndd.. BBuutt aafftteerr ddeeccaaddeess ooff ttwweennttiieetthh ccoonnttiinneenntt.. TThhee AAuussttrraalliiaann ssttaattiioonn ooff MMaawwssoonn ((eessttaabb
cceennttuurryy vviissiittss bbyy aa vveerryy ssmmaallll nnuummbbeerr ooff eexxpplloorreerrss,, lliisshheedd iinn 11995544)) iiss tthhee oollddeesstt ppeerrmmaanneennttllyy--mmaannnneedd
aaddvveennttuurreerrss,, sscciieennttiissttss aanndd tthhee mmiilliittaarryy,, AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa bbaassee iinn ccoonnttiinneennttaall AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa.. TThhee AAmmeerriiccaann ssttaattiioonn
iiss nnooww ppllaayyiinngg hhoosstt ttoo aa ggrroowwiinngg nnuummbbeerr ooff aatt tthhee ssoouutthh ggeeooggrraapphhiiCC ppoollee,, AAmmuunnddsseenn--SSccootttt,, iiss tthhee
ssuummmmeerr ttoouurriissttss,, tthhee oodddd aarrttiisstt aanndd tthhee eevveenn ooddddeerr ffuurrtthheesstt ssoouutthh.. IInn iissoollaatteedd ppllaaccccss lliikkee tthheessec,, aa nneeww
lleexxiiccooggrraapphheerr.. IInn tthhee 11999999--22000000 ssuummmmeerr sseeaassoonn,, vvooccaabbuullaarryy hhaass ddeevveellooppeedd..
aann eessttiimmaatteedd 1144000000 ttoouurriissttss vviissiitteedd tthhee aannttaarrccttiicc TThhee AAnnttaarrccttiicc rreeggiioonnss iinncclluuddee nnoott oonnllyy tthhee ccoonn
rreeggiioonnss.. AAss ppeeooppllee hhaavvee bbeegguunn ttoo vviissiitt tthhee wwaatteerrss ttiinneenntt ooff AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa.. TThhiiss ddiiccttiioonnaarryy aallssoo ccoovveerrss tthhee
Janndd tthhee iiccee,, tthheeyy hhaavvee nneeeeddeedd nneeww wwoorrddss ffoorr iittss ssuubbaannttaarrccttiicc.. IItt iinncclluuddeess aallll tthhee ssuubbaannttaarrccttiicc iissllaannddss
eexxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy wwiillddlliiffee,, llaannddssccaappeess aanndd wweeaatthheerr.. aanndd iissllaannddss ssoouutthh ooff 440000SS.. aanndd oonnee nnaarrrroowwllyy nnoorrtthh
lloouurrnnaalliisstt WWaatteerr SSuulllliivvaann nnootteedd tthhiiSS,, wwhheenn hhee ooff tthhiiss,, TTrriissttaann ddaa CCuunnhhaa.. TTrriissttaann iiss oonnee ooff tthhee ttwwoo
wwrroottee iinn 11995577 tthhaatt ''uunnttiill tthhee mmoooonn oorr ootthheerr ppllaann ppeerrmmaanneennttllyy--iinnhhaabbiitteedd ppllaacceess ccoovveerreedd hheerree,, tthhee
eettss aarrcc aattttaaiinneedd,, AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa wwiillll rreemmaaiinn tthhee mmoosstt ootthheerr bbeeiinngg tthhee FFaallkkllaanndd IIssllaannddss.. BBrriittiisshh sseettttlleerrss
uunneeaarrtthhllyy rreeggiioonn wwiitthhiinn tthhee rreeaacchh ooff mmaann.. TThhee ccaammee ttoo tthhee FFaallkkllaannddss iinn 11776655,, aanndd TTrriissttaann hhaass bbeeeenn
llaannddssccaappee iiss ssoo aalliieenn tthhaatt aa ccoommpplleetteellyy ssppeecciiaall BBrriittiisshh ssiinnccee 11881166;; eeaacchh hhaass aa uunniiqquuee lleexxiiccoonn.. MMaannyy
iizzeedd vvooccaabbuullaarryy iiss nneeeeddeedd ttoo ddeessccrriibbee iitt:: TThhiiss ddiicc FFaallkkllaannddss wwoorrddss -- ccaammpp iiss tthhee bbeesstt eexxaammppllee --
ttiioonnaarryy ddooccuummeennttss tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd uussee ooff ccoommee ffrroomm tthhee SSppaanniisshh ooff nneeaarrbbyy mmaaiinnllaanndd SSOouLltthh
tthhiiss vvooccaabbuullaarryy.. AAmmeerriiccaa.. AAnndd mmaannyy EEnngglliisshh tteerrmmss uusseedd iinn ssoouutthheerrnn--
vviiii
THE ANTARCTIC DICTIONARY
most SOLlth America occur also, sometimes first, in seeing unfamiliar sights - they needed English
the Falklands. words for them, and coined them in the south. In
Whether looked at lexically or bio-geographi part, it probably also reflects the fact that no-one has
cally, the subantarctic islands are scattered but con yet made a detailed study of Arctic English.
nected. The English botanist J.D. Hooker, in his
Flora antarctica (1847), included Tristan, St Paul, How the dictionary was made
Amsterdam, Prince Edward and Marion Islands, the
The basis for this dictionary is my collection of more
New Zealand subantarctic islands, Kerguelen, the
than 20 000 quotations from published sources. I
Falklands, South Georgia, the South Shetlands, and
read whatever I could lay my hands on, wherever I
the South Sandwich Islands, and terms referring to
was - waiting rooms, the science lab at Davis in
these subantarctic islands are included in this
Antarctica, houses of friends, and libraries in vari
dictiona ry.
ous parts of the world all provided good material.
The dictionary in general does not cover place
But though my reading program was governed
names, either formal or informal, though where
partly by chance I had clear aims: to cover the liter
place names have been used as the basis for creating
ature of the main English-speaking presences in
names for the residents, these names - Goughel,
Antarctica and the subantarctic (Britain, South
MacTownite and Mawsonite, or Auckland Island
Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the United
flightless teal, for example - have been included.
States), from the earliest writings until modern
times; and to cover the gamut of publications - sci
Northern and Scandinavian influences
entific papers, poetry, plays, novels, magaZines,
Antarctica has no indigenous population, and its newspapers, and advertisements.
mineral and petroleum resources are remote, both The bulk of literature on Antarctica and the
politically since the signing of the Madrid protocol, subantarctic regions is from the second half of the
and physically. But in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century. Scientific works form the largest
twentieth centuries, its marine life - whales, seals, part of it, because most exploration and occupation
and penguins - yielded furs and oils in evanescent of the continent has been in the name of science.
abundance. Those who came from the north to har Scientific papers arc easy to find, and not always so
vest these resources brought words for the resources easy to read. I tried hard to find other additional
and the ways of harvesting, such as the Norwegian sources to draw on, because scientific usage of
based grax. words is generally highly specialised and I wanted
In the early twentieth century, whalers and evidence of broader common use. Some words
sealers were predominantly Scandinavian. A census included here are those which only a scientist would
of South Georgia in 1909 showed that in a popula use - a non-scientist might say icefish rather than
tion of 720 whalers on shore and on factory ships, nototheniid. Other terms are so precise that they
80% were Norwegian, 8% Swedish, and 2% each also are largely the preserve of scientists. Most of us
Finnish and Danish (R. Headland, The island of South would call the southern hemisphere seal Mirounga
Georgia 1984). Members of Antarctic expeditions leonina a sea elephant or elephant seal - scien
also represented diverse nations - the Belgica expe tists would probably call it a southern elephant
dition (1897-99), for example, included Norwegian seal.
Roald Amundsen, Polish Henryk Arctowski, Almost all of the words in the dictionary
Romanian Emile Racovitza and American Frederick database have been used in print several times,
Cook. These men often had arctic experience, and and the dictionary therefore provides evidence of
brought with them northern words for the land sustained use over time. In some cases, this is not
scapes and creatures they were seeing - terms for so, and words are included on the evidence of
landforms (nunatak), clothes (mukluks, finncsko), only one or two collected quotations - among
food (pemmican) and dog travel (Nansen sled). these words are benny, Bird Islander, dogloo,
Initially, I had assumed that a large number of unicorn icefish and the vanilla daisy. There are
the snow and ice terms in this dictionary (such as ice several reasons for including these words: they
blink, which indicates ice-covered seas beyond pre might be more often spoken than written, they
sent sight) would come from earlier use in the north might have had some historical vogue and no
ern hemisphere. It was surprising to discover that it longer be known, or they might be names used in
and many other terms in fact occur earlier in modern reference books. Words in the last cate
Antarctic English. This shows that people were gory quite often become better known over time
viii
THE ANTARCTIC DICTIONARY
and become used by other writers: they are Dates, location
recorded here as an early part of this process.
Some quotations are diary entries; these can be
Othet· words - such as snotside - are simply
identified because they begin with a full date of the
too tempting to omit, though I have found only a sole
entry. For example, a 1908 quotation for pressure
published quotation for them. It is a great disap
gives the diary date in bold, followed by the latitude
pointment that I have not found a quotation for the
at which the observation was made (83 oS). The year
big pav, meaning simply 'Antarctica' (a pavor
of publication follows after the author'S name:
pavlova is a popular meringue dessert in Australia
and New Zealand). The nearcst I got was in Meredith 5 Dec 1908 (83"S) Shackleton, c.H. (1909).
Hooper's excellent children's dictionary, A for \Nhere I cannot be sure that an enlry was made
;\ntnrctica, where she writes that in the pack ice, on a particular day, I have Llsed the date of pUblica
'sometimes, as far as one could sec, the icc was tion instead. As Roland Huntford points out in Scott
whipped into peaks like an endless white meringue'. and Amundsen (1993), published diaries sometimes
differ dramatically from the original source.
How to use the dictionary Historical dictionaries rely primarily on published
sources, so this uncertainty must be taken as read.
1\ 'historical dictionary' is an old-fashioned term for
When a description is published a considerable
one which uses quotations from published sources
time after the event described, I have sometimes
for each word it defines, and the life of the dictionary
included in brackets an idea of the date of the event.
lies in the quotations. These are the main primary
For instance, the following quotation was published
source of information in compiling the dictionary -
in 1942, but in the quotation the writer is referring
they are an eqUivalent to the skins in museums used
to an earlier expedition of 1912:
by bird taxonomists, or the pressed dried plants in
herbariums which botanists use in naming plants.
1942 (J 912) Mawson, Douglas Geogmphicerlnnrmtive
They arc the evidence of use, and of meaning. and cerrtography. Australasian ;\ntarctic Expedition J 9 J J -
Quotations are reproduced exactly as thcy 14. Scientific reports series A Government Printer,
appear in the original source, with the following Sydney, vol I: t 96.
small typographical exceptions: text appearing in After descending for some 7 miles, we found our
selves on a plain at the level of the barrier-ice wall
blocks of capital letters has usually been put into
of Watt Bay.
lower case italics, and scientific namcs in carlier
texts have sometimes been italicised in the interest
Terminology
of clarity. Where quoted text has a mistake which I
recognise as such, and where it would help to flag In definitions, winter and summer refer to the south
this, the term '[sic]' (meaning 'thus') appears after ern hemisphere winter and summer. Imperial mea
the error. Material within a quotation is sometimes surements such as foot and mile are given, as are
omitted for brevity. Following the practice of the their metric eqUivalents.
reccnt DictionnlY of New Zrnlnnd English, where In quoting periodicals and newspapers, I have
ll1edial ellipsis occurs, it is shown by'. .', or by'. .. ' recorded the author as well as the title of the publi
when it includes a full-stop. cation. For example, under all-sky camera, the
This dictionary follows the normal pattern for author and publication details appear as:
historical dictionaries, with headwords arranged Kuhn, G.]. in South Africerll Journal of Antnrctic
strictly alphabetically, so kelper precedes kelp Research.
goose. If there arc two different grammatical forms Where possible, I have distinguished between a
of a term, such as tryout (which is both verb and contributor to a book, newspaper or JOLirnal, sLich as
noun), the form with earlier evidence of usage comes Kuhn (above) and a brief extrnct or quolnlion given in
first. The etymology, where present, comes before a work, such as Bransfield (below):
the quotations. The quotations are arranged chrono lIransiield, Edward in The Literary Gazette and !aumal
logically, and are selected to include the earliest one of Belles Lettres [London] vol 5, quoted in Polar Record
(1945).
found, a scattering over time, and a recent example.
Part of speech Square brackets
No part of speech is given when a word is recorded Saine words have early quotations which appear in
only as a noun or noun phrase. The italicised part of square brackets. These describe the object or action
speech otherwise follows the headword. but do not use the headword itself. For example the
ix