the annals of dunarea de jos university of galati

209 Pages·2012·18.34 MB·English

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH, YOUTH AND SPORT
METALURGIFEO,1NŞ9T7D6IAITNĂŢAMATERIA
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TATLUCAF UIDE MIŞ
THE ANNALS OF
DUNAREA DE JOS UNIVERSITY
OF GALATI
Fascicle IX
METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
YEAR XXX (XXXV),
May 2012, SPECIAL ISSUE
ISSN 1453-083X
2012
GALATI UNIVERSITY PRESS

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After the latest evaluation of the journals achieved by National Center for the Science and
Scientometry Politics (CENAPOSS), as recognition of its quality and impact at national level, the
journal is included in B+ category, 215 code (http://www.cncsis.ro/2006_evaluare_rev.php).
The journal is indexed in Cambridge Scientific Abstract
http://www.cncsis.ro/userfiles/file/CENAPOSS/B+feb_2011(9).pdf
The papers published in this journal can be visualized on the “Dunarea de Jos” University of
Galati site, the Faculty of Metallurgy, Material Science and Environment, page: www.fmsm.ugal.ro.

Publisher's Name and Address:
Contact person: Antoaneta Căpraru
Galati University Press - GUP
47 Domneasca St., 800008 - Galati, Romania
Phone:[phone], Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]

Editor's Name and Address:
Prof. Dr. Eng. Marian BORDEI
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Metallurgy, Materials Science and Environment
111 Domneasca St., 800201 - Galati, Romania
Phone: +40 Phone/Fax: [phone]
336 130223,
Email: [email protected]
The papers published in this issue were presented at
The International Conference
CASTING,
FROM RIGOR OF TECHNIQUE TO ART
THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI.
FON19D7A6TĂ
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
SPECIAL ISSUE – 2012, ISSN 1453 – 083X

Table of Content

1. Gheorghe FLOREA, Ana DONIGA, Alexandru CHIRIAC, Laurentiu PARASCHIV - The
drawing in art ………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

2. Victor PĂUNESCU, Elena PARASCHIV, Teodora CUCU - The human body in sculpture,
between perfection of nature and the image of creative effervescence ……………………………… 15

3. Petrica HAGIOGLU, Mihaela DUMITRESCU - Metallic materials used for the
manufacturing some objects mentioned in the old and new testament ……………………………… 20

4. Ana DONIGA - The metal processing techniques in artifacts manufacturing ……………….…. 26

5. Andrei RĂDUCANU, Maria NICOLAE - Metallic materials in free form architectural ……... 32

6. Strul MOISA, Rodica WENKERT - Gemology in the old testament ………………………… 36

7. Petre Stelian NIŢĂ - Three old russian brass cast icons ……………………………………….. 41

8. Ana DONIGA, Gheorghe FLOREA - Manufacturing technique by enamelling artifacts …...… 46

9. Ion HOPULELE, Carmen NEJNERU, Manuela-Cristina PERJU, Mihai AXINTE, Dragoş
- Cristian ACHIŢEI - Properties, testing and choice of material for bells ………………................ 52

10. Beatrice TUDOR - Gold history from mining to the amazing applications ………………...….. 57

11. Nicanor CIMPOEŞU, Iulian CIMPOEŞU, Sergiu STANCIU - Shape memory alloy as thin
films ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61

12. Daniel CALINICA, Ramona Mariana CALINICA, Olga MITOSERIU - Influence of
spraying distance on the hardness of Ni-Cr-B-Si coatings deposited by the thermal spray process … 66

13. Ovidiu DIMA, Dumitru DIMA - Fire behavior expanded polystyrene insulation ………..….... 71

14. Viorel Mircea DRĂGAN, Ştefan DRAGOMIR, Violeta Crina DRĂGAN - Absorption
refrigeration system operation with electric heater powered by solar cell …………………………... 74

15. Viorel DRĂGAN, Marian BORDEI - Environmental impact of refrigerants …………………. 81

16. Jozsef JUHASZ, Vasile HOTEA, Elena POP, Aurica POP, Gheorghe IEPURE -
Evacuation and the filtration system of gases from the thermal refining of copper …………………. 88

17. Marius VASILESCU, Mircea DOBRESCU - Aluminium and titanium - investment castings
- alloys manufacturing and applications ……………………………………………………………... 92

18. Carmen - Penelopi PAPADATU - Monitoring of the sustainability for steels subjected to
unconventional treatments …………………………………………………………………………… 98

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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI.
FON19D7A6TĂ
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
SPECIAL ISSUE – 2012, ISSN 1453 – 083X

19. Ionel PETREA - Static analysis of structures type support heat required ……………………… 103

20. Viorel MUNTEANU,Viorel Mircea DRĂGAN - Electromagnetic stirring in traveling field
in continuous casting of steel ………………………………………………………………………… 108

21. Mihai Alin POP, Virgil GEAMAN, Alexandru CONSTANTINESCU, Vlad MONESCU
- Utilisation of composite materials for patterns in foundry ………………………………...……… 112

22. Ion RUSU, Ionel CONSTANTINESCU - Forecast of the duration of sustaining of the
stiffness of the polymeric coatings in the operational environments ………………………………... 115

23. Ancaelena Eliza STERPU, Nicoleta TEODORESCU, Anca Iuliana DUMITRU -
Mathematical model for power consumption at mixing of industrial and domestic wastewater
sludge ………………………………………………………………………………………………... 118

24. Alexandru STĂNCIOIU, Constantin DUMITRESCU, Raul NOVAC - Study on effects of
heat treatment on aluminum alloy 6061. Destructive and nondestructive methods …………………. 123

25. Mihai Alin POP, Virgil GEAMAN, Irinel RADOMIR - Case study for testing of composite
materials used as patterns in foundry………………………………………………………………… 130

26. Constantin DUMITRACHE, Adrian SABAU, Mihaela BARHALESCU - Hot cracking
sensibility investigations at high yield strength structural steel for hydro power stations ……..……. 134

27. Ştefan DRAGOMIR, Viorel DRĂGAN - Research carried out for material used at the
manufacture of car side members ……………………………………………………………………. 138

28. Maria CIOROI, Catalina ITICESCU, Lucian GEORGESCU, Gabriel MURARIU, Igor
CRETESCU - Study on evolution of geranio pelargonium plants planted on antropogenic soils
irrigated by leachate from municipal landfills ……………………………………………………….. 143

29. Cătălin MOCANU, Tănase PANAIT, Crisztina UZUNEANU, Daniela TASMA, Cristina
BUȚURCĂ - Design a solar energy system for required heat and electricity of a house …………... 148

30. Mihai AXINTE, Carmen NEJNERU, Manuela-Cristina PERJU, Ion HOPULELE -
Polarized grid influence on the microstructural characteristics for plasma nitrided layers ………… 152

31. Carmen-Penelopi PAPADATU - Ecological principles for economic development and the
impact of metallurgical industry on the environment ………………………………………………... 158

32. Carmen DOBRIN - Virtual reality perspectives in the design environment …………………… 163

33. Ştefan DRAGOMIR, Maria VLAD - Cleaning waste water of the continuous steel casting …. 166

34. Costel DURDUC - ROIBU, Elena DRUGESCU - Effect of intercritical hot rolling
deformation on steel grade for welded pipes with lean chemistry …………………………………... 171

35. Dragoş Cristian ACHIŢEI, Dan Gelu GĂLUŞCĂ, Petrică VIZUREANU, Manuela
Cristina PERJU - Elements of obtaining shape memory alloy, type CuZnAl ………………..……. 180

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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI.
FON19D7A6TĂ
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
SPECIAL ISSUE – 2012, ISSN 1453 – 083X
36.Johann PECH, Emilian-Narcis RIŢI – MIHOC, Ioan Mărginean - Cumulated influence of
the Ti, B, Sr elements and argon bubbling on the aluminum - silicon eutectic alloys ………………. 184
37.Adrian IOANA - Quality management in metallic materials industry …………………………. 188
38.Adrian VASILIU, Daniela BURIANA – Torpedo - type ladles for conveying cast iron ……... 193
39. Vasile BASLIU, Gina Genoveva ISTRATE – Design of an installation for determine surface
tension with sessile drop method and its use for characterization metal matrix composite systems
with hard particles fuse …………………………………….………………………………………… 198
40. Daniel CIOBANU, Lucian P. GEORGESCU, Catalin TRIF - Contaminated sites in Romania’s
south-east region. Assessing soil vulnerability to pollution by monitoring data analysis ..................... 203
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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI.
FON19D7A6TĂ
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
SPECIAL ISSUE – 2012, ISSN 1453 – 083X

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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI.
FON19D7A6TĂ
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
SPECIAL ISSUE – 2012, ISSN 1453 – 083X

THE DRAWING IN ART

Gheorghe FLOREA, Ana DONIGA, Alexandru CHIRIAC,
Laurentiu PARASCHIV
“Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi, Romania
email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The study presents the creation method of the sketches and drawings of the
objects ( sculpture, ornamental object ) that are the basis of the creative activity.
There is presented, in brief, the evolution of drawing art in sculpture, often the first
stage before moulding, from ancient times, as a preparing work before creating a
masterpiece or as a model for creating the masterpiece. It is also presented the
sketch-model method that expresses the artist’s intentions.

KEYWORDS: sketch, drawing, model, clay, wax, marble, sculpture

1. Introduction etc.), at a certain scale, followed by certain
dimensions, „discovering a real representation of the

The representation of surrounding objects was a future object, in art, the drawing even though when it
permanent concern of human being. Through bound represents the object, the face or the natural
stones on which there where moulded forms that landscape, it is not followed by dimensions or it is not
represented human bodies or gods and the plans of represented at a certain scale, the only criterion being
buildings with a rudimentary execution, but on which the intercepting and retaining that or those details that
there is the orthogonal projection principle, the assure the creation of an equivalent of his subject, to
Babilon and the Egypt remained thought the history create a work that satisfies himself or enchant his
by using the drawing. contemporaries. In an attempt to find out which of the
Throughout the centuries there have been some two types of drawings appeared first, it can be stated,
other important benchmarks that marked the according to the discoveries made along times, that
evolution of drawing, such as the Antique treaty „ De the „ artistic „ one is the first, the paintings in the
Arhitectura „ by Viltrius (the first work in the Chouvet Cave – France prove this. (fig. 1).
technical drawing field), the outlook basis by Even though the study of the sculpture is limited
Leonardo, and the orthogonal projection by to human face, the represented images range is
Descartes. remarkable.
In the Romanian language Dictionary, the
drawing is defined as a representation of an object, of
a figure, of a landscape on a plain surface through
graphics, or the art or technics of drawing.
To each moulded object producer, the technical
drawing represents the universal language in order to
read and produce the objects, while to the sculptor
who also creates a moulded object, the drawing is the
sketch the artist makes and he himself reads it and
reproduces it in different materials.
The definition points out the specific plottings:
an object, a face or a landscape, this means the fields

it belongs to: industry, sculpture and painting.

In techniques field the drawing uses horizontal
Fig. 1. Painted images on the Chouvet Cave
and vertical projections (elevations, sections, profiles
walls- France.
THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI.
FON19D7A6TĂ
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
SPECIAL ISSUE – 2012, ISSN 1453 – 083X

2. The Evolution of Drawing in art Greeks earlier. Nevertheless, this technics has been
used by sculptors ever since and it was used
Since Antiquity, there has been, undoubtly, an throughly in the XIX century. Michelangelo
initial preliminary stage, before creation. The Buonarroti knew the human body in detail, the fact
assumption is based on the existence on the sides of being proved by the solution he found for his David
an unfinished Greek face( VI before Christ century) (fig. 2 and 3), this thing is reflected in each of his
of some traces of preliminary stages of the marble works where the anatomical features are reproduced
stone: small holes, made with a tip. impeccably. The profound study of anatomical
At the beginning the stone had to be refined to features, that was an innovation of the Renascence
give it a harmonious form, then there were applied Art, represented a steady preoccupation to
drawings of the respective sights, on the fourth Michelangelo who shared it with another art genius
surfaces, certain lines that enable the creator to make whom he always combated with, Leonardo da Vinci.
a real interpretation of the face. The method was used
further on, the fact being proves by many samples
discovered later, this thing is considered necessary
whenever the stone was moulded. This working
method was used throughout the archaic age, the
cutting was made without preliminary stages on the
sheet of paper and without preliminary models, these
were the methods used by the sculptors along many
years in the history of art. Preliminary stages must
have been existed since an early age in Greece,but
there are proves from V before Christ century. All
expertys state that the great Greek temples could have
not been built without using clay models (changed
into terra-cotta to streghten them), both to clarify the
general plan and to guide the workers. Since the
existence of sculpturing chisel was acknowledged
(Plinius, in „Natural History”), the existance of those
models could not be denied.

Fig. 3. Michelangelo; David (1501).

If Michelangelo’s drawings contributed really to
create many sculptures Leonardo’s only one study
that foretold a great work, ”The Francesco Sfortza
Equestrian Monument“ (fig. 4), was not carried out,
although the natural size plaster model was ready for
moulding.

Fig. 2. Michelangelo; the sketch of a David
with a sling (1501).

Even the mechanical technics of putting the
drawings from the model on the marble, that appeared Fig. 4. Leonardo; Study for the Francesco
in the I before Christ, (Pasiteles), was developed by Sfortza Equestrian Monument (cca1493).