The Animal Parasites of Man by HB Fantham J W W Stephens and F V Theobald PDF
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The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Animal Parasites of Man, by H. B. Fantham and J. W. W. Stephens and F. V. Theobald This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Animal Parasites of Man Author: H. B. Fantham J. W. W. Stephens F. V. Theobald Contributor: Max Braun Otto Seifert Release Date: August 17, 2018 [EBook #57713] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN *** Produced by Thiers Halliwell, Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber’s notes: Small viewing devices might not display this e-book correctly because of the complexity of the text, its length, and the presence within it of some uncommon typographic characters. It is best viewed on a large screen with character encoding set to Unicode (UTF-8). The text has mostly been preserved in its original form, including inconsistent italics, capitalisation, hyphenation and diacritics; however, some infelicities have been corrected silently, e.g. missing/inconsistent punctuation, parentheses and spacing. Several footnote markers have been inserted where they were missing from the text. The very long table of contents has somewhat inconsistent levels of indentation that don’t correspond accurately with headings used in the text. Some illustrations have been moved nearer to the relevant text and their locations may differ from those specified in the list of illustrations. A few illustrations that lacked an identifying number have been correctly numbered. The book contains extensive sections of quoted text but these are identified by square brackets rather than by traditional quotation marks. Several short passages of text were inserted by the printer at the last minute, and these are enclosed in lightly shaded text boxes. Two different sized fonts were used to print the original body text, a feature that is replicated in this e-transcription. A black underline indicates a hyperlink to a page, illustration or footnote. A red dashed underline indicates the presence of a concealed comment that can be viewed by hovering the mouse pointer over the underlined text. Page numbers are shown in the right margin and footnotes are listed at the end. A list of spelling corrections and inconsistencies is appended at the end of the book. THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN BY H. B. FANTHAM, M.A.CANTAB., D.SC.LOND. Lecturer on Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Sectional Editor in Protozoology, “Tropical Diseases Bulletin,” London, etc. J. W. W. STEPHENS, M.D.CANTAB., D.P.H. Sir Alfred Jones Professor of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool University, etc. AND F. V. THEOBALD, M.A.CANTAB., F.E.S., HON. F.R.H.S. Professor of Agricultural Zoology, London University; Vice-Principal and Zoologist of the South-eastern Agricultural College; Mary Kingsley Medallist; Grande Médaille Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Soc. Nat. d’Acclim. de France, etc. PARTLY ADAPTED FROM Dr. MAX BRAUN’S “Die Tierischen Parasiten des Menschen” (4th Edition, 1908) and an Appendix by Dr. OTTO SEIFERT. NEW YORK WI LLI AM WO O D AN D C O MPAN Y MCMXX. PREFACE. The English edition of Braun’s “Die Tierischen Parasiten des Menschen,” produced in 1906, being out of print, the publishers decided to issue another edition based on the translation of Braun’s fourth German edition, which appeared in 1908, to which had been added an appendix, by Dr. Otto Seifert on Treatment, etc. When the work was considered with a view to a new edition, it was found that a vast amount of new matter had to be incorporated, numerous alterations essential for bringing it up to date were necessitated, and many omissions were inevitable. The result is that parts of the book have been rewritten, and, apart from early historical references, the work of Braun has disappeared. This is more particularly the case with the Protozoa section of the present work. The numerous additions, due to the great output of scientific literature and other delays in publication, have led to the book being somewhat less homogeneous than we desired, and have necessitated the use of appendices to allow of the presentation of new facts only recently ascertained. Many new illustrations have been added or substituted for older, less detailed ones. Some of these new figures were drawn specially for this book. The first section, on the Protozoa, has been written by Dr. Fantham, there being little of the original text left except parts of the historical portions, and thus the section on Protozoa must be considered as new. The second section, on Worms (except the Acanthocephala, Gordiidæ and Hirudinea), has been remodelled by Professor Stephens to such an extent that this, too, must not be looked upon as a translation of Braun’s book. With regard to the Arthropoda, much remains as in the last English edition, but some new matter added by Braun in his fourth German edition is included, and much new matter by Mr. Theobald has been incorporated. As regards the Appendix by Dr. Seifert, the first section has been remodelled, but the sections on the Helminthes and the Arthropoda are practically translations of the original. The authors desire to express their thanks to Miss A. Porter, D.Sc., J. P. Sharples, Esq., B.A., M.R.C.S., and H. F. Carter, Esq., F.E.S., for valuable help. They also wish to thank the authors, editors, and publishers of several manuals and journals for their courtesy in allowing the reproduction of certain of their illustrations. In this connection mention must be made more particularly of Professor Castellani, Dr. Chalmers, Professor Doflein, Dr. Leiper, the late Professor Minchin, Professor Nuttall, Dr. Wenyon, Mr. Edw. Arnold, Messrs. Baillière, Tindall and Cox, Messrs. Black, Messrs. Cassell, Dr. Gustav Fischer, Messrs. Heinemann, the Cambridge University Press, the Editors of the Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, the Editors of the Journal of Experimental Medicine, and the Editor of the Tropical Diseases Bulletin. H. B. F. J. W. W. S. F. V. T. December, 1915. iii iv CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE iii ERRATA xxxii ON PARASITES IN GENERAL 1 Occasional and Permanent Parasitism 1 Entozoa, Endoparasites, Helminthes, Turbellaria 2 Hermaphroditism 4 Fertility of Parasites 5 Transmigrations 5 Commensals, Mutualists 6 Incidental and Pseudo-parasites 6 The Influence of Parasites on the Host 8 Origin of Parasites 10 Derivation of Parasites 19 Change of Host 20 Literature 22 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 25 A. Protozoa 25 Classification of the Protozoa. Class I. Sarcodina 27 Order. Amœbina 27 Foraminifera 27 Heliozoa 27 Radiolaria 28 Class II. Mastigophora 28 III. Sporozoa 28 Sub-class 1. Telosporidia 28 Order. Gregarinida 28 Coccidiidea 28 Hæmosporidia 28 Sub-class 2. Neosporidia 28 Order. Myxosporidia 28 Microsporidia 28 Sarcosporidia 28 Haplosporidia 29 Class IV. Infusoria 29 V. Suctoria 29 Class I. Sarcodina, Bütschli, 1882 29 Order. Amœbina, Ehrenberg 29 A. Human Intestinal Amœbæ 29 Entamœba coli, Lösch, 1875, emend. Schaudinn, 1903 32 Entamœba histolytica, Schaudinn, 1903 34 Entamœba tetragena, Viereck, 1907 38 Noc’s Entamœba, 1909 41 Entamœba buccalis, Prowazek, 1904 43 Entamœba undulans, Castellani, 1905 43 Entamœba kartulisi, Doflein, 1901 44 Amœba gingivalis, A. buccalis, A. dentalis 44 Genus. Paramœba, Schaudinn, 1896 44 Paramœba (Craigia) hominis, Craig, 1906 45 B. Amœbæ from other Organs 45 Entamœba pulmonalis, Artault, 1898 45 Amœba urogenitalis, Baelz, 1883 45 Amœba miurai, Ijima, 1898 46 Appendix: “Rhizopods in Poliomyelitis Acuta” 46 Order. Foraminifera, d’Orbigny 47 Sub-order. Monothalamia (Testaceous Amœbæ) 47 Genus. Chlamydophrys, Cienkowski, 1876 47 Chlamydophrys enchelys, Ehrenberg 47 Leydenia gemmipara, Schaudinn, 1896 49 Class II. Mastigophora, Diesing 50 Sub-class. Flagellata, Cohn emend. Bütschli 50 Order. Polymastigina, Blochmann 52 Genus. Trichomonas, Donné, 1837 52 v vi Trichomonas vaginalis, Donné 52 Trichomonas intestinalis, R. Leuckart, 1879 = Trichomonas hominis, Davaine, 1854 54 Genus. Tetramitus, Perty, 1852 57 Tetramitus mesnili, Wenyon, 1910 57 Genus. Lamblia, R. Blanchard, 1888 57 Lamblia intestinalis, Lambl, 1859 57 Order. Protomonadina, Blochmann 60 Family. Cercomonadidæ, Kent emend. Bütschli 61 Genus. Cercomonas, Dujardin emend. Bütschli 61 Cercomonas hominis, Davaine, 1854 61 Monas pyophila, R. Blanchard, 1895 62 Family. Bodonidæ, Bütschli 63 Genus. Prowazekia, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 63 Prowazekia urinaria, Hassall, 1859 63 Prowazekia asiatica, Castellani and Chalmers, 1910 65 Prowazekia javanensis, Flu, 1912 66 Prowazekia cruzi, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 66 Prowazekia weinbergi, Mathis and Léger, 1910 66 Prowazekia parva, Nägler, 1910 66 Family. Trypanosomidæ, Doflein 66 Genus. Trypanosoma, Gruby, 1843 67 Historical 67 General 69 Morphology 70 Trypanosoma gambiense, Dutton, 1902 72 Trypanosoma nigeriense, Macfie, 1913 76 Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Stephens and Fantham, 1910 76 General Note on Trypanosomes with Posterior Nuclei 83 Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas, 1909 83 Trypanosoma lewisi, Kent, 1881 88 Trypanosoma brucei, Plimmer and Bradford, 1899 93 Trypanosoma evansi, Steel, 1885 95 Trypanosoma equinum, Voges, 1901 96 Trypanosoma equiperdum, Doflein, 1901 97 Trypanosoma theileri, Bruce, 1902 98 Trypanosoma hippicum, Darling, 1910 98 Endotrypanum schaudinni, Mesnil and Brimont, 1908 99 Trypanosoma boylei, Lafont, 1912 99 Monomorphic Trypanosomes 99 Trypanosoma vivax, Ziemann, 1905 99 Trypanosoma capræ, Kleine, 1910 100 Trypanosoma congolense, Broden, 1904 100 Trypanosoma simiæ, Bruce, 1912 100 Trypanosoma uniforme, Bruce, 1910 101 General Note on Development of Trypanosomes in Glossina 101 Adaptation of Trypanosomes 101 Genus. Herpetomonas, Saville Kent, 1881 102 Genus. Crithidia, Léger, 1902, emend. Patton, 1908 104 Genus. Leishmania, Ross, 1903 104 Leishmania donovani, Laveran and Mesnil, 1903 105 Leishmania tropica, Wright, 1903 107 Leishmania infantum, Nicolle, 1908 109 Genus. Histoplasma, Darling, 1906 112 Genus. Toxoplasma, Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908 112 The Spirochætes 114 The Spirochætes of the Blood 116 Spirochæta duttoni, Novy and Knapp, 1906 116 Spirochæta gallinarum, Stephens and Christophers, 1905 (= Spirochæta marchouxi, Nuttall, 1905) 119 Spirochæta recurrentis, Lebert, 1874 120 Spirochæta rossii, Nuttall, 1908 122 Spirochæta novyi, Schellack, 1907 122 Spirochæta carteri, Mackie and Manson, 1907 122 Spirochæta berbera, Sergent and Foley, 1910 122 Other Human Spirochætes 122 Some Animal Spirochætes 122 Treponemata 124 Treponema pallidum, Schaudinn, 1905 124 Treponema pertenue, Castellani, 1905 127 Class III. Sporozoa, Leuckart, 1879 128 Sub-class. Telosporidia, Schaudinn 129 Order. Gregarinida, Aimé Schneider emend. Doflein 129 vii Order. Gregarinida, Aimé Schneider emend. Doflein 129 Order. Coccidiidea 135 Genus. Eimeria, Aimé Schneider, 1875 142 Eimeria avium, Silvestrini and Rivolta 142 Eimeria stiedæ, Lindemann, 1865 145 (a) Human Hepatic Coccidiosis 148 (b) Human Intestinal Coccidiosis 148 (c) Doubtful Cases 149 Genus. Isospora, Aimé Schneider, 1881 149 Isospora bigemina, Stiles, 1891 149 Doubtful Species 150 Order. Hæmosporidia, Danilewsky emend. Schaudinn 151 The Malarial Parasites of Man 155 Development of the Malarial Parasites of Man 159 The Species of the Malarial Parasites of Man 164 Plasmodium vivax, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 164 Plasmodium malariæ, Laveran 166 Laverania malariæ, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 (= Plasmodium falciparum, Welch, 1897) 167 Plasmodium relictum, Sergent, 1907 (in birds) 170 Cultivation of Malarial Parasites 170 Differential Characters of the Human Malarial Parasites 171 Family. Piroplasmidæ, França, 1909 172 Genus. Babesia, Starcovici, 1893 174 Genus. Theileria, Bettencourt, França and Borges, 1907 178 Theileria parva, Theiler, 1903 178 Theileria mutans, Theiler, 1907 180 Genus. Anaplasma, Theiler, 1910 180 Genus. Paraplasma, Seidelin, 1911 180 Sub-class. Neosporidia, Schaudinn 181 Order. Myxosporidia, Bütschli 181 Order. Microsporidia, Balbiani 184 Order. Actinomyxidia, Stolč. 187 Order. Sarcosporidia, Balbiani 187 Sarcosporidia observed in Man 193 Order. Haplosporidia, Caullery and Mesnil, 1899 194 Rhinosporidium kinealyi, Minchin and Fantham, 1905 195 Class IV. Infusoria, Ledermüller, 1763 198 Genus. Balantidium, Claparède et Lachmann 200 Balantidium coli, Malmsten, 1857 200 Balantidium minutum, Schaudinn, 1899 204 Genus. Nyctotherus, Leidy, 1849 204 Nyctotherus faba, Schaudinn, 1899 205 Nyctotherus giganteus, P. Krause, 1906 205 [Nyctotherus] africanus, Castellani, 1905 206 The Chlamydozoa 207 Protozoa Incertæ Sedis 210 Sergentella hominis, Brumpt, 1910 210 B. Platyhelminthes (or Flat Worms) 211 Classification of the Platyhelminthes. Class I. Turbellaria (or Eddy Worms) 212 Order 1. Rhabdocœlida 212 2. Tricladida 212 3. Polycladida 212 Class II. Trematoda (Sucking Worms) 212 III. Cestoda (Tapeworms) 212 Class II. Trematoda, Rud. 212 Development of the Trematodes 222 Biology 229 Classification of the Trematodes of Man. Order. Digenea, v. Beneden, 1858 230 Sub-order. Prostomata, Odhner, 1905 230 Group. Amphistomata, Rudolphi, 1801, ep., Nitzsch, 1819 230 Family. Paramphistomidæ, Fischoeder, 1901 231 Sub-family. Paramphistominæ, Fischoeder, 1901 231 Cladorchiinæ, Fischoeder, 1901 231 Family. Gastrodisciidæ, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 231 Group. Distomata, Retzius, 1782 231 Family. Fasciolidæ, Railliet, 1895 231 viii ix Family. Fasciolidæ, Railliet, 1895 231 Sub-family. Fasciolinæ, Odhner, 1910 231 Fasciolopsinæ, Odhner, 1910 231 Family. Opisthorchiidæ, Braun, 1901, emend, auctor. 232 Sub-family. Opisthorchiinæ, Looss, 1899, emend, auctor. 232 Metorchiinæ, Lühe, 1909 232 Family. Dicrocœliidæ, Odhner, 1910 232 Heterophyiidæ, Odhner, 1914 232 Troglotremidæ, Odhner, 1914 232 Echinostomidæ, Looss, 1902 233 Sub-family. Echinostominæ, Looss, 1899 233 Himasthlinæ, Odhner, 1910 233 Family. Schistosomidæ, Looss, 1899 233 The Trematodes observed in Man 234 Family. Paramphistomidæ, Stiles and Goldberger, emend. 1910 234 Sub-family. Cladorchiinæ, Fischoeder, 1901 234 Genus. Watsonius, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 234 Watsonius watsoni, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 234 Family. Gastrodisciidæ 236 Genus. Gastrodiscus, Lkt., 1877 236 Gastrodiscus hominis, Lewis and McConnell, 1876 236 Family. Fasciolidæ, Railliet, 1895 237 Sub-family. Fasciolinæ, Odhner, 1910 237 Genus. Fasciola, L., 1758 237 Fasciola hepatica, L., 1758 237 Halzoun 242 Fasciola gigantica, Cobbold, 1856 244 Sub-family. Fasciolopsinæ, Odhner, 1910 245 Genus. Fasciolopsis, Looss, 1898 245 Fasciolopsis buski, Lank., 1857 245 Fasciolopsis rathouisi, Ward, 1903 246 Fasciolopsis goddardi, Ward, 1910 247 Fasciolopsis fülleborni, Rodenwaldt, 1909 247 Family. Troglotremidæ, Odhner, 1914 249 Genus. Paragonimus, Braun, 1899 249 Paragonimus ringeri, Cobb., 1880 249 Family. Opisthorchiidæ, Braun, 1901 252 Sub-family. Opisthorchiinæ, Looss, 1899 252 Genus. Opisthorchis, R. Blanch., 1845 252 Opisthorchis felineus, Riv., 1885 252 Genus. Paropisthorchis, Stephens, 1912 255 Paropisthorchis caninus, Barker, 1912 255 Genus. Amphimerus, Barker, 1912 (?) 257 Amphimerus noverca, Barker, 1912 (?) 258 Genus. Clonorchis, Looss, 1907 258 Clonorchis sinensis, Cobbold, 1875 258 Clonorchis endemicus, Baelz, 1883 259 Sub-family. Metorchiinæ, Lühe, 1909 261 Genus. Metorchis, Looss, 1899, emend. auctor. 261 Metorchis truncatus, Rud., 1819 261 Family. Heterophyiidæ, Odhner, 1914 262 Genus. Heterophyes, Cobbold, 1866 262 Heterophyes heterophyes, v. Sieb., 1852 262 Metagonimus, Katsurada, 1913; Yokogawa, Leiper, 1913 264 Metagonimus yokogawai, Katsurada, 1913 264 Family. Dicrocœliidæ, Odhner, 1910 265 Genus. Dicrocœlium, Dujardin 265 Dicrocœlium dendriticum, Rud., 1819 266 Family. Echinostomidæ, Looss, 1902 267 Sub-family. Echinostominæ, Looss, 1899 267 Genus. Echinostoma, Rud., 1809; Dietz, 1910 267 Echinostoma ilocanum, Garrison, 1908 267 Echinostoma malayanum, Leiper, 1911 268 Sub-family. Himasthlinæ, Odhner, 1910 269 Genus. Artyfechinostomum, Clayton-Lane, 1915 269 Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex, Clayton-Lane, 1915 269 Family. Schistosomidæ, Looss, 1899 269 Genus. Schistosoma, Weinl., 1858 269 Schistosoma hæmatobium, Bilharz, 1852 270 Schistosoma mansoni, Sambon, 1907 277 Schistosoma japonicum, Katsurada, 1904 277 Class III. Cestoda, Rud., 1808 282 x Anatomy of the Cestoda 284 Development of the Tapeworms 297 Biology 306 Classification of the Cestoda of Man. Order. Pseudophyllidea, Carus, 1863 308 Family. Dibothriocephalidæ, Lühe, 1902 308 Sub-family. Dibothriocephalinæ, Lühe, 1899 308 Order. Cyclophyllidea, v. Beneden 308 Family. Dipylidiidæ, Lühe, 1910 309 Hymenolepididæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909 309 Davaineidæ, Fuhrmann, 1907 309 Sub-family. Davaineinæ, Braun, 1900 309 Family. Tæniidæ, Ludwig, 1886 309 The Cestodes of Man 309 Family. Dibothriocephalidæ 309 Sub-family. Dibothriocephalinæ 309 Genus. Dibothriocephalus, Lühe, 1899 309 Dibothriocephalus latus, L., 1748 310 Dibothriocephalus cordatus, R. Lkt., 1863 315 Dibothriocephalus parvus, Stephens, 1908 316 Genus. Diplogonoporus, Lönnbrg., 1892 316 Diplogonoporus grandis, R. Blanch., 1894 316 Sparganum, Diesing, 1854 317 Sparganum mansoni, Cobb., 1883 317 Sparganum proliferum, Ijima, 1905 318 Family. Dipylidiidæ, Lühe, 1910 320 Genus. Dipylidium, R. Lkt., 1863 320 Dipylidium caninum, L. 1758 320 Family. Hymenolepididæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909 323 Genus. Hymenolepis, Weinland, 1858 323 Hymenolepis nana, v. Sieb., 1852 323 Hymenolepis diminuta, Rud., 1819 326 Hymenolepis lanceolata, Bloch, 1782 328 Family. Davaineidæ, Fuhrmann, 1907 329 Sub-family. Davaineinæ, Braun, 1900 329 Genus. Davainea, R. Blanch., 1891 329 Davainea madagascariensis, Davaine, 1869 329 Davainea (?) asiatica, v. Linst., 1901 330 Family. Tæniidæ, Ludwig, 1886 331 Genus. Tænia, L., 1758 331 Tænia solium, L., p. p., 1767 331 Cysticercus acanthotrias, Weinland, 1858 336 Tænia bremneri, Stephens, 1908 337 Tænia marginata, Batsch., 1786 338 Tænia serrata, Goeze, 1782 338 Tænia crassicollis, Rud., 1810 338 Tænia saginata, Goeze, 1782 338 Tænia africana, v. Linst., 1900 342 Tænia confusa, Ward, 1896 343 Tænia echinococcus, v. Sieb., 1853 344 Structure and Development of Echinococcus(Hydatid) 347 Echinococcus multilocularis (Alveolar Colloid) 356 Serum Diagnosis of Echinococcus 359 C. Nemathelminthes 360 Class. Nematoda 360 Anatomy of the Nematodes 360 Development of the Nematodes 371 Classification of the Nematoda. Family. Anguillulidæ, Gervais and van Beneden, 1859 374 Angiostomidæ, Braun, 1895 374 Gnathostomidæ 374 Dracunculidæ, Leiper, 1912 374 Filariidæ, Claus, 1885 374 Trichinellidæ, Stiles and Crane, 1910 375 Dioctophymidæ 375 Strongylidæ, Cobbold, 1864 375 Physalopteridæ 375 Ascaridæ, Cobbold, 1864 375 xi Ascaridæ, Cobbold, 1864 375 Oxyuridæ 375 The Nematodes observed in Man 376 Family. Anguillulidæ 377 Genus. Rhabditis, Dujardin, 1845 377 Rhabditis pellio, Schneider, 1866 377 Rhabditis niellyi, Blanchard, 1885 378 Rhabditis, sp. 378 Genus. Anguillula, Ehrenberg, 1826 379 Anguillula aceti, Müller, 1783 379 Genus. Anguillulina, Gervais and Beneden, 1859 379 Anguillulina putrefaciens, Kühn, 1879 379 Family. Angiostomidæ, Braun, 1895 379 Genus. Strongyloides, Grassi, 1879 379 Strongyloides stercoralis, Bavay, 1877 380 Family. Gnathostomidæ 384 Genus. Gnathostoma, Owen, 1836 384 Gnathostoma siamense, Levinson, 1889 384 Gnathostoma spinigerum, Owen, 1836 385 Family. Dracunculidæ, Leiper, 1912 385 Genus. Dracunculus, Kniphoff, 1759 385 Dracunculus medinensis, Velsch, 1674 386 Genus (of Crustacea). Cyclops, Müller, 1776 390 Family. Filariidæ 390 Sub-family. Filariinæ 390 Genus. Filaria, O. Fr. Müller, 1787 390 Filaria bancrofti, Cobbold, 1877 390 Filaria demarquayi, Manson, 1895 403 Filaria taniguchi, Penel, 1905 404 Filaria (?) conjunctivæ, Addario, 1885 404 Group. Agamofilaria, Stiles, 1906 406 Agamofilaria georgiana 406 Agamofilaria palpebralis, Pace, 1867 (nec Wilson, 1844) 406 Agamofilaria oculi humani, v. Nordmann, 1832 406 Agamofilaria labialis, Pane, 1864 407 Filaria (?) romanorum-orientalis, Sarcani, 1888 407 Filaria (?) kilimaræ, Kolb, 1898 407 Filaria (?) sp. ? 407 Genus. Setaria, Viborg, 1795 407 Setaria equina, Abildg., 1789 408 Genus. Loa, Stiles, 1905 409 Loa loa, Guyot, 1778 409 Genus. Acanthocheilonema, Cobbold, 1870 414 Acanthocheilonema perstans, Manson, 1891 414 Genus. Dirofilaria, Railliet and Henry, 1911 416 Dirofilaria magalhãesi, R. Blanchard, 1895 417 Sub-family. Onchocercinæ, Leiper, 1911 417 Genus. Onchocerca, Diesing, 1841 417 Onchocerca volvulus, R. Leuckart, 1893 417 Family. Trichinellidæ, Stiles and Crane, 1910 419 Sub-family. Trichurinæ, Ransom, 1911 419 Genus. Trichuris, Röderer and Wagler, 1761 419 Trichuris trichiura, Linnæus, 1761 419 Sub-family. Trichinellinæ, Ransom, 1911 421 Genus. Trichinella, Railliet, 1895 421 Trichinella spiralis, Owen, 1835 421 History of the Development of Trichinella spiralis 423 Family. Dioctophymidæ 431 Genus. Dioctophyme, Collet-Megret, 1802 431 Dioctophyme gigas, Rudolphi, 1802 431 Family. Strongylidæ 432 Sub-family. Metastrongylinæ, Leiper, 1908 432 Genus. Metastrongylus, Molin, 1861 432 Metastrongylus apri, Gmelin, 1789 432 Sub-family. Trichostrongylinæ, Leiper, 1908 433 Genus. Trichostrongylus, Looss, 1905 434 Trichostrongylus instabilis, Railliet, 1893 434 Trichostrongylus probolurus, Railliet, 1896 435 Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Looss, 1905 435 Genus. Hæmonchus, Cobb., 1898 436 Hæmonchus contortus, Rudolphi, 1803; Cobb., 1898 436 Genus. Nematodirus, Ransom, 1907, emend. Railliet, 1912 438 Sub-genus. Mecistocirrus, Railliet, 1912 438 xii xiii Sub-genus. Mecistocirrus, Railliet, 1912 438 Mecistocirrus fordi, Daniels, 1908 438 Sub-family. Ancylostominæ, Railliet, 1909 438 Group. Œsophagostomeæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909 439 Genus. Ternidens, Railliet, 1909 439 Ternidens deminutus, Railliet and Henry, 1905 440 Genus. Œsophagostomum, Molin, 1861 441 Œsophagostomum brumpti, Railliet and Henry, 1905 441 Œsophagostomum stephanostomum var. thomasi, Railliet and Henry, 1909 443 Œsophagostomum apiostomum, Willach, 1891 444 Group. Ancylostomeæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909 445 Genus. Ancylostoma, Dubini, 1843, emend. Looss, 1905 445 Ancylostoma duodenale, Dubini, 1843 445 Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Looss, 1911 456 Ancylostoma braziliense, Gomez de Faria, 1910 456 Group. Bunostomeæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909 456 Genus. Necator, Stiles, 1903 457 Necator americanus, Stiles, 1902 457 Necator exilidens, Cummins, 1912 459 Ancylostomiasis 459 Group. Syngameæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909 459 Genus. Syngamus, von Siebold, 1836 459 Syngamus kingi, Leiper, 1913 459 Family. Physalopteridæ 460 Genus. Physaloptera, Rudolphi, 1819 460 Physaloptera caucasica, v. Linstow, 1902 461 Physaloptera mordens, Leiper, 1907 461 Family. Ascaridæ, Cobbold, 1864 461 Sub-family. Ascarinæ 461 Genus. Ascaris, L., 1758 461 Ascaris lumbricoides, L., 1758 463 Ascaris sp. 465 Ascaris texana, Smith et Goeth, 1914 465 Ascaris maritima, Leuckart, 1876 465 Genus. Toxascaris, Leiper, 1907 465 Toxascaris limbata, Railliet and Henry, 1911 466 Genus. Belascaris, Leiper, 1907 466 Belascaris cati, Schrank, 1788 466 Belascaris marginata, Rudolphi, 1802 466 Genus. Lagocheilascaris, Leiper, 1909 466 Lagocheilascaris minor, Leiper, 1909 467 Family. Oxyuridæ 467 Genus. Oxyuris, Rudolphi, 1803 467 Oxyuris vermicularis, Linnæus, 1767 467 Family. Mermithidæ 469 Genus. Mermis, Dujardin, 1845 469 Mermis hominis oris, Leidy, 1850 469 Agamomermis, Stiles, 1903 470 Agamomermis restiformis, Leidy, 1880 470 Technique 471 D. Acanthocephala, Rud 475 Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze, 1782 477 Echinorhynchus hominis, Lambl, 1859 478 Echinorhynchus moniliformis, Bremser, 1819 478 E. Gordiidæ 479 F. Hirudinea s. Discophora (Leech) 480 Family. Gnathobdellidæ (Leeches with Jaws) 481 Genus. Hirudo, L., 1758 481 Hirudo medicinalis, L., 1758 481 Hirudo troctina, Johnston, 1816 482 Genus. Limnatis, Moq.-Tandon, 1826 482 Limnatis nilotica, Savigny, 1820 482 Genus. Hæmadipsa, Tennent, 1861 482 Family. Rhynchobdellidæ (Leeches with Rostrum) 482 Genus. Hæmentaria, de Filippi, 1849 482 Hæmentaria officinalis, de Filippi 482 Genus. Placobdella, R. Blanchard 482 Placobdella catenigera, Moq.-Tandon 482 xiv G. Arthropoda (Jointed-limbed Animals) 483 A. Arachnoidea (Spiders, Mites, etc.) 483 Order. Acarina (Mites) 484 Family. Trombidiidæ (Running Mites) 485 Genus. Trombidium, Latreille (and Leptus) 485 Leptus autumnalis, Shaw, 1790 485 Trombidium tlalsahuate, Lemaire, 1867 486 Akamushi or Kedani 487 Family. Tetranychidæ (Spinning Mites) 488 Genus. Tetranychus, Dufour 488 Tetranychus molestissimus, Weyenbergh, 1886 488 Tetranychus telarius, L., 1758, var. russeolus, Koch 488 Family. Tarsonemidæ 488 Genus. Pediculoides 489 Pediculoides ventricosus, Newport, 1850 489 Genus. Nephrophages 490 Nephrophages sanguinarius, Miyake and Scriba, 1893 490 Family. Eupodidæ 491 Genus. Tydeus, Koch 491 Tydeus molestus, Moniez, 1889 491 Family. Gamasidæ (Coleopterous or Insect Mites) 491 Genus. Dermanyssus, Dugès 492 Dermanyssus gallinæ, de Geer, 1778 492 Dermanyssus hirundinis, Hermann, 1804 492 Genus. Holothyrus 493 Holothyrus coccinella, Gervais, 1842 493 Family. Ixodidæ (Ticks) 493 Classification of Ixodidæ 496 Synopsis of Genera 496 Genus. Ixodes, Latreille 497 Ixodes reduvius, L., 1758 497 Ixodes holocyclus, Neumann, 1899 499 Ixodes hexagonus, Leach, 1815 500 Genus. Amblyomma, Koch 500 Amblyomma cayennense, Koch, 1844 500 Amblyomma americana, Linnæus 501 Amblyomma maculatum, Koch 501 Genus. Hyalomma, Koch 501 Hyalomma ægyptium, L., 1758 501 Genus. Hæmaphysalis, Koch 502 Hæmaphysalis punctata, Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877–1878 502 Genus. Dermacentor, Koch 502 Dermacentor reticulatus, Fabricius, 1794 502 Dermacentor venustus, Banks 503 Dermacentor occidentalis, Neumann 504 Dermacentor variabilis, Say 505 Genus. Margaropus, Karsch 505 Margaropus annulatus australis, Fuller 505 Margaropus microplus, Canestrini 505 Genus. Rhipicephalus, Koch 505 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latreille, 1804 505 Neumann’s Table of Species of Argas 505 Genus. Argas, Latreille 506 Argas reflexus, Fabricius, 1794 506 Argas persicus, Fischer de Waldheim, 1824 506 Argas brumpti, Neumann 507 Argas chinche, Gervais, 1844 508 Genus. Ornithodorus, Koch 508 Ornithodorus moubata, Murray, 1877 508 Ornithodorus savignyi, Audouin, 1827 509 Ornithodorus coriaceus, Koch 509 Ornithodorus talaje, Guerin, 1849 509 Ornithodorus turicata, Dugès, 1876 509 Ornithodorus tholozani, Laboulbène and Mégnin, 1882 510 Ornithodorus mégnini, Dugès, 1883 510 Family. Tyroglyphidæ 511 Sub-family. Tyroglyphinæ 511 Genus. Aleurobius, Canestrini 511 Aleurobius (Tyroglyphus) farinæ, de Geer (part), Koch 511 Genus. Tyroglyphus, Latreille 511 Tyroglyphus siro, L., 1756 511 Tyroglyphus longior, Gervais, 1844 512 xv Tyroglyphus longior, Gervais, 1844 512 Tyroglyphus minor var. castellani, Hirst 513 Genus. Glyciphagus, Hering, 1838 513 Glyciphagus prunorum, Hering, and G. domesticus, de Geer 513 Glyciphagus cursor, Gervais 513 Glyciphagus buski, Murray 513 Genus. Rhizoglyphus, Claparède, 1869 514 Rhizoglyphus parasiticus, Dalgetty, 1901 514 Genus. Histiogaster, Berlese, 1883 515 Histiogaster (entomophagus ?) spermaticus, Trouessart, 1900 515 Genus. Cheyletus 516 Cheyletus mericourti, Lab. 516 Family. Sarcoptidæ (Itch Mites) 516 Sub-family. Sarcoptinæ 518 Genus. Sarcoptes, Latreille 518 Sarcoptes scabiei, de Geer, 1778 518 Sarcoptes minor, Fürstenberg, 1861 520 Family. Demodicidæ (Mites of the Hair-follicles) 522 Genus. Demodex, Owen 522 Demodex folliculorum, Simon, 1842 522 Order. Pentastomida 523 Family. Linguatulidæ 523 Genus. Linguatula, Fröhlich 524 Linguatula rhinaria, Pilger, 1802 524 Genus. Porocephalus 526 Porocephalus constrictus, v. Siebold, 1852 526 B. Insecta (Hexapoda) 529 Classification of the Hexapoda. (1) Aptera 531 (2) Neuroptera 531 (3) Orthoptera 531 (4) Thysanoptera 531 (5) Hemiptera 531 (6) Diptera 532 (7) Lepidoptera 532 (8) Hymenoptera 532 (9) Coleoptera 532 Order. Rhyncota 532 (a) Rhyncota aptera parasitica 532 Family. Pediculidæ (Lice) 532 Genus. Pediculus, Linnæus 532 Pediculus capitis, de Geer, 1778 532 Pediculus vestimenti, Nitzsch, 1818 533 Genus. Phthirius, Leach 534 Phthirius inguinalis, Redi, 1668 534 (b) Rhyncota hemiptera 534 Family. Acanthiadæ 534 Genus. Cimex , Linnæus 534 Cimex lectularius , Linnæus 534 Cimex rotundatus, Signoret, 1852 536 Cimex columbarius, Jenyns 536 Cimex ciliatus, Eversmann, 1841 537 Family. Reduviidæ 537 Genus. Conorhinus, Lap. 537 Conorhinus megistus, Burm. 537 Conorhinus sanguisuga, Lec. (Blood-sucking Cone-nose) 537 Conorhinus, sp. novum (Monster Bug) 538 Conorhinus rubrofasciatus, de Geer (Malay Bug) 538 Conorhinus renggeri, Herr-Schäff (Great Black Bug of Pampas) 539 Conorhinus variegatus (Variegated Cone-nose) 539 Conorhinus nigrovarius 539 Conorhinus protractus 539 Genus. Reduvius, etc. 539 Reduvius personatus, Linné 539 Coriscus subcoleoptratus, Kirby, 1837 540 Rasahus biguttatus, Say, 1831 540 Melanolestes morio, Erichson, 1848 (non-Walker) 540 Melanolestes abdominalis, Herrich-Schäffer, 1848 540 Phonergates bicoloripes 541 Family. Aradidæ 541 Dysodius lunatus, Fabr. (Pito Bug) 541 The Ochindundu 541 xvi xvii The Ochindundu 541 Family. Lygæidæ 541 Lyctocoris campestris, Fabricius 541 Rhodinus prolixus, Stål, 1859 541 Order. Orthoptera 542 Locusts Injurious to Man 542 Order. Coleoptera 542 Silvanus surinamensis, Linnæus (Saw-toothed Grain Beetle) 542 Order. Diptera 543 Aphaniptera or Siphonaptera (Fleas) 543 Family. Sarcopsyllidæ (Jiggers) 543 Genus. Dermatophilus, Guérin 544 Dermatophilus cæcata, Enderl. 544 Dermatophilus penetrans, L., 1758 (Jigger, Chigoe) 544 Genus. Echidnophaga, Olliff 544 Echidnophaga gallinacea, Westwood (Chigoe of Fowls) 544 Family. Pulicidæ (True Fleas) 545 Genus. Pulex, Linn. 545 Pulex irritans, L., 1758 545 Genus. Xenopsylla, Glink 546 Xenopsylla cheopis, Rothschild 546 Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Baker 547 Genus. Ctenocephalus, Kolenati 547 Genus. Hoplopsyllus, Baker 547 Hoplopsyllus anomalus, Baker 547 Genus. Ceratophyllus, Centis 547 Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Bosc 547 Genus. Ctenopsylla, Kolenati 548 Genus. Hystrichopsylla, Taschenberg 548 Pulex pallipes 548 Systematic Anatomical and Biological Remarks on Mosquitoes 548 Culicidæ or Mosquitoes 555 The Classification of Culicidæ 561 Notes on the Different Genera 566 Sub-family. Anophelina 566 Genus. Anopheles, Meigen 566 Genus. Myzomyia, Blanchard; Grassia, Theobald 567 Genus. Neomyzomyia, Theobald 567 Genus. Cycloleppteron, Theobald 567 Genus. Feltinella, Theobald 567 Genus. Stethomyia, Theobald 567 Genus. Pyretophorus, Blanchard; Howardia, Theobald 567 Genus. Myzorhynchella, Theobald 568 Genus. Manguinhosia, Cruz (in Peryassu) 568 Genus. Chrystya, Theobald 568 Genus. Lophoscelomyia, Theobald 568 Genus. Arribalzagia, Theobald 568 Genus. Myzorhynchus, Blanchard; Rossia, Theobald 568 Genus. Nyssorhynchus, Blanchard; Laverania, Theobald 569 Genus. Cellia, Theobald 569 Genus. Neocellia, Theobald 569 Genus. Kertészia, Theobald 569 Genus. Manguinhosia, Cruz 569 Genus. Chagasia, Cruz 570 Genus. Calvertina, Ludlow 570 Genus. Birónella, Theobald 570 Sub-family. Megarhininæ 570 Genus. Megarhinus, Robineau Desvoidy 570 Genus. Toxorhynchites, Theobald 570 Sub-family. Culicinæ 571 Genus. Mucidus, Theobald 571 Genus. Psorophora, Robineau Desvoidy 571 Genus. Janthinosoma, Arribalzaga 571 Genus. Stegomyia, Theobald 571 Stegomyia fasciata, Fabricius (Yellow Fever Mosquito) 574 Stegomyia scutellaris, Walker 575 Genus. Theobaldia, Neveu-Lemaire 575 Theobaldinella, Blanchard 575 Theobaldia annulata, Meigen 575 Genus. Culex, Linnæus 575 Genus. Melanoconion, Theobald 576 Genus. Grabhamia, Theobald 576 Genus. Pseudotæniorhynchus, Theobald; Tæniorhynchus, Theobald, non-Arribalzaga 576 xviii Genus. Pseudotæniorhynchus, Theobald; Tæniorhynchus, Theobald, non-Arribalzaga 576 Genus. Tæniorhynchus, Arribalzaga; Mansonia, Blanchard; Panoplites, Theobald 577 Genus. Chrysoconops, Goeldi 577 Other Nematocera 577 Family. Simulidæ 577 Family. Chironomidæ (Midges) 579 Sub-family. Ceratopogoninæ 580 Family. Psychodidæ (Owl Midges) 581 Brachycera (Flies) 582 Family. Phoridæ 582 Aphiochæta ferruginea, Brun 583 Phora rufipes, Meig. 583 Family. Sepsidæ 583 Piophila casei, L. 583 Family. Syrphidæ (Hover and Drone Flies) 583 Family. Drosophilidæ 584 Drosophila melanogaster, Br. 584 Family. Muscidæ 584 Teichomyza fusca, Macq. 584 Homalomyia canicularis, L., etc. 584 Homalomyia scalaris, Fabr. 585 Anthomyra desjardensii, Macq. 585 Hydrotæa meteorica, L. 585 Cyrtoneura stabulans 585 Musca domestica, Linn. (Common House-fly) 585 Genus. Chrysomyia, Rob. Desv. 587 Chrysomyia (Compsomyia) macellaria, Fabr.; Lucilia macellaria, Fabr. 587 Chrysomyia viridula, Rob. Desv. 588 Genus. Lucilia, Rob. Desv. 588 Lucilia nobilis, Meig. 588 Genus. Pycnosoma, Brauer and v. Bergenstamm 588 Genus. Sarcophaga, Mg. 589 Sarcophaga carnaria, L., 1758 589 Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner, 1862 589 Sarcophaga chrysotoma, Wied 590 Sarcophaga plinthopyga, Wied 590 Ochromyia anthropophaga, E. Blanch.; Cordylobia arthrophaga, Grünberg 590 Auchmeromyia (Bengalia) depressa (Walker) 591 Genus. Cordylobia, Grünberg, 1903 591 Cordylobia grünbergi, Dönitz 591 Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grünberg 592 Lund’s Larva 593 Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabricius 593 Family. Oestridæ 594 Cutaneous Oestridæ 595 Genus. Hypoderma, Latreille 595 Hypoderma bovis, de Geer 595 Hypoderma lineata, de Villers 596 Hypoderma diana, Brauer 596 Genus. Dermatobia, Brauer 596 Dermatobia cyaniventris, Macq. 596 Cavicolous Oestridæ 598 Genus. Oestrus, Linnæus 598 Oestrus (Cephalomyia) ovis, L. 598 Gastricolous Oestridæ 599 Genus. Gastrophilus, Leach 599 Biting-mouthed and other Noxious Diptera which may be Disease Carriers 600 Family. Tabanidæ (Gad Flies) 600 Family. Asilidæ (Wolf Flies) 602 Family. Leptidæ 603 Blood-sucking Muscidæ 603 Genus. Glossina, Westwood 603 Glossina palpalis, Rob. Desv. 607 Glossina morsitans, Westwood 608 Genus. Stomoxys, Geoffroy 609 Genus. Lyperosia, Rondani 610 Pupipara or Eproboscidæ 611 Insects and Epidemic Poliomyelitis 612 Addenda 613 Akamushi or Kedani Sickness 613 Ticks.—African Tick Fever 613 Tick Paralysis 613 Diptera.—Psychodidæ 613 xix Diptera.—Psychodidæ 613 Pulicidæ.—Dermatophilus (Sarcopsylla) penetrans, or the “Jigger” 613 Brachycera.—Leptidæ 613 Myiasis 615 Auricular Myiasis 615 Body, Head, and Clothes Lice 615 SUPPLEMENT: CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL NOTES 617 Protozoa 617 Introduction 617 I.—Amœbic Dysentery 618 II.—Trypanosomiases 620 African Sleeping Sickness 620 South American Trypanosomiasis 623 III.—Flagellate Diarrhœa and Dysentery 623 IV.—Leishmaniases 626 A. Kala-azar 626 Indian 626 Infantile 627 B. Oriental Sore, due to Leishmania tropica 627 Naso-oral (Espundia) 628 V.—Spirochætoses 629 A. Relapsing Fevers 629 B. Yaws or Frambœsia tropica 632 C. Syphilis 632 D. Bronchial Spirochætosis 632 VI.—Malaria 633 VII.—Balantidian Dysentery 637 Plathelminthes (Flat Worms) 638 Fascioliasis 638 Fasciola hepatica 638 Fasciolopsis buski 638 Paragonimiasis 639 Paragonimus ringeri 639 Clonorchis sinensis 640 Bilharziasis 641 Schistosoma hæmatobium 641 Cestodes 644 General 644 Dibothriocephalus latus 658 Sparganum mansoni 659 Dipylidium caninum (Tænia cucumerina) 659 Hymenolepis nana 661 Tænia solium 662 Tænia saginata 667 Nematodes 674 Strongyloides stercoralis 674 Dracunculus medinensis (Dracontiasis) 675 Filaria bancrofti 676 Loa loa 678 Trichuris trichiura 678 Trichinella spiralis 680 Eustrongylus gigas 681 Ancylostoma duodenale (Ancylostomiasis) 682 Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis) 687 Oxyuris vermicularis (Oxyuriasis) 694 Hirudinea (Leeches) 699 Arthropoda 702 Arachnoidea 702 Leptus autumnalis (Grass, Harvest, or Gooseberry Mite) 702 Kedani, Akaneesch (The Japanese River or Inundation Disease) 703 Dermanyssus gallinæ (avium) 703 Ixodes reduvius (ricinus ) 704 Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies) 704 Demodex folliculorum 708 Demodex folliculorum canis 709 Insecta 709 Pediculus capitis (Head Louse) 709 Pediculus vestimenti (Clothes Louse) 710 Phthirius inguinalis (Pediculus pubis) (Crab Louse) 711 Cimex (Acanthia) lectularia (Cimex lectularius) (Bed Bug) 713 Pulex irritans (Human Flea) 714 Dermatophilus (Sarcopsylla) penetrans (Sand Flea) 714 xx xxi
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