The Angolan Revolution Volume 2: Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962-1976)

489 Pages·1978·88.607 MB·English

by  John A. Marcum

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Map of Angola
Studies in Communism, Revisionism, and Revolution (formerly Studies in Interna¬
tional Communism), William E. Griffith, general editor
1. Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift, William E. Griffith (1963)
2. Communism in North Vietnam, P. J. Honey (1964)
3. The Sino-Soviet Rift, William E. Griffith (1964)
4. Communism in Europe, Vol. 1, William E. Griffith, ed. (1964)
5. Nationalism and Communism in Chile, Ernst Halperin (1965)
6. Communism in Europe, Vol. 2, William E. Griffith, ed. (1966)
7. Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of
South Vietnam, Douglas Pike (1966)
8. Sino-Soviet Relations, 1964-1965, William E. Griffith (1967)
9. The French Communist Party and the Crisis of International Communism,
Franfois Fejto (1967)
10. The New Rumania: From People’s Democracy to Socialist Republic, Stephen
Fischer-Galati (1967)
1 1. Economic Development in Communist Rumania, John Michael Montias (1967)
12. Cuba: Castroism and Communism, 1959-1966, Andres Suarez (1967)
13. Unity in Diversity: Italian Communism and the Communist World, Donald L. M.
Blackmer (1967)
14. Winter in Prague: Documents on Czechoslovak Communism in Crisis, Robin
Alison Remington, ed. (1969)
15. The Angolan Revolution, Vol. 1: The Anatomy of an Explosion (1950-1962),
John A. Marcum (1969)
16. Radical Politics in West Bengal, Marcus F. Franda (1971)
17. The Warsaw Pact: Case Studies in Communist Conflict Resolution, Robin Alison
Remington (1971)
18. The Transformation of Communist Ideology: The Yugoslav Case, 1945-1953, A.
Ross Johnson (1972)
19. Radical Politics in South Asia, Paul R. Brass and Marcus F. Franda, eds. (1973)
20. The Canal War: Four-Power Conflict in the Middle East, Lawrence L. Whetten
(1974)
21. The World and the Great-Power Triangles, William E. Griffith, ed. (1975)
22. The Angolan Revolution, Vol. 2: Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962-
1976), John A. Marcum (1978)
THE ANGOLAN REVOLUTION
VOLUME II
EXILE POLITICS AND
GUERRILLA WARFARE
(1962-1976)
John A. Marcum
THE MIT PRESS
Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England
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K r v—
©
Copyright 1978 by
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Marcum, John A
The Angolan revolution.
Bibliographical footnotes.
CONTENTS:—v. 1. The anatomy of an explosion (1950-1962).—v. 2. Exile
politics and guerrilla warfare (1962-1976)
1. Angola—History—Revolution, 1961-1975—Collected works. I. Title. II. Series.
DT611.75.M37 967'.303 69-11310
ISBN 0-262-13136-6 (v. 2)
^ ISIS
FOR EDMUND
0818360

CONTENTS
PREFACE
PROLOGUE
PART I The Pan-African Phase, 1962-1965
CHAPTER ONE
THE PATTERN AND PROBLEMS OF TWO-PARTY
INSURGENCY
External Relations 9
Political Functions 27
Military Functions 39
Two-Party Insurgency 46
CHAPTER TWO
PAN-AFRICAN TAKEOFF
North African Intrusion 62
Host State Stakes: Congo-Leopoldville 66
Pan-African Context 70
The Congo Alliance 73
A Congolese Coup 76
Youlou’s Response and a Second Front 80
Schism in the MPLA 85
The OAU as Arbiter 93
CHAPTER THREE
PAN-AFRICAN TRAJECTORY
Response to Recognition: GRAE Organization 100
Response to Recognition: GRAE Geoethnic Outreach 105
X CONTENTS
Response to Recognition: GRAE Military Action 113
Rejection but Survival: MPLA/FDLA 121
Brazzaville's Response to Recognition: Operation Cabinda 123
Portugal Holds Fast 125
CHAPTER FOUR
PAN-AFRICAN CRASH: THE END OF AN ILLUSION
External Dependency 130
Malaise to Schism: GRAE 133
The Cairo Conference 136
The Tshombe Squeeze 141
The Mobutu Reprieve 149
Demise of the Third Party: MPLA/Viriato 156
Splintering on the Margins: Labor 157
Rise of a Third Force: UNIT A 160
Resurgence and Reverses: The MPLA 169
PART II The Tripartite Phase, 1966-1976
Introduction to Part II 179
CHAPTER FIVE
THE PATTERN AND PROBLEMS OF THREE-PARTY
INSURGENCY, 1966-1974
Political Leadership, Doctrine, and Structure 185
Tripolarity and the Quest for Unity 206
The Guerrillas: Mines and Helicopters 210
The External Variable: Alliances, Assistance, and the Adversary
CHAPTER SIX
COUP TO CIVIL WAR TO PEOPLE’S REPUBUC
Post-Coup Politics 243
Coalition and Transition: The Road to Civil War 255
The Second War of National Liberation: MPLA to PRA 263
Continuities and Verities 275