The Andean Goblin Spiders of the New Genera Paradysderina and Semidysderina (Araneae, Oonopidae)

2011·206.7 MB·English

by  Norman I. Platnick

Scientific Publications of the American Museum of Natural History P
L
A
American Museum Novitates T THE ANDEAN GOBLIN SPIDERS
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History N
I
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History C OF THE NEW GENERA
K
&
Publications Committee D PARADYSDERINA AND SEMIDYSDERINA
Robert S. Voss, Chair U
P (ARANEAE, OONOPIDAE)
É
Board of Editors R
R
Jin Meng, Paleontology É
Lorenzo Prendini, Invertebrate Zoology : P
A
Robert S. Voss, Vertebrate Zoology R
A
Peter M. Whiteley, Anthropology D NORMAN I. PLATNICK AND NADINE DUPÉRRÉ
Y
S
Managing Editor D
E
Mary Knight R
I
N
A
Submission procedures can be found at http://research.amnh.org/scipubs A
N
D
S
E
All issues of Novitates and Bulletin are available on the web from M
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace I
D
Y
Order printed copies from http://www.amnhshop.com or via standard mail from: S
D
American Museum of Natural History—Scientific Publications
E
Central Park West at 79th Street R
I
N
New York, NY 10024
A

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).
A
M
N
H

B
U
L
L
E
T
I
N

3
6
4

On the cover: Paradysderina carrizal, new species, male, 2
0
1 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
showing the asymmetry between the left and right embolus. 1
THE ANDEAN GOBLIN SPIDERS
OF THE NEW GENERA
PARADYSDERINA AND SEMIDYSDERINA
(ARANEAE, OONOPIDAE)
NORMAN I. PLATNICK
Division of Invertebrate Zoology
American Museum of Natural History
NADINE DUPE´RRE´
Division of Invertebrate Zoology
American Museum of Natural History
BULLETINOFTHEAMERICANMUSEUMOFNATURALHISTORY
Number364, 121pp., 886figures
IssuedDecember 30,2011
CopyrightEAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory2011 ISSN0003-0090
CONTENTS
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Collections Examined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Paradysderina, new genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Key to Species from Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Key to Species from Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Key to Species from Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Semidysderina, new genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Key to Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Index of Specific Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2
ABSTRACT
A new genus, Paradysderina, is established for a speciose group of Andean goblin spiders
belonging to the Dysderina complex. Members of Paradysderina resemble those of
ScaphidysderinaPlatnickandDupe´rre´ inhavingthedorsalabdominalscutumoffemaleseither
greatly reduced or entirely absent, but lack the highly crenulated sternum characteristic of
Scaphidysderina and have instead a distinctively flattened, rugose sternal surface. Males of
various species of Paradysderina show a wide range of remarkable autapomorphies, including
projections at the sides of the clypeus and various kinds of excavations and projections on or
between the chelicerae. Several species share the highly unusual occurrence of asymmetry
betweentheleftandrightmalepedipalps;insomespeciestheasymmetryinvolvesthesizeofthe
palpalbulb,butinthoseandothercases,theembolusstructurealsodiffersconsistentlybetween
the two sides, to such an extent that if the left and right palps were studied in isolation, they
would be considered to belong to different species. Dysderina globosa (Keyserling) from
Colombia and D. montana (Keyserling) from Peru are transferred to Paradysderina, and their
malesaredescribedforthefirsttime.Atotalof52newspeciesaredescribed,including26from
Peru(P.watrousi,P.consuelo,P.excavata,P.silvae,P.malkini,P.maldonado,P.asymmetrica,
P.apurimac,P.convencion, P.macho, P.tambopata, P.schizo, P.wygodzinskyi, P.newtoni, P.
thayerae,P.carpish,P.rothae,P.tabaconas,P.sauce,P.piura,P.tambo,P.fatima,P.bagua,P.
yasua,P.loreto,andP.pithecia),15fromEcuador(P.zamora,P.lostayos,P.puyo,P.hermani,
P.yanayacu,P.baehrae,P.righty,P.centro,P.fusiscuta,P.lefty,P.vlad,P.yasuni,P.dracula,
P. pecki, and P. sucumbios), and 11 from Colombia (P. imir, P. pinzoni, P. leticia, P. pira, P.
vaupes,P.huila,P.chingaza,P.boyaca,P.carrizal,P.monstrosa,andP.chinacota);P.loretois
also recorded from far western Amazonas, Brazil. A second new genus, Semidysderina, is
establishedforspeciesthatsharewithScaphidysderinaandParadysderinatheabsenceofadorsal
scutuminfemalesandaspinneretscutuminbothsexes,butdifferinhavingagrooveconnecting
theposteriorspiracles.SixnewspeciesofSemidysderinaaredescribedfromColombia(S.lagila,
S.kochalkai,S.donachui,S.marta,S.mulleri,andS.sturmi).Atleastfourofthesespecies,from
theSierraNevadadeSantaMarta,areremarkablefortheretentionofadistinctseambetween
the male palpal cymbium and bulb.
INTRODUCTION notable for the highly unusual occurrence of
asymmetricalmalepedipalps.Severalofthese
The present paper is the third in a series species resemble those of some members of
devotedtotheDysderinacomplex,alargeand Escaphiella Platnick and Dupe´rre´ (2009b), in
diverse assemblage of heavily scutate, long- that either the right or left palp may be
spined gamasomorphines that represents a significantly less ‘‘inflated’’ than its counter-
significant fraction of the total Neotropical part. Such differences occur in P. asymme-
oonopid fauna. It completes our coverage of trica, P. tambopata, P. schizo, P. righty, P.
those members of the complex in which the fusiscuta,andP.lefty(seefigs. 144–151,202–
dorsal scutum on the abdomen of females 207, 218–223, 482–489, 516–521, 532–537).
is (rarely) greatly reduced or (much more Thedifferencesarenotconfined,however,to
commonly) completely absent. Species with just the degree to which the bulb is enlarged;
suchunarmedfemalesaboundintheAndean even the embolar structure differs between
nations (Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia), and the right and left palps (e.g., figs. 144, 145;
at least one species also extends into far 200, 201; 482, 486; 514, 515).
westernAmazonas,Brazil. In the four most northern species of
Two new genera are described here; one Paradysderina, from central and northern
(Paradysderina)ishighlyspeciose, andfound Colombia (P. boyaca, P. carrizal, P. mon-
throughout the northern Andes, whereas the strosa, and P. chinacota), there are no
other (Semidysderina) contains just a few significant differences in the size or shape of
species and is known only from Colombia. the right and left bulbs, but the actual
Both genera include some remarkable taxa. intromittentorgan(theembolus)nevertheless
Paradysderina includes a number of species has consistently different shapes on the left
3
4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURALHISTORY NO.364
and right palps (see the photograph on the projections (figs. 566, 567). In species like P.
cover, and also figs. 689–696, 713–720, 725– excavata and P. maldonado from Peru, the
732, 736–741). In these cases, as well, the male chelicerae are medially excavated and
differences between the left and right embo- bear sclerotized projections (figs. 101, 135)
lus are fully as extensive as those normally similar to those found in some Scaphidysder-
found between different species! ina males. Even odder are species like P.
Almost all the species treated below show yasua, P. imir, and P. chingaza that have
no trace of a dorsal abdominal scutum in projections originating from the soft cuticle
females. The single exception is P. fusiscuta, separatingthechelicerae(figs. 371,604,665).
fromEcuador,inwhichtheepigastricscutum Most Paradysderina specimens have a
of females extends backward across the relatively unmodified sternum that is basically
anterior surface of the abdominal dorsum flat, except for the radial grooves between the
(figs. 522, 523). It is, of course, possible that leg coxae, with a finely rugose surface (as in
this represents an autapomorphic modifica- figs. 15, 57), and little apparent sexual dimor-
tion of the epigastric scutum. However, it phism. However, in two species, P. fusiscuta
may instead be the result of a fusion of the and its likely sister species, P. centro, the
epigastric and dorsal scuta that may have sternal surface is variable; some specimens
occurred, phylogenetically, as one stage in have fairly typical sculpturing (fig. 512),
the reduction and subsequent loss of the whereas others (usually, but not always,
dorsal scutum. Such a process has evidently males) have the rugosity emphasized
occurred in other oonopids. In the genus (fig. 513), and thus resemble some species of
Niarchos Platnick and Dupe´rre´ (2010), males Scaphidysderina,althoughtheelevatedridges
ofmostspecieshave a fullydeveloped dorsal are both smaller and weaker than in Scaphi-
scutum, but in males of two species, the dysderina (cf. Platnick and Dupe´rre´, 2011:
dorsal scutum is represented only by a figs. 116, 139). A few specimens of these two
narrow, longitudinal, sclerotized strip cover- species even show some coalescence of the
ing just the cardiac area of the abdomen rugosity into weak transverse ridges reminis-
(Platnick and Dupe´rre´, 2010: figs. 407, 430). cent of those of Dysderina (cf. Platnick and
In those males, the anterior end of the Dupe´rre´, 2011: fig. 3). It is conceivable that
narrow strip is fully fused to the epigastric these two species are aberrant members of
scutum. The reduction in size of the anterior Scaphidysderina,buttheoccurrenceofpalpal
scutum, and the fusion with the epigastric asymmetry in P. fusiscuta suggests that the
scutum, are clearly independent characters, sternal variation has been independently
however, as in the hypothesized sister genus acquired, and that these two species are best
of Niarchos, Scaphios Platnick and Dupe´rre´ placed in Paradysderina.
(2010), males of the one species that have a Another species, Paradysderina loreto,
similarly reduced dorsal scutum nevertheless showsadifferentkindofsternalmodification,
have that scutum entirely separate from the with more distinct elevations accompanying
epigastric scutum (Platnick and Dupe´rre´, theradialgrooves atthesidesofthesternum
2010: fig. 867). (figs. 379, 402). In this case, those sternal
As in the other Andean genus including modificationsresemblethoseofadifferentset
species with a reduced or absent dorsal of species belonging to the Dysderina com-
scutum in females, Scaphidysderina Platnick plex. Those species are common both in the
and Dupe´rre´ (2011), males can show some Andes and elsewhere in northern South
bizarre modifications of the clypeus and America; two of them were placed by
chelicerae. In one group of four species (P. Dumitrescu and Georgescu (1987) in their
vlad from Ecuador and P. imir, P. pinzoni, genus Prodysderina. However, all the speci-
andP.vaupesfromColombia),theclypeusof mensofthatgroupthatwehaveexaminedto
males bears a pair of sharply pointed, date have a strong dorsal scutum on the
anteriorly directed projections (figs. 545, abdomenoffemalesthatdoesnotoccurinP.
604, 609, 610, 643, 644). In P. dracula, from loreto, and they typically have the postepi-
a lowland site in Amazonian Ecuador, the gastric scutum of females separate from the
male chelicerae bear long, fanglike anterior epigastric scutum (in P. loreto, those two
2011 PLATNICKAND DUPE´RRE´: PARADYSDERINA AND SEMIDYSDERINA 5
scutaarefused).Hereagain,P.loretotherefore Scans were taken from uncoated right male
seemsbestplacedinParadysderina,despiteits palps, and the images were flipped for
somewhataberrant sternal sculpturing. consistency. All measurements are in mm.
Most of the species recorded below have High-resolution, full-color versions of the
been taken from forest litter, and seem to images, many additional images, the geo-
have the relatively small distribution ranges coded locality data, and a distribution map
characteristic of litter-dwelling oonopids. for each species will be available on the
However, at least three species from Peru goblinspiderPlanetaryBiodiversityInvento-
have been taken by canopy fogging (P. ry (PBI) project’s website (http://research.
bagua, P. loreto, and P. pithecia), and at amnh.org/oonopidae).
least the first two of those species seem to
have significantly broaderranges. Unlike the
COLLECTIONS EXAMINED
Andean endemics, which occur at elevations
as high as 3370 m, at least one of these
lowland Amazonian taxa, P. loreto, extends AMNH American Museum of Natural
into western Brazil, and we would not be History, New York, NY
surprised if that were the case also for the BMNH Natural History Museum, Lon-
other canopy-dwelling species. don, England
Males of the species here assigned to the CAS California Academy of Sciences,
newgenusSemidysderinahaveunusualpalps. San Francisco, CA
Infourspecies,allfromtheSierraNevadade FMNH FieldMuseumofNaturalHisto-
SantaMartainnorthernColombia,aseamis ry, Chicago, IL
stillpresentbetweenthepalpalcymbiumand IAVH Instituto Alexander von Hum-
bulb,atleastontheprolateralsideofthebulb
boldt, Bogota´, Colombia
(figs. 818,831).Sofaraswehaveobservedto
ICN Instituto de Ciencias Naturales,
date, these are the only members of the
Universidad Nacional, Bogota´,
Dysderinacomplextoretainthatseam.Under
Colombia
scanning electron microscopy, the seam ap-
KBIN KoninklijkBelgischInstituutvoor
pears as a depression, with tiny, periodic
Natuurwetenschappen, Brussels,
pores along the depressed line (fig. 750). We
Belgium
suspect that the unknown male of S. marta,
MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias
fromthesamemountainrange,willalsohave
Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argen-
theseam,butit apparently does notoccurin
tina
themalesofthesixthspeciesweassigntothe
MELM Museo de Entomolog´ıa, Univer-
genus, S. sturmi from central Colombia. The
sidad Nacional Agraria, La Mo-
palpal bulb of that species is not greatly
lina, Peru
inflated, and the embolus is very different
MHNG Muse´um d’Histoire Naturelle,
from that of the northern species, but has a
Geneva, Switzerland
similarly narrow, sharply pointed basal pro-
MUSM MuseodeHistoriaNatural,Uni-
jection (cf. figs. 752, 864). We suspect that
versidadNacionalMayordeSan
additional species (and possibly even addi-
Marcos, Lima, Peru
tional species groups) of Semidysderina re-
QCAZ MuseumofInvertebrates,Pontifi-
main to bediscoveredin Colombia.
cia Universidad Cato´lica, Quito,
Our methods follow those of Platnick and
Ecuador
Dupe´rre´ (2009a,2009b);becauseParadysder-
USNM National Museum of Natural
ina is so speciose, its species are treated
History, Smithsonian Institu-
geographically, beginning in southern Peru
tion, Washington, DC
andproceedingnorthward,andseparatekeys
areprovidedtothespeciesofPeru,Ecuador,
and Colombia. Only differences from the
Paradysderina, new genus
males (beyond the obvious lack of male
cheliceral and endite modifications) are TYPE SPECIES: Paradysderina watrousi,
mentioned in the descriptions of females. new species.
6 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURALHISTORY NO.364
ETYMOLOGY: The generic name refers to their radius or more, median projection
the similarities to Dysderina and is feminine absent (except for fused chilum), some males
in gender. with pair of anteriorly directed projections
DIAGNOSIS:Members ofthis genusresem- (figs. 545,604,609,610,643,644);setaelight,
blethoseofScaphidysderinaandSemidysder- needlelike. Chilum undivided, fused to clyp-
ina (anddifferfromallothermembersofthe eus, with seam. Eyes six, well developed, all
Dysderina complex) in having the dorsal subequal, ALE oval, PME squared, PLE
scutum of females either greatly reduced (in oval;posterioreyerowslightlyrecurvedfrom
the case of P. fusiscuta, fig. 522) or entirely above, slightly procurved from front; ALE
absent. They differ from those of Scaphidys- usually separated by their radius to diameter
derina by having the sternal surface flat, (rarelybytheirdiameterormore),ALE-PLE
ratherthanhighlycrenulated,andfromthose separated by less than ALE radius, PME
of Semidysderina in lacking a groove con- touching throughout most of their length,
necting the posterior spiracles. The male PLE-PME separated by less than PME
embolus varies greatly among species, but radius. Sternum wider than long, not fused
the female genitalia resemble those of Semi- to carapace, surface flat rather than highly
dysderina in having a distinctive, elevated crenulated, median concavity and hair tufts
anterior ridge at the front of the genital absent, with radial furrows between coxae I–
atrium (fig. 82). II, II–III, III–IV, furrows usually with tiny
DESCRIPTION: Total length of males 1.3– pits, rarely with tiny granules, radial furrow
2.3, of females 1.4–2.7. Coloration typically opposite coxae III absent; aside from fur-
carapace orange-brown, without pattern; rows, surface finely rugose (figs. 15, 57),
sternum and mouthparts orange, sternum without pits, microsculpture present every-
without pattern; abdominal scuta orange, where but front, sickle-shaped structures
abdominal soft portions white, without absent, anterior margin with continuous
pattern; legs yellow, without pattern (excep- transverse groove, posterior margin extend-
tions mentioned in species diagnoses). Ceph- ing posteriorly beyond anterior edges of
alothorax: Carapace broadly oval in dorsal coxae IV as single extension but without
view (figs. 1, 41), anteriorly narrowed to posterior hump, anterior corner unmodified,
between 0.5 and 0.75 times its maximum lateral margin with infracoxal grooves and
width, pars cephalica strongly elevated in anterior and posterior openings, distance
lateralview(figs. 2,42),anterolateralcorners between coxae approximately equal, exten-
without extension or projections, pars thor- sions of precoxal triangles absent, lateral
acica with rounded posterolateral corners, margins with bridges to coxae; setae sparse,
withoutdepressionsorradiatingrowsofpits, dark,needlelike,densestlaterally,originating
posterolateral edge without pits, posterior from surface. Chelicerae slightly divergent
margin not bulging below posterior rim, (fig. 4), anterior face with swelling; males
posterolateral surface without spikes; elevat- usually with one promarginal tooth, females
ed portion of pars cephalica granulate (but usually with one promarginal and one retro-
granules sometimes very low, producing marginal tooth (fig. 44); fang without tooth-
reticulateappearanceunderlightmicroscopy, like projections, directed medially, shape
noted as ‘‘appears reticulate’’ in species normal, without prominent basal process,
descriptions), sides strongly granulate; fovea tip unmodified (figs. 5, 45); setae light,
absent, lateral margin straight, rebordered, needlelike, densest medially; paturon inner
without denticles projecting past lateral margin with pairs of enlarged setae, distal
margin in dorsal view; plumose setae near regionunmodified,posterior surface unmod-
posterior margin of pars thoracica absent; ified, anterior surface frequently with modi-
nonmarginal pars cephalica and pars thor- fications in males, promargin with row of
acica setae light, needlelike, scattered; mar- flattened setae, inner margin unmodified,
ginal setae light, needlelike. Clypeus margin laminate groove absent. Labium triangular,
strongly rebordered, sinuous in front view not fused to sternum (fig. 46), anterior
(figs. 3, 43), vertical in lateral view, high, margin indented at middle, same as sternum
ALE separated from edge of carapace by in sclerotization, with six or more setae on
2011 PLATNICKAND DUPE´RRE´: PARADYSDERINA AND SEMIDYSDERINA 7
anterior margin, subdistal portion with un- terior medians unisegmented, posterior lat-
modified setae. Endites same as sternum in erals bisegmented (figs. 33, 37); spigots
sclerotization, those of males distally exca- scanned only in P. watrousi, anteriorlaterals
vated, with separate ventral and dorsal with one major ampullate gland spigot plus
processes(figs. 6,7)anteriorly,posteriorpart four piriform gland spigots in both male
unmodified; serrula present in single row in (fig. 34) and female (fig. 38); posterior medi-
females (fig. 48), apparently reduced to two ans with one minor ampullate gland spigot
teeth in males, one situated at about one- plus two aciniform gland spigots in male
third of length of median setal row, second (fig. 35), six in female (fig. 39); posterior
situatedmorebasally,nearmedianmarginof laterals with one minor ampullate gland
endite; proximalmost seta of row widened, spigot plus three aciniform gland spigots in
without distal fringe (fig. 7). Labrum with male (fig. 36), 10 in female (fig. 40). Legs:
triangular median protrusion (figs. 8, 47). FemurIVnotthickened,samesizeasfemora
Female palp without claw or spines (figs. 59, I–III, patella plus tibia I shorter than
60); patella without prolateral row of ridges; carapace, tibia I unmodified, tibia IV ventral
tibia with three trichobothria (fig. 61), tarsus scopulaandspecializedhairsonventral apex
unmodified. Abdomen: Ovoid, without long absent, metatarsi I, II mesoapical comb
posterior extension, rounded posteriorly, absent, metatarsi III, IV ventral scopula
interscutal membrane rows of small sclero- absent. Leg spines present on femur I (and
tizedplateletsabsent.Booklungcoverslarge, sometimes II); anterior tibiae and metatarsi
ovoid, without setae, anterolateral edge with several pairs of very long spines
unmodified; neither anterior nor posterior (figs. 29, 30, 65, 66), legs III, IV without
spiracles connected by groove (figs. 16, 63). spines (figs. 31, 32). Tarsi without inferior
Pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel claw. Superior claws with four or five large
region unmodified, scutum extending far teeth on median and lateral surfaces
dorsal of pedicel, plumose hairs absent, (figs. 17–24, 49–56). Trichobothrial base
matted setae on anterior ventral abdomen with numerous parallel ridges (fig. 58). Tar-
in pedicel area absent, cuticular outgrowths sal organ with three sensillae on legs I, II
near pedicel absent. Dorsal scutum present (figs. 25,26,67,68),twoonlegsIII,IV,palp
in males, strongly sclerotized, not fused to (figs. 14, 27, 28, 62, 69, 70). Genitalia: Male
epigastric scutum, middle surface smooth, epigastricregionwithspermporesmall,oval,
sides smooth, anterior half without project- situated at level of posterior spiracles,
ing denticles; dorsal scutum present in rebordered, furrow without V-shaped inser-
females only in P. fusiscuta, where small, tions, without setae (fig. 16). Male palp of
fused to epigastric scutum (fig. 522). Epigas- normal size, not strongly sclerotized, right
tric scutum strongly sclerotized, surrounding and left palps sometimes asymmetrical,
pedicel,notprotruding,smalllateralsclerites proximal segments pale orange, cymbium
absent, without lateral joints in females. and bulb yellow; embolus dark, prolateral
Postepigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, excavation absent, bifid, with elaborate
anterior margin unmodified, with short projections; trochanter minute, unmodified;
posteriorly directed lateral apodemes; in femur of normal size, two or more times as
males almost semicircular to elongated, long as trochanter, without posteriorly
extendingtoaboutthree-fourthsofabdomen rounded lateral dilation, attaching to patella
length,fusedtoepigastricscutum,infemales, basally; patella shorter than femur, not
short,oftenbutnotalwaysfusedtoepigastric enlarged, without prolateral row of ridges,
scutum. Spinneret scutum absent; supraanal setae unmodified; tibia with three trichobo-
scutumabsent.Abdominaldorsal,epigastric, thria(fig. 13);cymbiumovoidindorsalview,
and postepigastric setae dark, needlelike; completely fused with bulb, no seam visible
frontal epigastric area setae not thickened; (figs. 9, 10), not extending beyond distal tip
dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets of bulb, plumose setae absent, without stout
absent; interscutal membrane with setae. setaeordistalpatchofsetae;bulbelongated,
Colulus present, tiny, with pair of setae. 1–1.5 times as long as cymbium, stout,
Anterior lateral spinnerets bisegmented, pos- embolus highly variable, often ornamented
8 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURALHISTORY NO.364
with microsculpture (figs. 11, 12). Female 14. Embolus deeply divided distally (as in
genitalia with strong apodemes (fig. 71), figs.111,138, 297) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
atrium with elevated anterior ridge and – Embolus not deeplydivided distally . . . . 20
rebordered posterior margin (fig. 64); anteri- 15. Embolus with two distal projections (as in
figs.138,297). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
or genitalic projection typically with fine,
– Embolus with three distal projections (as in
toothlike extensions (fig. 72).
figs.111,289). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the 16. Embolus directed prolaterally (fig. 297)
Andeannations(Peru,Ecuador,andColom-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tabaconas
bia), except that one species (P. loreto) – Embolus directeddistally(figs. 77,138). . 17
extends from Amazonian Peru into far 17. Embolus C-shaped in prolateral view
western Amazonas, Brazil; found on both (fig.76) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watrousi
slopes of the Andes, at a wide range of – Embolus T-shaped in prolateral view (fig.
elevations (100–3367 m). 137). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maldonado
18. Embolusaswideasdistalpartofpalpalbulb
(figs. 260, 289) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
KEY TO SPECIES FROM PERU – Embolus narrower than distal part of palpal
bulb (fig.111). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . silvae
1. Males (thoseof fatimaunknown). . . . . . 2 19. Embolar base with sharp prolateral process
– Females (those of excavata, maldonado, (fig.260).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thayerae
macho, schizo, rothae, sauce, tambo, and – Embolar base without sharp process (fig.
yasuaunknown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 289). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rothae
2. Palpsasymmetrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 20. Embolus relatively small, with recurved tip
– Palpssymmetrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 (figs. 333, 391) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3. Leftembolusgreatlywidenedatabouthalfits – Embolus larger,with expandedtip . . . . . 22
length (fig.147). . . . . . . . . . . asymmetrica 21. Embolusrelativelyshort(figs.389,391)... pithecia
– Leftembolusnotgreatlywidened. . . . . . 4 – Embolus longer (figs.331, 333). . . . . . piura
4. Leftembolusnotchedatabouthalfitslength 22. Embolus relatively short, wide (figs. 192,
(figs. 200,203)............... tambopata 194). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . macho
– Leftembolusnotnotched(fig.219)... schizo – Embolus longer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5. Embolus about as wide distally as basally 23. Embolus about twice as wide distally as
(as in figs. 163, 360) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 basally (figs. 177,179, 403, 405). . . . . . . 24
– Embolus much wider distally than at base – Embolus distallywider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
(as in figs. 179, 274) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 24. Embolus width gradually increasing toward
6. Emboluslong,narrow,translucent(figs. 124, tip(figs. 177,179). . . . . . . . . . . convencion
163). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 – Embolus abruptly increasing in width
– Embolusotherwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 (figs. 403, 405) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . loreto
7. Embolussharply bent(fig.124) . . . malkini 25. Embolusfanshaped(figs.250,252)... newtoni
– Embolusnotsharplybent(fig.163)... apurimac – Embolus not fanshaped . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. Emboluslong,morethanhalfofbulblength 26. Emboluswithretrolateralexpansion(figs.374,
(figs. 231, 326) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 376) .......................... yasua
– Embolusmuch shorter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 – Embolus without retrolateral expansion
9. Embolusrelativelynarrow(fig.326) ... sauce (figs. 272, 274) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carpish
– Embolusrelatively wide(fig.231) ........ 27. Genitalic apodemes relatively short, each
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wygodzinskyi about one-fourth as long as transverse bar
10. Embolus sharply bent distally (figs. 90, connecting the two apodemes (as in figs.84,
104). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 157). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
– Embolusnotsharply bent distally. . . . . . 12 – Genitalicapodemes longer. . . . . . . . . . . 34
11. Embolus with prolateral prong at about half 28. Anterior genitalic process surrounded by
its length(fig.102) . . . . . . . . . . . excavata long, wide sclerotization throughout its
– Emboluswith distalprong(fig.88) consuelo length (figs. 157, 186, 244,304). . . . . . . . 29
12. Embolus with subbasal prong (figs. 309, – Anteriorgenitalic processotherwise . . . . 32
311). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . montana 29. Anterior genitalic process with transverse
– Emboluswithout subbasalprong . . . . . . 13 sclerotization at about half its length
13. Embolus distally twisted (figs. 345, 347) (figs. 157, 186) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tambo – Anteriorgenitalic processotherwise . . . . 31
– Embolus not distally twisted (figs. 360, 30. Transverse sclerotization situated at anterior
362). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bagua atrialmargin (fig.186). . . . . . . . convencion
2011 PLATNICKAND DUPE´RRE´: PARADYSDERINA AND SEMIDYSDERINA 9
– Transverse sclerotization situated anterior of L. Watrous, G. Mazurek), deposited in
anterioratrialmargin(fig.157)... asymmetrica FMNH (33584, PBI_OON 10091).
31. Anterior genitalic process sclerotized only at ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a
tip(fig.304). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tabaconas
patronym in honor of one of the collectors
– Anteriorgenitalicprocesssclerotizedthrough-
of the types, Larry Watrous.
outitslength(fig.244) ...... wygodzinskyi
DIAGNOSIS: Males can be recognized by
32. Atrium with conspicuous lateral sclerotiza-
the sickle-shaped embolus, with a narrow
tions(fig.173) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . apurimac
dorsal and much wider ventral flange
– Atriumwithout such sclerotizations . . . . 33
(figs. 9–12, 76–78), females by the rectangu-
33. Anterior genitalic process relatively short
(fig.244).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newtoni lar genital atrium, with the anterior genitalic
– Anterior genitalic process relatively long processextendingfaranterior oftheanterior
(fig.84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watrousi atrial ridge (figs. 82–84).
34. Apodemes greatly widened, triangular (fig. MALE (PBI_OON 10091, figs. 1–36, 73–
340). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . piura 78): Total length 1.78. Elevated portion of
– Apodemesnot widened . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, trian-
35. Apodemesdirectedposteriorly(figs.118,281, gular. Inner margin of paturon slightly
385, 398) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
excavated. Endites anteriorly with twoshort,
– Apodemesdirectedobliquely . . . . . . . . . 39
curved, clawlike processes. Leg spination:
36. Apodemeslonger than atrium(fig.281) ...
femora I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carpish
metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps sym-
– Apodemesshorter thanatrium. . . . . . . . 37
metrical; embolus originating on strong lobe
37. Apodemeswithmediallydirectedprojections
ofcymbium,consistingofnarrowbasalstalk
(fig.398).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pithecia
– Apodemes without medially directed projec- followed by bifid dorsal and ventral flanges
tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 forming sickle-shaped pair.
38. Atrium with triangular, paramedian scleroti- FEMALE (PBI_OON 10091, figs. 37–
zations (fig.118). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . silvae 72, 79–84): Total length 2.08. Postepigastric
– Atrium without such sclerotizations (fig. scutum only around epigastric furrow, not
385). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . loreto fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination:
39. Anterior genitalic process with thumblike pos- femora:Ip0-0-2,IIp0-0-1;tibiae:Iv4-4-2,II
teriorsclerotization(fig.213)..... tambopata
v3-4-1; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Gen-
– Anteriorgenitalicprocess otherwise . . . . 40
ital atrium rectangular; anterior genitalic
40. Tubular, median anterior genitalic process
process extending as far anterior of anterior
absent (figs. 97,131) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
atrial ridge as posterior of it; anterior
– Tubular, median anterior genitalic process
genitalic process with W-shaped base.
present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
41. Apodemesrelativelylong(fig.97) ... consuelo OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Peru:
– Apodemesrelativelyshort(fig.131)... malkini Cusco: Consuelo, Manu Road, km 165,
42. Anterior genitalic process with narrow, re- Oct. 4, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G.
curvedtip (fig.369). . . . . . . . . . . . . bagua Mazurek, FMNH 33576, PBI_OON 10083),
U
– Anteriorgenitalicprocess otherwise . . . . 43 1 ; Pillahuata, Manu Road, km 128, Sept.
43. Sclerotization around anterior genitalic pro- 16, 1982, litter under ferns (L. Watrous, G.
cess oval (fig.356). . . . . . . . . . . . . . fatima Mazurek, FMNH 33577, PBI_OON 10084),
– Sclerotization around anterior genitalic pro- 1U, Sept. 17, 1982, wood chips (L. Watrous,
cess triangular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 G. Mazurek, FMNH 33536, PBI_OON
44. Apodemes and transverse bar forming M- U
10043), 1 , Sept. 19, 2982, leaf litter after
shapedstructure(fig.318) . . . . . . montana
rain (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH
– Apodemes and transverse bar otherwise U
33575, PBI_OON 10082), 1 , Sept. 20,
(fig.267).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thayerae
1982, litter in mossy forest (L. Watrous, G.
Mazurek, FMNH 33547, PBI_OON 10054),
Paradysderina watrousi, new species
- U
1 , 1 , Sept. 21, 1982, litter after rain (L.
Figures 1–84
Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON
-
TYPES:Maleholotypeandfemaleallotype 523), 1 , Sept. 25, 1982, vine litter
taken from vine litter at Pillahuata, Manu (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33557,
U
Road, km 128, Cusco, Peru (Sept. 24, 1982; PBI_OON 10064), 1 , Sept. 26, 1982, litter