The Ancient World. Civilizations of Africa

142 Pages·2007·5.37 MB·English

by  Eric H. Cline

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the ancient world
CIVILIZATIONS OF AFRICA
Volume 1
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Set Contents
The Ancient World
Vol. 1 Civilizations of Africa
Vol. 2 Civilizations of Europe
Vol. 3 Civilizations of the Americas
Vol. 4 Civilizations of the Near East and Southwest Asia
Vol. 5 Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific
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The Ancient World
Civilizations of Africa
Volume 1
GENERAL EDITOR
Eric Cline, Ph.D.
The George Washington University
CONSULTING EDITOR
Sarolta Takács, Ph.D.
Rutgers University
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Principal Author: Karen H. Meyers
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The ancient world / Sarolta Takács, general editor; Eric Cline, consulting editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-7656-8082-2 (set : alk. paper)
l. Civilization, Ancient--Encyclopedias. 2. History, Ancient--Encyclopedias.
I. Takács, Sarolta A. II. Cline, Eric H.
CB3ll.A535 2007
930.l03--dc22 2006l0l384
Printed and bound in Malaysia
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum
requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials,
ansiz39.48.l984
TI (c) l0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 l
All images provided by Getty Images and the following:
background image: Tariq Dajani/The Image Bank
inset images (left to right): Bridgeman Art Library; Jochem D. Wijnands/Taxi;
Eric Meola/The Image Bank; Bridgeman Art Library
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Contents
List of Illustrations vii Great Zimbabwe 43
Topic Finder ix LINK IN TIME:European Finding of Great
Zimbabwe (C.E.1871) 43
Preface xi
Greek Colonies 45
The Cradle of Humanity xiii
Ibn Battuta 48
Map of Ancient Africa xviii
Kongo Empire 49
LINK TO PLACE:Africa’s First Roman
Agriculture 1 Catholic Dynasty 51
Turning Point:Irrigation 3 Kush 51
Akhenaten 5 Language and Writing 54
Alexandria 6 LINK IN TIME:The Rosetta Stone 56
Animism 7 TURNING POINT:The Invention of Papyrus 59
Libya 60
Archeological Discoveries 8
Mali 62
GREAT LIVES:The Leakeys 9
TURNING POINT: The Discovery of Lucy 11 GREAT LIVES:Mansa Musa 64
Art and Architecture 14 Mauretania 64
LINK IN TIME:Pyramids: Egyptian and Mayan 16 Monomutapa Empire 65
Atlas Mountains 18 Myths and Epics 66
Axum 19 LINK TO PLACE:African and American
Flood Myths 67
Bantu Migration 21
Nile River 70
Benin 23
LINK IN TIME:The Interesting Life of LINK TO PLACE:Searching for the
Source of the Nile 71
Olaudah Equiano 24
Nok People 71
Berbers 25
Nubia 73
Carthage 28
Olduvai Gorge 76
Culture and Traditions 30
Paleobiology 77
LINK TO PLACE:Masks in Africa and the Americas 34
Religion 79
Egypt 35
GREAT LIVES:Cleopatra 38 LINK TO PLACE:Ethiopian Jews 81
Sahara 84
GREAT LIVES:Hatshepsut 39
Salt Trade 85
Ghana 39
LINK IN TIME:Ancient Ghana and Modern Ghana 40 LINK IN TIME:Ancient and Modern
Salt Production 86
Giza 42
Sheba, Queen of 88
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vi | CONTENTS
Slavery 89
Society 90
LINK TO PLACE:Initiation Rites: The Xhosa and
the Lakota 93
Songhai Empire 94
Stone Circles 96
Technology and Inventions 97
Timbuktu 102
LINK TO PLACE: The Great Mosques 104
Tools and Weapons 104
ANCIENT WEAPONS:Throwing Knives 106
Yoruba 108
LINK IN TIME:Santería 109
Glossary 111
Selected Bibliography 115
Index 119
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List of Illustrations
Time Lines Maps
Ancient World Time Line Endpapers Ancient Africa, ca. 2000 b.c.e. xviii
Rise and Fall of Alexandria 7 Major Archeological Sites 10
Archeological Discoveries 9 Bantu Migrations, ca. 3000B.C.E.-C.E. 800 22
Rise of Carthagenian Rule 29 Influence of Geography on the
Rise of Civilization 31
Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt 37
Egypt, ca. 1530–1070 B.C.E. 36
Language and Writing 59
Ancient Ghana, ca. c.e.1000 41
Rise of Nubia 74
Independent Greek Colonies 46
Songhai Empire, C.E. 900–1600 95
Major Linguistic Groups 55
Technology and Inventions 100
Routes of the Ancient Salt Trade 87
The Spread of Iron Working,
ca. 600 B.C.E.–C.E. 400 98
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viii | LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Photos Rosetta Stone 57
Ancient farm tools 2 Egyptian hieroglyphics 58
Death Mask of King Tutankhamen 12 Mansa Musa 63
African cave paintings 15 Nok sculpture 72
Ceremonial masks 17 Tomb painting 80
Berber village 26 Queen of Sheba 88
Masks 33 Masai warrior 91
The Great Pyramid 38 Artificial toe 99
Ruins of Great Zimbabwe 44 Djingareyber mosque 103
Nkangi: Kidifu (Kongo) crucifix 50 Bronze tools 105
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Topic Finder
Civilizations and Peoples Society
Alexandria Technology and Inventions
Axum Tools and Weapons
Berbers
Carthage Notable Figures
Egypt Akhenaten
Ghana Cleopatra (seeEgypt)
Giza Hatshepsut (seeEgypt)
Great Zimbabwe Ibn Battuta
Greek Colonies Leakey, Louis and Mary (seeArcheological
Kongo Empire Discoveries)
Libya Mansa Musa (seeMali)
Mali Sheba, Queen of
Mauretania
Monomutapa Empire Places
Nok People Alexandria
Nubia Axum
Songhai Empire Carthage
Timbuktu Egypt
Ghana
Culture and Language Giza
Animism Great Zimbabwe
Archeological Discoveries Kongo Empire
Art and Architecture Libya
Culture and Traditions Mali
Language and Writing Mauretania
Myths and Epics Monomutapa Empire
Olduvai Gorge Nile River
Paleobiology Nubia
Slavery Olduvai Gorge
Society Songhai Empire
Stone Circles Timbuktu
General Topics Periods and Events
Agriculture Archeological Discoveries
Archeological Discoveries Olduvai Gorge
Art and Architecture Salt Trade
Culture and Traditions Stone Circles
Language and Writing
Myths and Epics Religion
Nile River Animism
Olduvai Gorge Religion
Religion Stone Circles
Salt Trade
Slavery