The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton

306 Pages·2003·51.92 MB·English

by  D. Gentry Steele

The Anatomy and Biology
Human
of the Skeleton

The Anatomy and Biology
Human
the Skeleton
of
GENTRY STEELE
D.
CLAUD BRAMBLETT
A.
Photographs by Virginia K. Massey,
Jean M. Christiansen, and D. Gentry Steele
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY PRESS
College Station
Copyright©1988byD.GentrySteeleandClaudA. Bramblett
Allrightsreserved
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Steele,D.Gentry.
Theanatomyandbiologyofthehumanskeleton.
Bibliography: p.
Includesindex.
1. Humanskeleton. 2. Forensicanthropology.
andIB.onBreasm—blaentta,toCmlyau&dAhi.stoIlIo.gyT.itle.WE[D1N0L1MS:8114.aB]one
GN70.S78 1988 611'.71 86-14394
ISBN0-89096-300-2; Paper, 0-89096-326-6
Thepaperusedinthisbookmeetstheminimumrequirements
oftheAmericanNationalStandardforPermanence
ofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,Z39,48-1984.
Bindingmaterialshavebeenchosenfordurability.
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
SeventhPrinting,2003
Contents
Preface, xi Individual Bones ofthe Skull, 30
The Frontal Bone, 30; The Parietal Bones,
I. Introduction TO THE Study OF Human 32; The Temporal Bones, 33; The Sphenoid
Bone, 37; The Ethmoid Bone, 38; The
Skeletal Anatomy, 3 Occipital Bone, 40; The Nasal Bones, 42;
Why Study the Skeleton? 3 T45h;eTMhaexiZlylgaoBmoanteisc,B4o2n;eTsh,e46L;acTrhiemaPlalBaotniense,
The Human Skeleton as Part ofthe Living Bones, 47; The Inferior Nasal Conchae, 48;
Organism, 4 The Vomer, 49; The Mandible, 50; The
Anatomical Terms and Definitions, 4 Hyoid Bone, 52
The Care ofAnatomical Specii^iens, 5 Applicatiotts, 53
The Estimation ofGender, 5 Gender, 53; Age, 56; Biological Affinities,
58; Disorders, 62; Cultural Modifications,
The Estimation ofAge, 6 65; Measurements, 65
The Estimation ofStature, 7
Biological Affinities, 7 V. The Dentition, 70
The Evaluation ofDisorders, 7
TheMeasurement ofBone, 8 Introduction to the Human Dentition, 70
General Tooth Form, 72
II. Bone Biology, 20 Development ofTeeth, 73
Individual Tooth Structure, 74
Bone Structure, 10 Permanent Incisors, 74; Permanent
Bone Cells, 12 Canines, 80; Permanent Premolars, 82;
Cartilage Cells, 13 Permanent Molars, 87; Deciduous Incisors,
Bone Growth, 13 97; Deciduous Canines, 98; Deciduous
Premolars, 98
Bone Physiology, 14
Applications, 100
Bone Reaction to Disorders, 15 Gender, 200; Age, 102; Biological Affinities,
205; Disorders, 205; Attritional and
III. The Skull, 20 Cultural Modification, 209; Intentional
Modification, 220; Measurements, 220
The Skull as a Whole, 20
Frontal View, 21; Lateral View, 22; Vertical V. The Vertebral Column, 111
SuperiorView, 23; Occipital View, 24;
Basilar View, 25; Medial (Sagittal) View, 26; Structure, 111
VViieeww oofftthhee FRloooofroofftthheeCCrraanniiaallCCaavviittyy,,2298; Common Variations, 113
CONTENTS
Viii
True Vertebrae, 114 IX. The Pelvic Girdle, 190
Cervical Vertebrae, 225; Thoracic Vertebrae,
119; Lumbar Vertebrae, 225 The Pelvis, 190
False Vertebrae, 127 The Ilium, 190
The Sacrum, 227; The Coccyx, 230 MedialView, 290; Lateral View, 294
Applications, 130 The Ischium, 194
Gender, 230; Age, 232; Biological Affinities, Medial View, 294; Lateral View, 295
135; Disorders, 235; Measurements, 237 The Pubis, 195
Medial View, 295; Ventral View, 295
VI. The Chest and Shoulder Girdle, 138 Applications, 197
Gender, 297; Parturition, 202; Age, 204;
The Thorax, 138 Biological Affinities, 224; Disorders, 224;
Central Ribs (III through IX), 239; Ribs I Measurements, 225
and II, 240; Ribs X through XII, 242; The
Sternum, 243 X. The Leg, 226
The Pectoral Girdle, 144
The Clavicle, 244; The Scapula, 246 The Femur, 216
Applications, 148 The Patella, 220
Gender, 148; Age, 249; Disorders, 252; The Tibia, 222
Measurements, 252
The Fibula, 225
Applications, 226
VII. The Arm, 153 Gender, 226; Age, 228; Estimation ofthe
Length ofLong Bones, 229; Stature, 236;
The Humerus, 154
Biological Affinities, 240; Disorders, 240;
The Ulna, 158 Cultural Modification, 242; Measurements,
The Radius, 160 242
Applications, 163
Gender, 263; Age, 264; Reconstruction of XI. The Ankle, Foot, and Toes, 243
the Length of Long Bones, 265; Stature,
267; Disorders, 270; Measurements, 272 The Tarsals, 245
The Talus, 246; The Calcaneus, 247; The
VIII. The Wrist, Hand, and Fingers, 173 Navicular, 248; The Medial Cuneiform, 248;
The Intermediate Cuneiform, 249; The
The Carpus, 174 Lateral Cuneiform, 250; The Cuboid, 250
The Scaphoid, 275; The Lunate, 276; The TheMetatarsals, 252
Triquetral, 276; The Pisiform, 277; The Metatarsal I, 252; Metatarsal II, 253;
Trapezium, 277; The Trapezoid, 27S;The Metatarsal III, 254; Metatarsal IV, 254;
Capitate, 279; The Hamate, 180 Metatarsal V, 255
The Metacarpus, 181 The Phalanges, 256
Metacarpal I, 282; Metacarpal II, 182; The Proximal Phalanges, 256; The Middle
Metacarpal III, 183; Metacarpal IV, 183; Phalanges, 257; The Distal Phalanges, 257
Metacarpal V, 284 The Sesamoid and Accessory Bones, 257
The Phalanges, 185 Applications, 259
The Proximal Phalanges, 185; The Middle Gender, 259; Age, 262; Disorders, 262;
Phalanges, 185; The Distal Phalanges, 185 Measurements, 262
The Sesamoid Bones, 186
Applications, 186
Age, 186; Stature, 187; Disorders, 187; Glossary, 263
Measurements, 189
References, 274
Author Index, 281
Subject Index, 283
Preface
T
-L.HIS anatomy text has developed from our experi- Anatomy (Lewis 1936), Cunningham's Anatomy (Brash
ence in studying human anatomy from an anthro- 1951), A New System of Anatomy (Zuckerman 1981),
pological perspective and teaching human skeletal ColorAtlasofHumanAnatomy(McMinnandHutchings
anatomy to anthropologists and biologists for more 1977), Anatomy for Surgeons (Hollinshead 1982), and
than fifteen years. Both authors were introduced to the excellent description of bone prepared by Trotter
human osteology by Dr. Thomas W. McKern while andPetersonin Morris'HumanAnatomy (Anson 1966).
undergraduates at the University of Texas at Austin. Many colleagues have assisted with this project.
Theloveofanatomyandtheexcitementofforensicre- Editorial assistance was provided by Jana R. Hellier,
construction were as integral to Tom's lab as were the Virginia K. Massey, and Sharon S. Bramblett. Re-
timedbonequizzesthathisstudentsfeared. Theclass- search assistance came from Robert Franciscus, Ben
room handouts and OsteotnetryforPhysicalAnthropolo- W. Olive, and Diane Young. Illustrations were pre-
gists (McKern n.d.) were the beginnings of an osteol- pared by Marianne Marek, E. Bolkman, and
J.
ogybookthatTomintended towrite. Later, afterboth D. Gentry Steele. Graphs were produced by Microsoft
authors earned graduate degrees at other campuses, Chart (Microsoft Corporation 1984). Photographic as-
we prepared similarclass materials. At the University sistance was provided by Kevin Dworaczyk, Robert
of Texas, Bramblett used separate guide sheets for Franciscus, Jana R. Hellier, Richard G. HoUoway,
eachbone thatwere extensions ofTom's materials. At Marianne Marek, and Ben W. Olive. The manuscript
the University of Alberta, Steele prepared an elabo- was typed by Claud A. Bramblett with the assistance
ratesetofhandoutswiththeassistanceofG. C. Nicks; of Sharon S. Bramblett.
this was later distributed in mimeograph as a hand- Special thanks are extended to Jerome C. Rose,
bookbyR. D. E.MacPheeandD.GentrySteele(1972). who provided a critical review of the dentition chap-
This text follows the chapter formats for describing ter, and to Marcella H. Sorg, who provided a critical
the human skeleton utilized in that manual. review of the complete manuscript. Members of the
This volume took shape when two of Tom's stu- 1986 class in human osteology (Anthropology 425) at
A&M
dents decided to write the book that his untimely Texas University provided additional critical
death preventedhimfromwriting. Itwasundertaken review of the manuscript, for which we are grate-
with that special combination of admiration and re- ful. Special thanks are also extended to Douglas H.
spect that students have for their professor, and we Ubelaker and T. Dale Stewartfor granting permission
trust that it contains enough merit to meet, in a small to use illustrations from their published work. Sup-
measure, the need that his text would have filled. port has been generously provided by the depart-
A&M
In the preparation of the text we have been influ- ments of anthropology at Texas University and
enced by several excellent anatomy texts and have the University ofTexas, Austin.
taken the liberty of drawing freely from them: Gray's Any errors or omissions in the contents are solely
the responsibility of the authors.