The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics

365 Pages·1977·4.01 MB·English

by  Hedley Bull

TheA narchailcS ociety
A Studoyf O rdeirn W orldP olitics
ThirdE dition
HedleByu ll
Forewordbsy StanlHeoyff mann
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andA ndrewH urrell
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pal grave
© HedleByu l1l9 77
Forewotrotd h e2 nde dit©i oSntanlHeoyff man1n9 95
Index© MaryB ul1l9 9S2,0 02
Fqrewotrotd h e3 rde dit©i oAnn dreHwu rr2e0l0l2
Alrli ghrtesse rvedN.o r eproducctoipooynr t, r ansmissoif on
thipsu blicamtiaoybn e m adew ithowurti ttpeenr mission.
Nop argarapohf t hipsu blicamtaiybeo nr eproduccoepdi,oe rd
transmistatvewedi twhr itten peromri inas cscioornd awnicteh
thep rvoisioofnt sh eC opyriDgeshitg,n asn dP atenAtsct 1988,
or untdheetr e rmosfa nyl icepnecrem itltiimnigct oepdy ing
issubeydt heC opyriLgihcte nsAignegn cy9,0 T ottenhCaomu rt
RoadL,o ndoWnl T4 LP.
Anyp erson dwohesoa nyu nauthoriasceitdn r elattioto hni s
publicamtaiybo enl iabtol cer imipnraols ecuatnidco inv il
claifmosdr a mages.
Thea uthaosrs erhtiersdi gthotbe identified
ast hea uthoofrt hiwso rik na ccordawnicteth h e
CopyrigDhesti,g nasn dPa tentsA ct 1988
First editio1n9 n
Reprin6t tedi mes
Seconde diti1o9n9 5
Reprin6t tedi mes
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Publisbhyed
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Companies and repthrroeseungtahtoiuvthtese world
PALGRAViEst hen ewg lobaacald emiicm prionft
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ISBN0- 333-98586-h9a rdback
ISBN0- 333-98587p-a7p erback
Thisb ook isp rintoenpd a pesru itafobrlr ee cyclianngd
madef romfu llmya nageda nds ustainfedo ressotu rces.
A catalorgeuceo frodthr i sb ooiks a vailable
from Btrhiet Liisbhr ary.
Copy-edaintdedtypese t byPo vey-Edmondson
TavistaoncdRk oc hdaleE,n gland
10 9 B 7 6 4 53
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03
PrintienCd h ina
Contetns
Forewotrodt hTeh irEdd itbiyoA nn rdewH urrell v11
Forewotrodt hSee coEnddi tiboyn StaHnolffemya nn xxiv
Prfeace xxx
Introduction xxxu
Par1t TheN atuorfeO rdeirnW orlPdo litics 1
TheC oncepotf O rderi nW orld Politics 3
DoesO rderE xisitn W orldP olitics? 22
How isO rderM aintainiendW orldP olitics? 51
Order versus iJnu sWtoircPleod l iicts 74
Par2t Ordeirnt hCeo ntempoIrnatreyr naStyisotneaml 95
5 TheB alnaceo fP owera ndI nternatiOorndaelr 97
� InternatiIo. naawal n dI nternatiOorndaelr 122
Diplmoacya ndI nternatiOorndaelr 165
8 War and InnatteironOarld er 187
9 TheG reatP owerasn dI nternatioOnradle r 149
Par3t AlternativeW oPrlaOdtr hdse rt o 223
IO Alternattiov est Choen temporaSrtya teSsy stem 225
11T heD eclinoeft heS tateSsy stem? 248
12 TheO bsolescenocfet heS tateSsy stem? 272
13 The Reform oft heS tateSsy stem? 286
14 Conclusion 307
Noteasn dR eferences 309
Index 321
v
ForE milyM,a rthaa ndJ eremy
Forewortdo t heT hirdE dition:
TheA narchicSaolc iet2y5 Years. On
AndrewH urrell
The statuosf TheA narchSioccailea tsa y classici sc tleaexrt.I t
provides thee lmaobsotr aatned p owerful exposoiftt ihoenv iew
thastt atfoerms amongstth emselvaensi nternatiosnoacli ety;i ta nd
developtsh isi deaa sa powerfuvla ntagpeo infrto m whicht o
analysaen d assestsh ep ossibiloift ieosr dienrw orldp olitiIcts .
alsroe mainas fundamentatle acnhgi textn,o tj usats t hee xemplar
ofa paritculapros itioonra st her epresentaotfi tvhees o-called
EngliSshc hoo1l b;u ta lsfoor its capatcoui ntsye ttelset ablisahnedd
comfortabploes itsi,ofo nr thec lariotfyi tesx positiaonndf, ort he
sharpneosfsB ullw'rsi ting hainsid n tellectruiaglo uCrl.e arlyv eray
greatd ealh asc hangeidn t het wetny-fiyveea rssi ncteh eb ookw as
firsptu blishTehde.fi rspta rot ft hiFso reworldi nkTshe A naricchal
Societtos yo meo ft hem aind evelopmentthsa th avet akenp lcae
withiInn ternaotniaRle latiotnhse oriynt hiisn tervenpienirgo dT.h e
seconsde ctiosne tBsu ll'asp proach asnodm eo fh isc onclusions
againssto me of mtahjeo rc hangetsh ath aveo ccurreidn the
2
structures parnadct icoefws o rldp olitics.
TheA narchSioccaile atnyd Stthued oyf InterRnealtiaotinoanl s
Bulli'msp ortanicnet hea cademisct udoyf I nternatioRnealla tions
has lobnege nr ecogni,sb eudta,s S tanlHeoyff manns uggetssi nt he
forewordt o;t hes econedd iotni,p reciswehleyr ea ndh ow hisw ork
fitsi ni sm orec ontested.
RealiasnmdN eoreiaslm
Evena cursorrye adinogf The AnarchiScoacelyit suggetssB ull's
manya ffinitiweist hr ealisnmo,tl eashti se mphasiosn ther oloef
Vil
Forewotrodt hTeh irEdd ition
vm
poweri ni netrnaotnialr elatiaonndst hef actth atth e' instiotnusot'fi
intneartionsaolc ietthya th e analysiens T he AnacrhicSaolc iety
incluwdaer , tGhree aPto werst,h eb alancoefp owera ndd iploma.c y
Indeedin,a veryi mportasnetn steh,e b alancoefp owerr emaintsh e
mosti mportafnotu nadtiofno rB ull'cso ncetpiono fi nterinoantal
societWyi.t houat balancoef p owera ndw ithoustu satineadn d
stabluned erstandbientgwse etnh em ajorp owerso nt hec onducotf
theimru tualr eliaotnst,h ent he' softeerl'e mentosfi nterinoantal
orde(ri tnerniaotnalla wi,n ternatioonragla niisoantst,h ee xisteonfc e
sharevda luewso)u ldb es om anyc astlients he aBiurl.al l ssot ressed
the crifutnicctailo onf r ealiasnta lys-iusn maskintgh ep reetnsions
oft hosweh o purportto s peako nb ehaloff i nternatioorng allo bal
societayn d underlinintgh ee xtentto whiche,v enw hen shaerd,
universoarl s olidsatrv ialuewsi ltle ndt ofu rthert hei ntereosft s
particusltaart eFsi.n ally, iBduelaol f'i sn ternatisooncaile gtrye w
outo f his vercyr ictlioecsnaegl a gemewnitt hc lassirceaall issutcsha s
Carr anMdo rgetnhaua nd retaimnaendy o ft heicro ncern,se spe­
cialtlhye r eliaotnshbiep tweepno werl,a wa ndm orality.
Despittee xtbosotke reotyap reesa,l iissnt o ts implsyo meonweh o
writesa bouts tates baenldi evienst hei mportanocfep owerB.u ll
did bootfht hesteh ingbsu td idn ots eeh imsealsfa reali'sIta :m
nota realishte' s,a idu nequivocailnl ay 1799l ectu3r eH.e
emphasistehde e xtentto whicht hec lassirceaall isomf Carr,
Kennano r Niebuhwr as rootiendp articuhliasrot ricacli rcu­m
stanceIstw. a sp arot ft hei ntellectteumapleo rf a particaugle-a ra
periowdh enc onflict aannadr chwya s' ifanc t tmhaei n ingredient in
I[netrnationRa[le]l atioantst ]h et ime'F.r om Bulple'rss pevcet,i
bothc lassirceaall isamn d,e venm ore, its neovarreiaal(niatss t in
theh ugeliyn fluentiwaolr ko f KennetWh altz) pianys ufficient
attentitoon t hefr ameworko f rul,es normasn d sharuendd er­
standinogns w hichi nternatisooncaile dteyp endThsi.s doesn ot
implyt hatn ormss omehowc ontrotlh ea ctionosf s tateasc,t ing
upont hemfr om outsidBeu.ti td oesm eant hatth eys hapteh eg ame
ofp owerp olititchsen, a turaen di dentiotfty h ea ctortsh,ep urposes
for whicfohr cec an bues eda,n d twhaey si nw hicha ctorjsu styi f
andl egitimitshee iarc toins.T hus,o n Bulla'csc ounetv,e nc onflict
andw ar take place hwiigthhliiynn s taii tountalisseetod f n 01mative
structu-rleesg ,am loral apnodl itiAcsa hle.p uts 'i. t.:w. a ri sa sa
AndrewH urrel1lx
matetro ff acta ni nherennotmrlayt ivpeh enmoenoni;t i s
uniamginaabplaerfr to mr ulbeysw hichhu mabne inrgesc ognise
whabte haviiosau prp roprtioia attn edd efine atthteiittrou wdaer ds
itW.a ri sn ots impal cyl asohffo rceisti; s a clabseht weetnh e
agenotfps o litgircoaulp ingasr ew haobr leec otgoon nieas neo ther
ass ucahn dt od iretchtef iorr acteo nea nother only because of the
rultehsa tth euyn dersatnadna dp p'l4 y.
Similaervleytn,h eq uienstsentrieaalll'iyis nts titouftt hieo n'
balaeno cfp ower apnpoetaas r sma e chanaircraaln geomre nats
a conesltlatoiffoo rnc etsh aptu shaensd s hovsetsa tteoas c ti n
patricuwlaayrfrs o mo utsiIdtse h.o uld, breua ntdheerrs,at so oad
consciaonudcs o ntinsuhianrge d practicteh ea icnt orwsh ich
cosntandtelbya atnedc onttehsmete anionftg h bea lanocfpe o wer,
its grounadnrdtu hlere oslt,eh aitts houpllda y. EGqrueaaltl y
Powearrste o b e stundoistei dm pilnty e rmosft hdee grteowe h ich
thecya ni mpoosred eornw eaksetra toerws i thtihne siprh eroefs
infleuncoen t hbea cokf c rudceo ercbiuortna ,t hientr e rmosft he
extetnotw hicthh eriorl aen dt hemiarn agerfuinaclt ioanrse
perceiavsle edg itibmyao tteh esrta tPeosw.e rre maicnesn ttroa l
Bulla'nsa lyosfii sn ternatrieolnanatsli, bo utp oweirs a social
attriTbouu tned.e rsptoawnedwr e m usptl aicets idbeys idwei th
otheqru intessenticaolnlcye sputscsoah cs ip arle staiugteh,o rity
andl egitiImnatcye.r natsoicoinieastlt y h erefocreen trcaolnl­y
cernweidt nho rmasn di nisttutiBountts h.id so enso tn ecessarily
leadn,o twithsttahneid niflneugnc oef t hes eventeenth-century
inetrnatiloanwayHleu rg oG rotiounB su llw'osr kt,oa s otfl,i beral
Groatniiscmo ncersnoelde wliyt thh ep romotoifol na wa nd
moarliatsiy s osfot meints akeanslsyu dm.e
Thed istaanncdde i fferebnectewse Beunl aln dn eroealiasrme
parictulcalrelatyhr ie:n ternastyisotnseaimlm pclayn nboetv iewed
soleilnmy a tertiearlma ssa decternal,ia sneadrcshtircu citnur e
whicfuhn ctionuanldeliryffe ntiuantivetadsr oyn layc cordtiotn hge
distriboufpt oiwoenrC .e ntrtaolt h e' systiesam 'h istorically
creataendde, v olvsitnrgu,c otfuc roem mounn derstanrduilnegss,,
normasn,d m utueaxlp cetatiIonndse.ie twd a s tdhoem inaonfc e
Waltznieaonr eailnti hse1m 890asn de ar1l9y90 st hat extphlea ins
relatmiavreg inaliosfai tneitronna tisooncailep teyrs pecitni ves
thapte ordi.
x Forewotrodt hTeh ridE dition
Neo-/bierIanlts itountlaiism
On thfea ceof i to new oulde xpecat s ignificagnrtelayt deerg reoef
overlaapn dc ommonalitbye tweeBnu lla ndl iberoarl r atiolniast
institutionIanl tihsetfi sr.s tp lacet heo bjecotf explanatiiso n
similaTrh.e centrparlo bleims t oe stablish thaantd n loarwmss
exercias ceo mplianpcuel olf t heiorw n,a tl easpta rtiailnldye pen­
dento ft hep owera ndi nterewshtisc h underpina ntdwh heimc ha re
oftenr esponsifobrl et hecirre taoin.T here is saolmsedo e greoef
overlaipnt ermosf h owr uleasn di nstitutfuinocntsi oInn.s titution­
alisatrsec oncernewdi thw aysi nw hichi nstitutionist r maatkieo nal
for statetsoc ooperaotuet o fs el-finterTehsety. vineowr msa nd
institutaisop nusr posivgeelnye ratseodl utitoond si ffereknitn ds of
collective-apcrtoibolne mTsh.e rei sc ertainal gyo odd ealo ft his
kindo ft hinkiinngB ull'wso rk:t hen otiotnh astt atweisl fulr ther
theiorw n interebsyt msu tuarle spefocrt eacho thersso'v ereignty,
byr ecogniscienrgt aliinmi tosn theu seo ffo rce,a ndb ya ccepting
thep rinciptlhea ta greemenbtest weetnh ems houlbde honoured.
Bulrle cognitsheasit nterest-drcioovpeenr aticoanni ndeebde b uilt
onH obbesiaans sumptiaonndsa contractuaanldir satt ionalist logic
runst hrougmhu cho fh isd iscussoifot nh ei nstitutoifoi nnst erna­
tionaslo ciety.
Yet thearreea lsiom portant diffebreetnwceeesBn u laln dm any
institutionOanlei srtesl.a tteos Bull'dsi struosft a ttempttso
understacnodo peratipounr eliyn termso f abstraachti storical
rationaliBsuml.lw as concernewdi tht hep rocessbeys w hich
understandoifnc go mmoni ntereesvto lveadn dc hangetdh rough
timeD.e nyintgh at' Grotitahne roisthsa'd a nyg reat confidienn ce
absrtachtu manr easohne,w rote that:
Grotiuasn do theerx ponenotfst hen atural tlhaewo rcye rtainly
didh ave' confiedncei nh umanr easonb'u,tt he Grotiidaenao f
internatiosnoacli eltayt ecra met or esotn thee lemenotf c on­
sensuisn t hea ctuaplr actiocfes tateasn,d i ti s otnh irsa ther
thano n 'humanr easotnh'a (ti nc ommonw itho thecro ntempor­
ary' GrotianIs r'e)s tth ec asefo r takinign ternatisoonicaelt y
seroiusl5y .
Standing bwaec kc,a n seet hat Bull exaimnitneernda tional
societfryo m two dicsttd iinreocntis,o ne analyticaolt,h ert he
AndreHwu rrell
x1
historOinc tahleo. n e shieda er,r ivaethd i usn dernsdtianogf
internastoicoinbeayttl yh inktihnrgo uignph u,r ealbys trtaecrtm s,
thosees senetlieamle ntsw outlhhdaa tv teo b ep resefonrt any
socioefst tya tteobs em eaningsfuodl elsyc r.iB buetod,nt hoet her,
hei nsitshtaehtdo, w evpelra ustihbialsbe s trraecats omniingghb te ,
ith adt o sbeeat g ainsctu ltthuaern adhl i stoforricceatslh ahta d
helpsehda ptehc eo nscieosousfs s nociaetat nyyp artitcuilmaaenr d
hadm ouldpeedr cteipoonfcs o mmovna luaensdc ommopnu rposes.
Thiesm phaosnih sit soriccaolnlsyt ruuncdteerds talnedaitdnosg s
a seconadre oaf d ivgeerncteh:e e xtetnotw hicshu cscfseul
cooperaotfitoednne penodnsa prisoern soefc ommuniotrya, t
leaosnta ,c ommosne otfs ocicaull,t uorrla iln guciosntnviiteco ns.
Rationmaoldieslotsf c oopaetriomna yi ndeeexdp lahionwc o­
operaitspi oons siobnlcteeh pea rthiaevsce o me bteol itehvaett h ey
formp arotf a sharperdo joercc to mmuniitnwy h icthh ere is a
commoinn terest btefuh ratth ecbraeyncd o operabteihvaev iour.
Butfr,o mB ullp'esr specrtaitvieo,n aaplpirsota cnheegsl ect the
factowrhsi cehx plhaoiwna ndw hyc ontractpionsgs iibintls he e
firsptl aacne dt hpeo etntibaarlr itehracsta nb loctkhe em ergence
ofs ucahs harperdjo ec-tp erhabpesc ause instaintaultyisoinsa list
hasb eesno d ominabtyes dtd iueosf c ooperaatmioonngl sitb eral
develospteadtt ehsae tn joayc ompatiboifl ijmtoayvr a luaensda
commocno nceptualoifss uactbhia osnic co nceapst' sro der',
'ujsti'csaett''e,', l a'wc'o,n tarnadcs too' n Y.e ts om ucho fB ull's
worwka sc oncerwnietdphr esceiltyh eksien odfsp robl-emtsh e
constfaasncntia tiwoint thh eb oundeasr iionft ernastoicoineatly ,
witthh cer itfoerrmi eam ber,sa hnidpw itthh e posoifgt rioounp s
thaltio en o rb eyointdms a rgi(nisn fidpeilrsa,bt aersb,a r.i ans)
Constructivism
Almoasltcl o ntsructimvaikseat tls e apsats sirnefegr etncoBe u ll
andr eecnwtr itingsso uhgathvotce o mpaBruel aln d the English
Schoeoxllpi ciwtiltych o nrsuticvti6sC mo.ntsructiivsfai rsfr mo ma
unifipeods itainodin s b eocminegv elre ssso Y.e ta number of
claiumnsi mtuec hc onstruwcrtiitvoiinnsi gtne trnatiroeanltailo ns,
inclutdhien gv tiheaiwtn ternantoiromansra celo nsuttiiatvsew ell
asr egulatthiecv lea;it mh at norrumlasen,sd i nstitcurteiaotnes
meaninagnsde nabolrem ,a kep ossidbileffer,e fonrtm so fs ocial
actiont;h iead nedta h amta nyo ft hmeo sitm portfaeanttu roefs