The American Spirit: United States History as Seen by Contemporaries, Volume II

735 Pages·2009·5.24 MB·English

by  David M. Kennedy, Thomas Bailey

(cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:4)
he merican pirit
Selected and Edited with
Introduction and Commentary by
David M. Kennedy
Stanford University
Thomas A. Bailey
(cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:4)
he merican pirit
United States History
as Seen by Contemporaries
Twelfth Edition
Volume II: Since 1865
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as Seen by Contemporaries, Volume II: Since 1865,
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David M. Kennedy, Thomas A. Bailey
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About the Authors
David M. Kennedy is the Donald J. McLachlan Professor
of History at Stanford University, where he has taught for
four decades. Born and raised in Seattle, he received his
under graduate education at Stanford and did his graduate
training at Yale in American Studies, combining the fi elds of
history, e conomics, and literature. His fi rst book, Birth Control
in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger (1970) was honored
with both the Bancroft Prize and the John Gilmary Shea Prize.
His study of World War I, Over Here: The First World War and
American Society (1980) was a Pulitzer Prize fi nalist. In 1999
he published Freedom from Fear: The American People in D epression and War, 1929–
1945, which won the Pulitzer Prize for History, as well as the Francis Parkman Prize,
the English-Speaking Union’s A mbassador’s Prize, and the Commonwealth Club of
California’s Gold Medal for L iterature. At S tanford he teaches both undergraduate and
graduate courses in A merican political, diplomatic, intellectual, and social history,
and in American literature. He has received several teaching awards, including the
Dean’s Award for Distinguished Teaching. He has been a visiting professor at the
University of Florence, Italy, and in 1995–1996 served as the Harmsworth Professor
of A merican History at Oxford U niversity. He has also served on the Advisory Board
for the PBS television series, The American Experience, and as a consultant to several
documentary fi lms, including The Great War, Cadillac Desert, and Woodrow Wilson.
From 1990 to 1995 he chaired the Test Development Committee for the Advanced
Placement United States History examination. He is an elected Fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Philosophical Society and serves
on the boards of the Pulitzer Prizes and The New York Historical Society. Married and
the father of two sons and a daughter, in his leisure time he enjoys hiking, bicycling,
river-rafting, sea-kayaking, fl ying, and fl y-fi shing.
Thomas A. Bailey (1903–1983) taught history for nearly forty
years at Stanford University, his alma mater. Long regarded as
one of the nation’s leading historians of American diplomacy,
he was honored by his colleagues in 1968 with election to the
presidencies of both the Organization of American H istorians
and the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations.
He was the author, editor, or co-editor of some twenty
books, but the work in which he took most pride was The
American Pageant through which, he liked to say, he had
taught American history to several million students.
v
Contents

Preface xxiii
22
The Ordeal of Reconstruction,
1865–1877 1
A. The Status of the South 1
1. Black Leaders Express Their Views (1865) 1
2. Carl Schurz Reports Southern Defi ance (1865) 4
3. General Ulysses S. Grant Is Optimistic (1865) 6
4. The Former Slaves Confront Freedom (1901) 6
5. Emancipation Violence in Texas (c. 1865) 9
B. The Debate on Reconstruction Policy 9
1. Southern Blacks Ask for Help (1865) 9
2. The White South Asks for Unconditional Reintegration
into the Union (1866) 10
3. The Radical Republicans Take a Hard Line (1866) 12
4. President Andrew Johnson Tries to Restrain Congress (1867) 13
5. The Controversy over the Fifteenth Amendment (1866, 1870) 16
C. Impeaching the President 17
1. Johnson’s Cleveland Speech (1866) 17
2. Senator Lyman Trumbull Defends Johnson (1868) 19
D. “Black Reconstruction” 20
1. Thaddeus Stevens Demands Black Suffrage (1867) 20
2. Black and White Legislatures (c. 1876) 21
3. W. E. B. Du Bois Justifi es Black Legislators (1910) 22
4. Benjamin Tillman’s Antiblack Tirade (1907) 24
E. The Ku Klux Klan’s Reign of Terror 25
1. Alfred Richardson Testifi es About Reconstruction-Era
Georgia (1871) 25
2. Maria Carter Describes an Encounter with the Klan (1871) 28
3. Henry Lowther Falls Victim to the Klan (1871) 30
F. The Legacy of Reconstruction 33
1. Editor E. L. Godkin Grieves (1871) 33
vi
Contents vii
2. Frederick Douglass Complains (1882) 34
3. Booker T. Washington Refl ects (1901) 35
23
Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age,
1869–1896 38
A. The South After Reconstruction 39
1. Zachariah Chandler Assails the Solid South (1879) 39
2. Reconstruction and Redemption (1880) 40
B. Race Divides the South 42
1. A Southern Senator Defends Jim Crow (1900) 42
2. A Spokesman for the “New South” Describes Race Relations
in the 1880s (1889) 43
3. An African American Minister Answers Henry Grady (1890) 45
4. Booker T. Washington Accommodates to Segregation (1895) 47
5. A Southern Black Woman Refl ects on the Jim Crow System
(1902) 49
C. The Populist Crusade in the South 51
1. Tom Watson Supports a Black-White Political Alliance (1892) 51
2. A Black-Alliance Man Urges Interracial Cooperation (1891) 53
3. The Wilmington Massacre (1898) 54
D. The Spread of Segregation 56
1. The Supreme Court Declares That Separate Is Equal (1896) 56
2. A Justice of the Peace Denies Justice (1939) 58
E. The United States Emerges as an Industrial Giant 59
1. United States Balance of Trade and Share of World Exports
(1870–1910) 59
2. Composition of United States Exports (1869–1908) 60
3. Destination of United States Exports (1869–1908) 60
4. Distribution of Long-Term Foreign Investments in the United States
(1803–1880) 61
24
Industry Comes of Age, 1865–1900 63
A. The Problem of the Railroads 63
1. A Defense of Long-Haul Rates (1885) 63
2. Railroad President Sidney Dillon Supports Stock
Watering (1891) 64
3. General James B. Weaver Deplores Stock Watering (1892) 65
B. The Trust and Monopoly 66
1. John D. Rockefeller Justifi es Rebates (1909) 66
viii Contents
2. An Oil Man Goes Bankrupt (1899) 68
3. Weaver Attacks the Trusts (1892) 69
C. The New Philosophy of Materialism 70
1. Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth (1889) 70
2. The Nation Challenges Carnegie (1901) 71
3. Russell Conwell Deifi es the Dollar (c. 1900) 72
D. The Rise of the New South 74
1. Henry Grady Issues a Challenge (1889) 74
2. A Yankee Visits the New South (1887) 75
3. Life in a Southern Mill (1910) 76
E. Labor in Industrial America 78
1. In Praise of Mechanization (1897) 78
2. A Tailor Testifi es (1883) 80
3. The Life of a Sweatshop Girl (1902) 81
4. The Knights of Labor Champion Reform (1887) 84
5. Samuel Gompers Condemns the Knights (c. 1886) 85
6. Capital Versus Labor (1871) 86
F. The Environmental Impact of Industrialization 88
1. Upton Sinclair Describes the Chicago Stockyards (1906) 88
2. An Engineer Describes Smoke Pollution (1911) 89
25
America Moves to the City,
1865–1900 91
A. The Lures and Liabilities of City Life 91
1. Frederick Law Olmsted Applauds the City’s Attractions (1871) 91
2. Sister Carrie Is Bedazzled by Chicago (1900) 93
3. Cleaning Up New York (1897) 94
4. Jacob Riis Photographs the New York Tenements (1890) 96
5. Jacob Riis Documents the Tenement Problem (1890) 98
B. The New Immigration 99
1. Mary Antin Praises America (1894) 99
2. The American Protective Association Hates Catholics (1893) 100
3. President Cleveland Vetoes a Literacy Test (1897) 101
4. Four Views of the Statue of Liberty (1881, 1885, 1886) 102
5. Jane Addams Observes the New Immigrants (1910) 107
6. Global Migrations (1870–2001) 108
C. The Church on the Defensive 109
1. The Shock of Darwinism (1896) 109
2. Henry Ward Beecher Accepts Evolution (1885) 111
Contents ix
D. The Anti-Saloon Crusade 112
1. Frances Willard Prays in a Saloon (1874) 112
2. Samuel Gompers Defends the Saloon (c. 1886) 113
E. The Changing Role of Women 114
1. Victoria Woodhull Advocates Free Love (1871) 114
2. The Life of a Working Girl (1905) 116
3. An Italian Immigrant Woman Faces Life Alone in the Big City
(c. 1896) 118
4. Jane Addams Demands the Vote for Women (1910) 121
26
The Great West and the Agricultural
Revolution, 1865–1896 125
A. The Plight of the Indian 125
1. The U.S. Army Negotiates a Treaty with the Sioux (1868) 125
2. Harper’s Weekly Decries the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876) 128
3. She Walks with Her Shawl Remembers the Battle of the
Little Bighorn (1876) 130
4. Chief Joseph’s Lament (1879) 132
5. Theodore Roosevelt Downgrades the Indians (1885) 133
6. Carl Schurz Proposes to “Civilize” the Indians (1881) 135
7. A Native American Tries to Walk the White Man’s Road (1890s) 137
B. The Crusade for Free Homesteads 139
1. “Vote Yourself a Farm” (1846) 139
2. A Texan Scorns Futile Charity (1852) 139
3. President James Buchanan Kills a Homestead Bill (1860) 140
C. Life on the Frontier 142
1. Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way (1868) 142
2. A Pioneer Woman Describes the Overland Trail (1862) 143
3. Taming the Canadian Frontier (1877) 145
4. Opening Montana (1867) 146
5. Sodbusters in Kansas (1877) 148
6. John Wesley Powell Reports on the “Arid Region” (1879) 150
D. The Farmers’ Protest Movement 151
1. The Evolving Wheat Economy (1852–1914) 151
2. An Iowan Assesses Discontent (1893) 153
3. Mrs. Mary Lease Raises More Hell (c. 1890) 154
4. William Allen White Attacks the Populists (1896) 155
E. The Pullman Strike 157
1. A Populist Condemns George Pullman (1894) 157
2. Pullman Defends His Company (1894) 159
3. Starvation at Pullman (1894) 160