The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders

793 Pages·2005·13.59 MB·English

by  Dan J. Stein

The American Psychiatric Publishing
Textbook of Mood Disorders
Editorial Board
Pedro L. Delgado, M.D. Husseini K. Manji, M.D.
Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry; As- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National In-
sociate Dean for Faculty Development, School of Medi- stitute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
cine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at
A. John Rush, M.D.
San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
Professor and Vice-Chairman for Research; Betty Jo Hay
Ellen Frank, Ph.D. Distinguished Chair in Mental Health; Rosewood Cor-
Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of poration Chair in Biomedical Science, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medi-
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, cal Center, Dallas, Texas
Pennsylvania
Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D.
Mark S. George, M.D. Kenneth T. Norris, Jr., Professor and Chairman, Depart-
Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, Radiology, and ment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford
Neurology; Director, Brain Stimulation Laboratory and University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Medical Univer-
Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D.
sity of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
Professor and Chair, Department of Psychiatry, Univer-
David J. Kupfer, M.D. sity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Thomas Detre Professor and Chair, Department of Psy-
chiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
The American Psychiatric Publishing
Textbook of Mood Disorders
EDITED BY
DAN J. STEIN, M.D., PH.D.
DAVID J. KUPFER, M.D.
ALAN F. SCHATZBERG, M.D.
Washington, DC
London, England
Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book is accurate at the time of publication and
consistent with general psychiatric and medical standards, and that information concerning drug dosages, schedules,
and routes of administration is accurate at the time of publication and consistent with standards set by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration and the general medical community. As medical research and practice continue to advance,
however, therapeutic standards may change. Moreover, specific situations may require a specific therapeutic response
not included in this book. For these reasons and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we recommend
that readers follow the advice of physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family.
Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views and opinions of the individual authors
and do not necessarily represent the policies and opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Association.
Copyright © 2006 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper
09 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
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American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of mood disorders / edited by Dan J. Stein, David J. Kupfer, Alan F.
Schatzberg.-- 1st ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58562-151-X (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Affective disorders.
[DNLM: 1. Mood Disorders. WM 171 A5115 2005] I. Title: Textbook of mood disorders. II. Stein, Dan J. III.
Kupfer, David J., 1941- IV. Schatzberg, Alan F. V. American Psychiatric Publishing.
RC537.A545 2005
616.85'27--dc22
2005008198
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
Contents
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
P A R T 1
Symptomatology and Epidemiology
Dan J. Stein, M.D., Ph.D., Section Editor
1
Historical Aspects of Mood Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Michael H. Stone, M.D.
2
Classification of Mood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Daniel N. Klein, Ph.D., Stewart A. Shankman, Ph.D., and Brian R. McFarland, M.A.
3
Epidemiology of Mood Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Renee D. Goodwin, Ph.D., M.P.H., Frank Jacobi, Ph.D., Antje Bittner, Dipl.Psych.,
and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Ph.D.
4
Global Burden of Mood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Philip S. Wang, M.D., Dr.P.H., and Ronald C. Kessler, Ph.D.
5
Rating Scales for Mood Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Mary Amanda Dew, Ph.D., Galen E. Switzer, Ph.D., Larissa Myaskovsky, Ph.D.,
Andrea F. DiMartini, M.D., and Marianna I. Tovt-Korshynska, M.D., Ph.D.
P A R T 2
Pathogenesis of Mood Disorders
Pedro L. Delgado, M.D., Section Editor
6
Neurochemistry of Mood Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Pedro L. Delgado, M.D., and Francisco A. Moreno, M.D.
7
Psychoneuroendocrinology of Mood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Stuart N. Seidman, M.D.
8
Cognitive Processing Models of Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Bruce K. Christensen, Ph.D., C.Psych., Colleen E. Carney, Ph.D., C.Psych.,
and Zindel V. Segal, Ph.D., C.Psych.
9
Social Perspectives on Mood Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
David R. Williams, Ph.D., M.P.H., and Harold W. Neighbors, Ph.D.
10
Evolutionary Explanations for Mood and Mood Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Randolph M. Nesse, M.D.
P A R T 3
Investigating Mood Disorders
Husseini K. Manji, M.D., Section Editor
11
Anatomical Pathology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Grazyna Rajkowska, Ph.D.
12
Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology of Severe Mood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Jaskaran B. Singh, M.D., Jorge A. Quiroz, M.D., Todd D. Gould, M.D.,
Carlos A. Zarate Jr., M.D., and Husseini K. Manji, M.D.
13
Brain Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Helen S. Mayberg, M.D.
14
Genetics of Bipolar and Unipolar Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Wade Berrettini, M.D., Ph.D.
P A R T 4
Somatic Interventions for Mood Disorders
Mark S. George, M.D., Section Editor
15
Tricyclics, Tetracyclics, and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
William Zeigler Potter, M.D., Ph.D., Robert A. Padich, Ph.D.,
Matthew V. Rudorfer, M.D., and K. Ranga Rama Krishnan, M.B., Ch.B.
16
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Newer Antidepressants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Richard C. Shelton, M.D., and Natalie Lester, B.S.
17
Lithium and Mood Stabilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Paul E. Keck Jr., M.D., and Susan L. McElroy, M.D.
18
Antipsychotic Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Stephen M. Strakowski, M.D., and Richard C. Shelton, M.D.
19
Targeting Peptide and Hormonal Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Stuart N. Seidman, M.D.
20
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Mitchell S. Nobler, M.D., and Harold A. Sackeim, Ph.D.
21
Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Deep Brain Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Mark S. George, M.D., Ziad Nahas, M.D., Daryl E. Bohning, Ph.D., F. Andrew Kozel, M.D., M.S.,
Berry Anderson, R.N., Chiwen Mu, M.D., Ph.D., Jeffrey Borckardt, Ph.D., and Xiangbao Li, M.D.
P A R T 5
Psychotherapy of Mood Disorders
Ellen Frank, Ph.D., Section Editor
22
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Dysthymia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Edward S. Friedman, M.D., and Michael E. Thase, M.D.
23
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression and Dysthymic Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
John C. Markowitz, M.D.
24
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Depression and Dysthymia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Glen O. Gabbard, M.D., and Tanya J. Bennett, M.D.
25
Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Holly A. Swartz, M.D., Ellen Frank, Ph.D., and David J. Kupfer, M.D.
26
Psychotherapy for Depression in Children and Adolescents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
V. Robin Weersing, Ph.D., and David A. Brent, M.D.
P A R T 6
Integrative Management of Mood Disorders
A. John Rush, M.D., Section Editor
27
Guidelines for the Treatment of Major Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
A. John Rush, M.D.
28
Guidelines for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
David J. Muzina, M.D., and Joseph R. Calabrese, M.D.
29
Understanding and Preventing Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
J. John Mann, M.D., and Dianne Currier, Ph.D.
30
Suicide in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Cynthia R. Pfeffer, M.D.
31
Medication Combination and Augmentation Strategies in the Treatment of
Major Depression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Pierre Blier, M.D., Ph.D.
P A R T 7
Subtypes of Mood Disorders
Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D., Section Editor
32
Seasonal Affective Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Joshua Z. Rosenthal, M.D., and Norman E. Rosenthal, M.D.
33
Atypical Depression, Dysthymia, and Cyclothymia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Jonathan W. Stewart, M.D., Frederic M. Quitkin, M.D., D.M.Sc., and Carrie Davies, B.S.
34
Psychotic Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Benjamin H. Flores, M.D. and Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D.
35
Pediatric Mood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Graham J. Emslie, M.D., Taryn L. Mayes, M.S., Beth D. Kennard, Psy.D.,
and Jennifer L. Hughes, B.A.
36
Geriatric Mood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Steven P. Roose, M.D., and D.P. Devanand, M.D.
P A R T 8
Additional Perspective on Mood Disorders
David J. Kupfer, M.D., Section Editor
37
Depression in Primary Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Susan Bentley, D.O., and Wayne J. Katon, M.D.
38
Depression in Medical Illness (Secondary Depression). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Robert Boland, M.D.
39
Mood Disorders and Substance Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Edward Nunes, M.D., Eric Rubin, M.D., Ph.D., Kenneth Carpenter, Ph.D.,
and Deborah Hasin, Ph.D.
40
Depression and Personality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Shirley Yen, Ph.D., Meghan E. McDevitt-Murphy, Ph.D., and M. Tracie Shea, Ph.D.
41
Depression and Gender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Susan G. Kornstein, M.D., and Diane M.E. Sloan, Pharm.D.
42
Depression Across Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Laurence J. Kirmayer, M.D., and G. Eric Jarvis, M.D., M.Sc.
43
Mood Disorders and Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Daniel J. Buysse, M.D., Anne Germain, Ph.D., Eric A. Nofzinger, M.D.,
and David J. Kupfer, M.D.
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Contributors
Berry Anderson, R.N. Joseph R. Calabrese, M.D.
Clinical Research Nurse, Medical University of South Carolina, Professor of Psychiatry and Co-Director, Bipolar Disorders Across
Charleston, South Carolina the Life Cycle Interventions and Services Research Center, Case
University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland,
Tanya J. Bennett, M.D. Cleveland, Ohio
Staff Psychiatrist, Eating Disorders Program, Menninger
Clinic; Instructor in Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Colleen E. Carney, Ph.D., C.Psych.
Houston, Texas Research Associate, Duke University Medical Center, Durham,
North Carolina
Susan Bentley, D.O.
National Research Service Award Primary Care-Psychiatry Fel- Kenneth Carpenter, Ph.D.
low, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Uni- Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology in Psychiatry, Columbia
versity of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, New York, New York
Wade Berrettini, M.D., Ph.D.
Karl E. Rickels Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Center for Bruce K. Christensen, Ph.D., C.Psych.
Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania School Head, Neuropsychology Lab, and Assistant Professor of Psychi-
of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania atry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Clarke Site, Uni-
versity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Antje Bittner, Dipl.Psych.
Research Associate, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psycho- Dianne Currier, Ph.D.
therapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Staff Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University,
New York, New York
Pierre Blier, M.D., Ph.D.
Endowed Chair, Mood Disorders Research, Institute of Mental Carrie Davies, B.S.
Health Research, Royal Ottawa Hospital; Professor, Depart- Research Assistant, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New
ments of Psychiatry and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Uni- York, New York
versity of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Pedro L. Delgado, M.D.
Daryl E. Bohning, Ph.D. Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, and Associate
Professor of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Dean for Faculty Development, School of Medicine, the Univer-
Charleston, South Carolina sity of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio,
Texas
Robert Boland, M.D.
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown D.P. Devanand, M.D.
Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Neurology, College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; and Co-Director,
Jeffrey Borckardt, Ph.D. Memory Disorders Center, New York State Psychiatric Insti-
Instructor, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South tute, New York, New York
Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
Mary Amanda Dew, Ph.D.
David A. Brent, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Epidemiology; Direc-
Academic Chief, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Profes- tor, Clinical Epidemiology Program; and Associate Director,
sor of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, Western Psy- Advanced Center for Interventions and Services Research for
chiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Late Life Mood Disorders, University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Medicine and Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Daniel J. Buysse, M.D. Andrea F. DiMartini, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pitts-
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of burgh School of Medicine and Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Penn-
Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania sylvania
ix