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The American President • The American President • From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton William E. Leuchtenburg 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Oxford University Press 2015 First edition published in 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form, and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Leuchtenburg, William E. (William Edward), 1922– The American president: from Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton / William E. Leuchtenburg. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-517616-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Presidents—United States—20th century. 2. Presidents—United State—Biography. 3. United States—Politics and government—1901–1953. 4. United States—Politics and government—1945–1989. 5. United States—Politics and government—1989– I. Title. E176.1.L377 2015 973.09'9—dc23 [B] 2015014413 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Jean Anne Editor Extraordinaire Fount of Inspiration Loving Companion of Three Decades The president is not a Gulliver immobilized by 10,000 tiny cords, nor even a Prometheus chained to a rock of frustration. He is, rather, a kind of magnificent lion who can roam widely and do great deeds so long as he does not try to break loose from his broad reservation. —Clinton Rossiter Contents • Preface xi Prologue 1 1. Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft 23 2. Woodrow Wilson 70 3. Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover 117 4. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 143 5. Harry Truman 243 6. Dwight D. Eisenhower 327 7. John F. Kennedy 386 8. Lyndon B. Johnson 425 9. Richard Nixon 470 10. Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter 541 11. Ronald Reagan 579 ix

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The American President is an enthralling account of American presidential actions from the assassination of William McKinley in 1901 to Bill Clinton's last night in office in January 2001. William Leuchtenburg, one of the great presidential historians of the century, portrays each of the presidents