The American orb weavers Hypognatha, Encyosaccus, Xylethrus, Gasteracantha, and Enacrosoma (Araneae, Araneidae)

69 Pages·1996·37.2 MB·English

by  H W Levi

(US ISSN 0027-4100)
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THE AMERICAN ORB WEAVERS HYPOGNATHA, ENCYOSACCUS,
XYLETHRUS, GASTERACANTHA, AND ENACROSOMA
(ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE)
HEBERTW. LEVM
Abstract. Hypognatlia are tropical American orb alogs ofRoewer(1942) and Bonnet (1957)
weavers,presumedtoberelatedtoGasteracanthaon couldbe determinedwiththeliteratureon
telhoengbaatsiesfoofurtthhefesmhuarr.edThweirdee,arsequ3a8respceacriaepsakcneowann,d hand. Yet it is astonishinghow manyspec-
ofwhich 30 (about 80%) are new (21% previously imensincollectionshavebeendetermined
known, 79% new). Fourspeciesnames,coccinellina, and misidentified by arachnologists.
cniciata, geometrica, and prospiciens, are synony-
mized. Otherpresumed Gasteracantha relatives are METHODS AND
illustrated and their distributions mapped: Encyos- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
accus with one species, and Xijlethms with six spe-
cies, two of them new. Males of Encijosaccus and Taxonomic publications must be short
Xylethrus are described. Two Xylethnis names, pe- and to the point due to limited funds and
ruanus and trifidus, are synonymized. The species- time and because unnecessary data may
rich, worldwide genus Gasteracantha has only one confuse the diagnostic features ofspecies
American species and a single record ofan African
species foundinVenezuela. Thereare sixspecies of and genera. It is most important to illus-
Enacrosoma, threepreviouslynamed andthreenew trate the diagnostic characters; descrip-
species. Two species names, leprosa and sexlobata, tions can be kept to a minimum. Readers
are synonymized. Ghjptogona, a Mediterranean ge- should remember that North American
nus,hasfrequentlybeenconfusedwithEnacrosoma. species brieflydescribedby H. Emerton
J.
INTRODUCTION are generally recognizable; the multi-page
descriptions and illustrations by A. Pe-
This work is another in a series of re- trunkevitch often are not. Keyserling and
visions of tropical American orb weavers. the two Pickard-Cambridges generally
Earher revisions were cited in Levi made adequate illustrations and theirspe-
(1993b). Since that time, the following cies can be recognized. Descriptions by
genera have been revised: Carepalxis and Thorell and Simon are difficulttouse, and
Ruhrepeira (1992), Neoscona (1993a), original specimens must be borrowed for
Lewisepeira (1993c), Kaira (1993d), Ber- accurate species recognition.
trana and Aniazonepeira (1994), Acacesia The methods used here were as de-
(Glueck, 1994), Metazygia (1995a), Acti- scribed in Levi (1993b), but some addi-
nosorna, Spinepeira, Hingstepeira, Pron- tional comments are needed. Descriptions
ous, Spilasma, Micrepeira, Madrepeira, ofthe ocularquadrangle are fromthe out-
and Tatepeira (1995b), and Scolodenis side ofthe curvature ofthe lens. Measur-
(Traw, in press). ingtheeyeswasdiscussedin Levi(1993b).
Before this revision, only three species Distancesbetweentheeyesoftheanterior
{Hypognatha elaborata, H. furcifera, and row are expressed as diameters ofthe an-
H. scutata) ofthe 11 names listed in cat- terior median eyes (in profile); distances
between eyes ofthe posteriorroware giv-
vers'iMtyu,sCeaummbroifdgCeo,mpMaarsastaicvhueseZtootlsog0y2,138H.arvard Ui eeynesas(indiparmofeitlee)r.sTohfethheeigphotstoefrtihoercmleypdeiuasn.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 155(3): 89-157, November, 1996 89
90 Bulletin Museum ofComparative Zoolof^y, Vol. 155, No. 3
thedistance betweenanteriormedianeyes Record citation is alsovariable. There is
and the edge ofthe carapace, is expressed no needtogive date ofcollectionsandcc:)l-
in the diameters of the anterior median lector for common speciesjust to be con-
eye (Levi, 1993b, fig. 280. These mea- sistent. The location helps with distribu-
surements are approximate. tion, and the museum's initials are needed
Measurements of sternum, palp, and for checking the data. No collection infor-
the shorter articles ofshorter legs are not mation is providedhere forGasteracantJia
given. While some leg measurements are cancriformis because it is averycoiumon,
useful, elaborate measurements of de- widespread spider species. If printed the
tailed descriptions can be distracting. Tak- locality data and records of the available
ing leg measurements of araneids is diffi- specimens would fill halfthe pages ofthis
cult without taking the animals apart, manuscript.
which is to be avoided. Accurate measure- The specimens used came from the fol-
ments of leg articles can be taken only if lowing collections:
wotIfhnaestHhlieeejgspfsiporeagscrtneiafatealhmmlayup,urtdtaiaanfktfdieincdagullastton.hdecaSmmreoaeampasaesucuerreeleademrnlefglinatetthr. AACMNH AAH.imseCtraoilricyxa,tno,NBMeougwsoteau,YmoCrokol,fomNbUaintaiutreadl
Ammeearsiucraenmenatusthtoorsthrreeepodretceidmaalccpouirnatcsy, aonf BMNH SNtaattuersa;lN.HiPsltaotrnyickM,uLs.euSomr,kinLon-
unreasonable level of accuracy not sup- don, England; P. Hillyard, F.
ported by the methods used. Wanless
HypognatJia carapace length is mea- CAS California Academy of Sciences,
sured between the clyj^eus to the farthest San Francisco, California, United
point on the posterior margin (but does States; C. Griswold, W. J. Pu-
nmoetasiunrcleuddeatetyheepwriodjeescttipoonisn)t.oTnhethweitdhtohrtiixs CV lCaawrsllods, VDa.ldUebrircakma, Bogota, Co-
gainodnat(jtuhsetwibdeehsitndplatcheeinpotshteercieoprhalliacterrea-l FSCA lFloomrbiidaa State Collection of Ar-
eyes). In the gasteracanthine genera, thropods, Gainesville, Florida,
wwihdiecshthpalvaecea osfwoltlheenccaerpahpaalciec riengitohne, tchee- HECO UHnoipteedESnttatoems;olGo.gyB.CEodllweacrtdisons,
phalic region was measured. The total Oxford University, Oxford, En-
length of the abdomen, if measured, was gland; I. Lansbury, M. Atkinson
taken along the midline. INPA Institute) Nacional de Pesquisas
Measurements are usually to one-tenth daAmazonia, Manaus, Est. Ama-
of a millimeter for large species; smaller zonas, Brazil
ones are measured to one-hundreth of a LNK Landessammlungen fiir Natur-
millimeter. kunde, Karlsruhe, Germany; H.
Epigyna were temporarily mounted Hofer
with Hoyer's mediumtosearchforseminal MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias
receptacles. The ducts ofthe Hypo^natho Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argen-
etepniegdy,mannnd adirfeficturlatntsolusceeen.t,Thpeerrehawpesrefnlaott- MCN tMiunas;eEu. Ad.eMaCuireyn,ciCa.sL.NaStcuiroasicsi,a
enough specimens ofmost species to stain Fundayao Zoobotanica do Rio
tissues and make dissections. But again, Grande do Sul, PortoAlegre, Rio
the value of such dissections is question- Grande do Sul, Brazil; E. H.
able in helping to determine the species. Buckup, M. A. L. Marques
They might be useful for making clado- MCP Museu de Ciencias, Pontificia
grams. Universidade Catolica do Rio
Hypognatha, Gasteracantha, Enacrosoma'Leuj 91
Grandedo Sul, PortoAlegre, RS, Coddington, D. Silva D., and Wiirfel
J.
Brazil; A. A. Lise provided photographs; P. Vanzolini helped
MCSNGMuseo Civico di Storia Naturale, to findold Brazihan localities; L. Aviles,A.
Genova, Italy; L. Capocaccia, G. Calixto, Cracraft, D. Silva D., and A.
J.
Arbocco Lise answered locality questions and pro-
MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoolo- vided natural history notes; G. Levy pro-
gy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, vided advice for Ghjptogono; Maria-Luisa
United States Jimenez loaned an unusually shaped Gas-
MECN Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias teracantha; G. Alayon provided avaluable
Naturales, Quito, Ecuador; L. Xijlethra specimen; Lorna R. Levi im-
Aviles, GermaniaEstevezJacome proved the wording; A. Johnston readpart
MHNC Museu de Historia Natural, Ca- of the manuscript; L. Leibensperger and
pao da Inibuia, Curitiba, Parana, W. Piel read the whole manuscript, sug-
Brazil; L. Bittencourt gesting word changes and improvements;
MLJ Maria Luisa Jimenez, La Paz, and N. Scharff determined the Gastera-
MNHN MMeuxsiecuom National d'Histoire Na- ccyaonstahcaciicsa,menainndensmiasd,eprnouvmiederdouasmaslueggEens--
turelle, Paris, France; J. Heur- tions for this manuscript. Two helpful,
tault, C. Bollard anonymous reviewers corrected misprints
MNRJ Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, andmadeimprovements. NationalScience
MUSM BMruazsiel;oA.dTeimoHitshteooridaa CNoasttuaral, DFoEuBnda7t6i-o1n55g6r8antsstarBteMdSth7e5-r0e5se7a1r9chaonnd
Universidad Nacional Mayor de Neotropical araneids. Publication costs of
San Marcos, Lima, Peru; D. Silva this study were covered in part by the
D. Wetmore Colics Fund.
MZSP Museu de Zoologia, Universida-
de de Sao Paulo, Siio Paulo, SP, TAXONOMIC SECTION
NRMS NBraatzuirl;hiPs.tVoarnizsoklaini, RJ.ikL.smLuesemeet, Hypognatha Guerin-Meneville
Stockliolm, Sweden; T. Krones- Eunjsoma C. L. Koch, 1839: 117. T\pe speciesAc-
tedt rosomosciitafum (Peity)bynionoUpv. Namepre-
PAN Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsza- occupiedbyDejean(1831)forabeetle,ascitedin
Neave (1939b: 366).
wa, Poland; J. Proszynsld, A. Slo- HijpognatJia Guerin-Meneville, 1840: 109.Typespe-
jewska, W. B. Jedryczkowsld cies by monotspv Ht/pognatha feisthameli from
SMIJ Science Museum, Institute of Cayenne [=Hi/pogiiatha scnfata]. The gender of
Jamaica, Kingston,Jamaica;T. H. thenameisfeminine(Bonnet, 1957:2257). Neave,
USNM FNaartrional Museum of Natural Eum1n9aj.c39oCbn:.na7.L3.T8.hoKroecllh,.18F6ir8s:t4.syNneownvmniazmeedfobrvEuSnijmsoon-
History, Smithsonian Institution, (1895b: 874).
Washington, D.C., UnitedStates; HijpophthahnaTaczanowsld, 1873:283.Typespecies
ZMUC JZ.ooCloodgdiisngktoMnu,sSe.uFm.,LaCrocpheernha- bldy.mHoiinpootp\lpit\liHaih/npaopfihrfsthaslymnaondyempliazneadtawiTtahczHaynpoowgs--
nathabySimon (1895b: 874).
gen, Denmark; H. Enghoff, N. Cahjdna O. P.-Cambridge, 1874: 174. Type species
Scharff by monotypy C. prospiciens O. P.-Cambridge
ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung, [=Hijpognatha scutata]. Calijdna preoccupied by
Munich, Germany Cahjdna Doubleday for a lepidopteran (Neave,
1939a: 553). Ccdydna synonymized by Simon
I would like to thank the curators and Mii(t1i8n9a5bO:.87P4-)C.ambridge, 1875; 231; 1881: 771. Re-
M. E. Galiano for making the specimens placement name forCahjdna. The firstcitation, a
available and also thank the following: J. footnote in Zoological Record, is not in Neave
92 Bulletin Mtiscum ofComparative Zoology, Vol. 155, No. 3
(1940: 231). Mtttina s\-nonvmized by Simon saut). Clypeus variable in males (Figs. 6,
(1895b: 874). 28, 42). Abdomen as long as wide, some-
Diaono.si.s. Ahckiinenwith dorsumlight- times wider than long, or slightly longer
otl(yeFtrihsigecso.rlrewnr1ioo7stt-eci1hz9e,f,doh5uao2nln,dddi55nai)gn.paaASttfmtieeenrrrgnneirucomaffrnwsoicmtuathrteashan,eepineodopsst-- tdlCriahaonrarrggna,sepupwanmlicoadetlteie,gbsshactalwllndyie;trdseoecrftsliieteozwrreoditts,nioeztepaaadenre.dtoieoVurcneniendolltree(sgFrhpsiaigwln.afin,nt7ehd2rw)eti.atwtsbAoh.-
iogbavsitoriucsarsetari(dFuilgast.or1y, 1m4e1c)h,abnuitsmt.herFeoiusrntoh dmaolmeesn.lesAslltshpaenci4esmmar.e sOinmliylarH.incnsjipzet,ocfee--
lfoenmguraselcoonmgbatiende,dallemnogstth eoqfuaflourtothortibaisa phaMlaaleisssslmiaghltlleyrltahrgaenr,fetmoal5esm,mt.otal length
afenmdurt.arsMuaslaensduedqtuhallattoeroarl leoynegseronthtahnefitrispt waibtohuta3pamirmoforprloejses.ctiCoanrsaptaicpepedofbaydutlhtes
sofuAma posrfiomtjihelecartaipobandtot(Femiregnsn.oif6s-as8lc,suot2e8fs,ouo2n9n)d.tihnesdoomre- ltsaeptreeicroiarleslpaatiweriratolhfeemyyoeedssi(ffFiaiccgiasnt.gi6o-vne8sn,tr2oa8nl,ly2c.9l)yS.poAemnue-s
Phoroncidia (Theridiidae Levi, 1964). Un- (Figs. 28, 35, 42), a median projection
lriekgeioHnijpporgonjaetcthian,gPhaobroovnecitdhiea hcalsyptehues.eyAe w(Fhiigcs.h a1r4e6-p1r4o8b,ab1l5y7-h1e5l9d)byantdhegrfoeomvaelse,
similar abdominal pattern is also found in fang's when mating (Figs. 28, 48).
Testudinaha (family affinity uncertain), Early instar females have notch on ster-
which has a narrower carapace and abdo- num and indications ofabdominal scutes,
men than Hijpognatha. It is also found in but in males onlyadults have the carapace
Augusta O. P.-Cambridge males and l.sox- modifications; the lastinstarshows nosign
ija penizoides Simon from Africa or Mad- ofthem.
agascar. Genitalia. Females with epigynum re-
oraDensgcer-ibprtioownn. inFeamlacloeho.l.CoAlbodroomreanngewittho vdeuncteedraonfdespoigmyenawlitahreliattl(eFisgcsu.lp1t4u2r,ing16o2n,
variable color pattern, often bold, often 165); some even have little sculpturingon
contrasting, but sometimes diffused, no posterioroftheepigynum (Figs. 132, 135).
twoindividualsofaspeciesalike (Figs. 17- Seminal receptacles bunched like grapes
19). (Colors given in the descriptions, lat- or a complicated coil (Figs. 4, 23, 34, 59).
er, are those of the individual described.) Internalductslightlysclerotized,flattened,
Carapaceonlyslightlylongerthanwide,its and not readily discerned.
width behind the lateral eyes almostequal Males with heavily sclerotized palpi, in
to or wider than width of thoracic region contrast to lightly sclerotized epigynum.
(Fig. 139). Anterior and posterior median Palpus appears slightly twisted with para-
eyes subequal, posterior medians at most cymbium (P in Fig. 15) one-third distant
1.3 diameters ofanterior medians. Lateral todistal marginofcymbium (Yin Figs. 11,
eyes about half diameter of anterior me- 15). Conductor (C in Figs. 11, 12, 14, 16,
dians, anterior laterals often slightlylarger 152) soft, fleshy, wider than long, broadly
than posterior. Anterior median eyes sep- attached to distal margin oftegulum (T in
arated by less than their diameter to 1 di- Figs. 11, 12, 16, 152). Conductorsupports
aineter, posterior median eyes separated only part of long embolus (E in Figs. 16,
by less than one diameter to 1 diameter. 152). Elongate sclerite, probably parame-
Median ocular quadrangle almost square, dian apophysis (PM in Figs. 12, 14, 16),
often slightly wider behind. Height of proximal to conductor. Median apophysis
clypeus 2.2 to 3.0 diameters ofan anterior (M in Figs. 12, 13, 16, 152, 227) variable,
median eye (4 in H. rancho, only 1.4 in H. in many species soft, swollen, and extend-
Hypognatha, Gasteracantha, Enacrosoma•Levi 93
ing proximally to palpus, sometimes with fore becoming quite tattered. The spiders
one or two spines pressedagainst its swol- seem to tear them down only a few hours
lenbody(Figs. 227, 228). Thissoftmedian after they have put them up" (Eberhard,
apophysis is reminiscent of the median personal correspondence. May 1995).
apophysis in Eustala species (Levi, 1977, Misplaced Species. Bonnet's catalog
m in fig. 232). Embolus (E in Figs. 10, 11, (1957: 2258) liststheAfricanEurysoniavi-
13, 16, 152) with distal end thread-like, dua Blackwall (1866: 465) inHypognatha.
similarin allspecies, andwithcomplicated This species is fisted in Paraplectana in
base. Threadofembolussupportedbyme- Roewer (1942: 898). Blackwall's specimen
dian apophysis, conductor, and terminal was examined and found to be a large Ca-
apophysis (Fig. 16). Terminalapophysis (A erostris. This agrees with a note leftby D.
isnectFeidg,s.an10d-1v3a,ria1b6l,e 1i5n2,gen1u5s3;) olfartgeen,wdiitsh- Jm.eCnlawrokuilnd1b9e60C.wivtihnstohnei vTihaol.reTlhleacscpoercdi--
distal coil (Figs. 152, 153). Palpus without ing to the revision by Grasshoff (1984).
distal hematodocha, terminalapophysisat- This is a NEW SYNONYMY.
tached to base of embolus (Figs. 11, 16) Separating Species. The pattern ofthe
and always supporting tip ofembolus. abdominal plates is the sameinallspecies.
Palpal patella with one short, weak seta The coloration is variable within species,
(not always found). Endite without tooth. perhaps preventingpredators from acquir-
First coxa with small hook on distal mar- inga search image. All are aboutthe same
gin, andsmall, matchinggroove on second size, only H. cryptocephala being larger
femur. Second femursometimeswithven- than others. We do not know whether or
tral, median, shortmacrosetae. Secondtib- not the shape ofthe abdomencanbe used
ia thicker than first and sometimes with to separate species. Onlyafewindividuals
similar macrosetae. Coxal hook and strong were available ofspecies that had the ab-
second femur reflect only slight differen- domen distinctly shaped. Thus, we do not
tial size of male and female; however, know whether the anterior border of the
tooRtehlaotnionesnhdiipt.e lToshte. scutes of the abdo- abdomenofH. tocantinsreflectsvariability
men, the sternum with notch holding an ofan individual or is characteristic ofthe
abdominal projection, and the twisted species. The females are difficult to sepa-
bulb ofthe palpus are autapomorphies for rate because the epigynum is simple and
Hypognatha. areas on its ventral face vary in scleroti-
The wide cephalic region of the cara- zation. Sometimes clues are provided by
pace and the almost square carapace re- the posterior view or the internal place-
semble those of Gasteracantha (probably ment ofthe seminal receptacles. Thevari-
a synapomorphy). The presence of a ter- ationoftheinternalgenitaliaisnotknown,
minal apophysis in the palpus and the and they have not been used in the key.
complicated sclerites are plesiomorphic. To study the posterior face of the epi-
Hypognatha species have a ring around gynum, make a slight cut with a mounted
the spinnerets, but the ring is not sclero- minutennadel to one side oftheepigynum
tized (Table 1). and a small cut anterior so the epigynum
Distribution. Hypognatha is only can be lifted. The epigynum, being lightly
known from tropical America, most spe- sclerotized, is easily damaged.
cies from the Amazon area (Maps 1, 2). In contrastto females, males areeasyto
Natural History. The web of H. nioz- separate: many have diagnostic anterior
amba has been illustrated (Eberhard, projections from the carapace, and the
1986, fig. 4.2e). "Theirwebs are relatively median apophysis differs in cfifferent spe-
flimsy, built in very large open spaces cies, as does the complicated terminal
around dusk, and do not lastverylongbe- apophysis, which for the most part is hid-
.
94 Bulletin Museum ofComparative Zoology, Vol. 155, No. 3
s^+ + + I
+ +-1 I + I I 00
CO+ I +tc I I + I ifl l++'-i|+ + +y3
"^ + + + I >-'>>+ +in
+ I + I CO
C]+ +O)CO+ I + + 1 I^M+l I |^+|+C]CO+
Id
u i' S
.m0 5 E
c .,
HI Oj bt)^' If""'
Oj Oj 2
e iJ C a,-;:r'S
;-c o Oh ^ 1)^:3
I
=•-. rrTr £",1.'° 5c/"J• S^'bCc1'O-bSO!•- o o , * 3^:^ d--^
••5 ii oj 0,; ^^.^ t 52 o c =T^ si C s <- c
^^ IffIII! iillIli-U: - 1; S;
CUUH •
Hypognatha, Gasteracantha, Enacrosoma•Levi 95
Map1. DistributionofHypognathaspecies.
den between cynibium, teguluni, and em- 2(1). Ventralviewwithascape-likestructure,
bolus (Fig. 16). — EpaisgiynnuFimguortehe6r7wise navi3o
Keyto FemalesofHypognatha 3(2). Posterior margin ofepigynum has two
margins,atransversekeelanteriorand
Females ofH. cacau, H. carpish, H.furcifera, H. oneposterior(Figs. 216, 217) colosso
jacaze, H. rnaria, andH. tingo areunknownorhave — Epigynumotherwise 4
notbeenmatchedtomales. 4(3). Venter of epigv'uum with sclerotized
The key is based entirely on the structure ofthe sculpturing(Fig.64)oralightlyscler-
epigynum. otized hump (Figs. 196, 200), neither
1. Ventralviewofepigynumwiththeupper ofwhichisconnectedwiththeposte-
portion oftwo light circles visible at riormargin 5
posteriormargin (Figs.56-58) — All ventral sculpturing connected with
(inpart)scutata posterior margin, or no sculpturing
- Epigynumotherwise 2 (Figs. 2, 24, 31,56,57, 77, 106) 6
96 Bulletin Musemn ofComparative Zoology, Vol. 155, No. 3
5(4). Venter with small, median depression - Epigviium otherwise (Figs. 106, 168,
havingaposteriorlip (Fig. 64) satit 208) 17
- Venter with median hump (Figs. 196, 17(16). Posterior face ofepigynum with pairof
200) -. deplanata dark circles separated by less than
6(4). \'entral sculpturingconnected to poste- theirdiameter(Fig. 107) viamao
riormargin(Figs.2,24,31,38,45,95) - Posterior face with three round to cor-
nered light areas, equal in diameter
- No \entral sculpturing except for lobes (Fig. 169) -. triunfo
and notches ofposterior margin, and 18(13). Inventralviewofposteriormargin,two
sculpturing visible behind margin distinctlightcirclestouchmarginfrom
(Figs. 56, 77, 106, 112, 142, 154) 12 posterior(Figs. 56—58) .. (inpart)scutata
7(6). Venter with a transverse lip covering a - Epigynumotherwise 19
median longitudinal line formed by 19(18). Posteriormarginslightlyconcave,witha
adjacent lips oradepression (Figs. 2, pairoflobespressingagainsteachoth-
- Ven24t,er31w,it3h8,l4o5ng)itudinal,groovewitho_.ut 8 - Epeirg)pioistuemriootrhleyrw(Fiisges. 20, 21) tamp2o0
lip (Fig.95) inirandaribeiroi 20(19). Posteriorfacewithapairofcoiledmar-
8(7). Posmteedriioarnfpalcaetewi(tath6nahrrroiwn,Fliogn.gi3t)udinal, - Epgiignvsii(uFimgso.th1e4n3v,is16e6, 184) 2213
cnjptocephala 21(20). Coilsventral (Fig. 143) elaborata
- Posteriorfacewithmediangroove(Figs. Coilsdorsal(Figs. 166, 184) 22
26, 33,40, 46) 9 22(21). Coilsinatriangularlightarea(Fig. 184)
9(8). Ineproalstpelraitoersvtioeuwchpiarnagll(eFligmsa.r2g6i,ns33o)flat- 10 - Coils in a transverse rounded lightardeiavuca
- Inepdosotrertioourcvhiienwgloantleyralatplsamtaelsl, dseenptariactl-e 23(20). Pos(tFeigr.io1r66f)ace with circular, light, orfntaernanon
indistinct, disks (Figs. 120, 136, 155,
10(9). Inlivpesnt(rFailgsv.i4e0w,w4i6,dt9h7)ofanteriortrans- 11 - Pos1t7e2r,io1r91f,ac1e94o)th..e.rwise (Figs. 78, 132, 28
verse edge about one-half length of 163, 176, 209, 230) 24
visiblelongitudinallips (Fig. 31)mozaniha 24(23). Posteriorfaceofepigynumconcave(Fig.
176) alho
- In ventral viewwidth ofanteriortrans- Epigviiumotherwise(Figs.78, 132, 163,
verse edge abouttwo-thirds length of 209, 230) 25
visiblelongitudinallips (Fig. 24) .. la<^oas 25(24). Posteriorfacewithsclerotized,tranverse
11(9). Epigv-numasinFigures45and46;Mex- shield (Fig. 132) bclcm
ico nasuta - Posterior face otherwise (Figs. 78, 16.3,
- Epigv-num as in Figures 38-40; Vene- 230) 26
zuela lamoka 26(25). Posteriorfacewithshadowsofcoilsdor-
12(6). Ventralviewofepigynumwith shadows sally(Fig. 163) coijo
oftwo longitudinal bands, each bent - Posterior face otherwise (Figs. 78, 230)
on proximal end (Fig. 208), posterior 27
withindistinctmarkings(Fig. 209) 27(26). Epigviuunposteriorfacewithlighttrap-
piituiiuii/o ezoid area containing shadows ofup-
- Epigvnum otherwise 13 side-downJs (Fig. 2.30) tocdufins
13(12). Posterior margin with notches or lobes - Posteriorviewofepigynumwithmedian
(Figs. 88, 106, 112, 128, 168, 208) 14 light areawidening nearventral mar-
- Posterior margin straight or slightly gin (Fig. 78) testudinaria
curvedwithoutlobesornotches(Figs. 28(23). Posteriorfacewithapairofscales (Fig.
20, 56, 77. 142, 154, 162, 175) 18 191), anterior with shadows of two
14(13). Posterior margin with large notch (Fig. parallel, longitudinalbands (Fig. 190)
128) peri'iroi rancho
- Epigynumothenvise(Figs.88, 106, 112, Epigynumotherwise 29
168, 208) 15 29(28). Ventral view with a sclerotized shield
15(14). Posterior margin with two indentations andtwolatenil,projectingbands(Fig.
(Fig. 88) ittiara 171); posteriorwith two circles sepa-
- Posterior margin with lobes (Figs. 106, rated byslightlyless than theirdiam-
16(1.5). Pos1t1e2r,io2r08l)obe..^large,round,coveredwith 16 Epeitgeryn(uFimg.ot1h7e2r)wise uta3r0i
tip oftriangularsclerotized area(Fig. 30(29). Posterior face with light disks within
112) cauibara wide frames (Figs. 120, 136) 31
Hypognatha, Gasteracantha, Enacrosoma•Levi
Map2. DistributionofHypognathaspecies.