The American Hegemony in Arabian Region 1945

189 Pages·2014·1.71 MB·English

Mat. No. 15839

St Clements University
Iraq – Baghdad

T he American Hegemony in Arabian Region

1945 - 2003

As a Partial fulfillment of the Requiring Ph.D in Political Science

Submitted by
Sabeh Abdalla Gulam

Supervisor
Ass. Prof. Wael Mohammed Ismael

ﻩ 1432 م 2011
Summary
That the issue of U.S. domination of the themes that preoccupied
researchers and specialists in international relations ,
particularly in the Ermdp recent ending of the current century
(atheist and twenty) and the reason is due to the movement of
change that occurred in the international system, called the new
was by the force of impact ,and influence that was made
available to American power as a unique in the world Not to
mention that the overall process of interaction is the outcome of
the current international impact of this factor either to what the
Arab region? This is because the Arab region holds strategic
advantages of influencing the world will become controlled by it
bears to the overall reactions of the international geo-strategic
considerations relating to the Active and the economic fortunes
of the task and the first of the oil or energy source to what extent
will continue to dominate and to what extent will affect the
international interactions.
This Mathol our piano by clarifying the evolution of U.S.
strategy towards the Arab region and what are the variables
that influenced the new international trend at the end of the last
decade of the twentieth century ? then try to define dominance
and what they are and what are the most important challenges
faced
by the conclusion and the manner and foreseeing the future .

The importance of the study :
Consistent visions that the study of the main player moving means out how
Gore Alalobein the other two, whether adults or at least in size
and impact of here, the study of the subject of hegemony does
not mean impact but to plan an international political about the
important area hubs such Arabic, but rather to clarify the goals
and future plans towards the Arab region kzllk the Arab mind
needs to more attention in The United States because the
magnitude of the impact on the Arab region came to be At high
than Maalih in the process of bi-polar, which means lack of
responsibility of the Arabs to freedom to maneuver on the
polarization and available to them as it was in the past so the
carries Massamin and strategic visions should be taken Allodia
care of.
The hypothesis of the study :
The study assumes that the effort of dominion and disperse on
the Arab region crystallized through the arms of influence
available to the United States due to its political, military,
economic and Mnma increased orientation toward the Arab
region and the presence of strategic advantages for the region
and international changes that accelerated the power to control
and U.S. influence in the world , including the Arab region.

Methodology of the study :
In the light of the general framework for research and
sequencing has been used by more than a method of study in the
first quarter suppose historical methodology was forever the use
of the curriculum as well as historical and descriptive to describe
the phenomenon in question , Since the analytical nature of the
subject has been the use of the analytical method as well as the
method of analysis with regard to systemic or Bmdkhalt impact
of international changes in U.S. strategy as inputs and outputs .

Structural Study :
Structual study on the introduction and four Distributed
the study.We dealt with in the of chapters and aconclusion
first chapter,entitld (stages of U.S. straegy to:dominate the Arab
region) and through the two sections, the two main issues.
the first topic: the importance of the Arab region in U.S.
strategic thinking
the prompt II: the evolution of U.S.strategy to ward the region.
The second chapter has included the subject (the new variables
in the nineties and their impact on U.S. hegemony)
and across three sections:the first international Almtgrat.
:the strategic environment in the U.S. under the The second
international changes .
Section III :International Almtgrat reflection on the strategy of
U.S. hegemony on the Arab region .
The third chapter: (fundamentals of U.S. hegemony and
challenges). And through the three sections are :
Section I : Alhemen U.S.and the international system.

The prompt II:elements of U.S. hegemony
The prompt III:international challenges,the potential to
dominate the U.S. Finally,Chapter IV,wich signled out(b hegemony
under a strategy against:terrorism) and to advance in Inspetion
also are three .
Section I(security strategy to combat terrorism before the
events of atheist the September 2001.
Section II: security strategy to fight terrorism after the events of
September 11/2001.
Third topic:the means to combat terrorism after the events of
September 11/2001. Inconclusion, the studyconclusion that
included the most important policies included in thestudy of the
content
God is reconciling
ح

ﺲﺘﻨﻤﻠآ ﺖﻧﺎﺳ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟا
داﺪﻐﺑ عﺮﻓ

ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟاﺔﻘﻄﻨﳌا ﰲﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻻا ﺔﻨﻤﻴﳍا

2003ـ1945

ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻌﻟا ﺲﺘﻨﻤﻠآ ﺖﻧﺎﺳ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﱃا ﺖﻣﺪﻗ ﺔﺣوﺮﻃأ
ةدﺎﻬﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﳊا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﻦﻣءﺰﺟ ﻲهو
ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻩارﻮﺘآد

ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ
يﺮﻣﺎﻌﻟا مﻼﻏ ﷲا ﺪﺒﻋ ﺢﻴﺒﺻ

فاﺮﺷﺈﺑ
رﻮﺘآﺪﻟا ﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌا ذﺎﺘﺳﻷا
ﻞﻴﻋﺎﲰإ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻞﺋاو

ـه1432 م 2011
ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا

ﻦﻴﺼ(cid:1127)ﺘﺨﻤﻟاو ﻦﻴﺜﺣﺎ(cid:1127)ﺒﻟا ﺖﻠﻐ(cid:1127)ﺷ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﻊﻴﺿاﻮﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ نإ
دﻮ(cid:1127)ﻌﻳ ﺐﺒﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟاو ﺖﻟاز ﻻو ﻦﻳﺮﺸ ﻌﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺧﻻا ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﺎﻤﻴﺳﻻ ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ
نﺎ(cid:1127)آ ( ﺪ(cid:1127)ﻳﺪﺠﻟا) ﻪ(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﻋ ﻖ(cid:1127)ﻠﻃا يﺬ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻲﻟوﺪ(cid:1127)ﻟا مﺎ(cid:1127)ﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﺔآﺮﺣ نا ﻰﻟا
.ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ةدﺮﻔﺘﻣ ةﻮﻘآ ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ةﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﺖﺤﻴﺗا ﻲﺘﻟا ذﻮﻔﻨﻟاو ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺘﻟا ةﻮﻗ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ
ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻣا . ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻣﺎﻌﻟا اﺬ(cid:1127)ه ﺮﻴﺛﺄ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﺔﻠﺼ(cid:1127)ﺤﻣ ﻲ(cid:1127)ه ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟوﺪﻟا ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻤﺠﻣ نا ﻚﻴهﺎﻧ
ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳﻹا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻳاﺰﻤﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻤﺤﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا نﻻ ﻚ(cid:1127)ﻟذو ؟ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا اذﺎﻤﻟ
ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تﻼﻋﺎ(cid:1127)ﻔﺘﻟا ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻤﺠﻤﺑ ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻤﺤﺘﻳ ﺢﺒﺻا ﺎﻬﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻳ ﻦﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ةدارﻷا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺛﺆﻤﻟا
ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻮﻴﺠﻟا ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ ﻖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻌﺘﺗ تارﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﺘﻋﻻ ﻪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﻋ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟاو ﻢﻟﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻟا ةدﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻗ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ دﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﺘﻟا
ﻰﻘﺒﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳ ىﺪ(cid:1127)ﻣ يأ ﻰﻟﺎ(cid:1127)ﻓ . ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻗﺎﻄﻟا ردﺎﺼ(cid:1127)ﻣ وا ﻂﻔﻨ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﻟواو ،ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻟ ا ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا تاوﺮﺜﻟاو
؟ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا ﻩﺬه
؟ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﺘﺳ ىﺪﻣ يأ ﻰﻟاو
ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳﻹا رﻮ(cid:1127)ﻄﺗ ﻞ(cid:1127)ﺣاﺮﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺎﻨﺘﺳارد لوﺎﺤﺗ ﺎﻣ اﺬه
ﻪ(cid:1127)ﺟﻮﺘﻟا ا ﺬه ﻰﻠﻋ تﺮﺛا ﻲﺘﻟاا ةﺪﻳﺪﺠﻟا ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟا ﻲهﺎﻣو ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا لﺎﻴﺣ
ﻲهﺎ(cid:1127)ﻣو ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﺘﻴهﺎﻣو ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا ﻒ(cid:1127)ﻳﺮﻌﺗ لوﺎ(cid:1127)ﺤﻧ ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺛ ؟ﻦﻳﺮﺸ(cid:1127)ﻌﻟا نﺮ(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺧﻻا ﺪﻘﻌﻟا ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻧ
.ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا فاﺮﺸﺘﺳاو جﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳﻻا بﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑو ﺎﻬﻬﺟاﻮﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟا ﻢهأ
:ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻴﻤها

ﻦﻴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻋﻼﻟا رﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻏ ﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳ ﻒﺸ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)آ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻌﺗ ﺮﺛﺆ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻟا ﺲﻴﺋﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺐ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋﻼﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳارد نا ىؤﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﺘﺗ
ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا عﻮ(cid:1127)ﺿﻮﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺳارد نﺎ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻨه ﻦﻣ ،اًﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗو ﺎًﻤﺠﺣ ﻞﻗ ﻻا مأ ،رﺎﺒﻜﻟا ءاﻮﺳ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻻا
ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻤﻧاو ،ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟﺎآ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻤﻬﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻣ ءازإ ،ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟود ﺔﻴ(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺔﻄﺨﻟ ﺎﻴﻴﻧأ اﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻨﻌﺗﻻ
ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻘﻌﻟا نﺎ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﻚﻟﺬ(cid:1127)آ . ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﻄﻄﺧو ﺎﻬﻓاﺪها ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺘﻟ
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﺣ نﻻ ةﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﺘﻤﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻻﻮﻟﺎﺑ مﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺘهﻻا ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﺰﻣ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺟﺎﺤﺑ
ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻣ قﻮﻔﺗ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ﻰﺤﺿا ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا

ﻢ(cid:1127)ﻬﻟ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟاو ،بﺎﻄﻗﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ةروﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻳﺮﺤﻟ بﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻴﻟوﺆﺴﻤﻟ دﺎﻘﺘﻓا ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺎﻤﻣ ﺔﻴﺒﻄﻘﻟا
ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ ىؤرو ﻦﻴﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻴﻃ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ،ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺖﻧﺎآ ﺎﻤآ
,
: ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻓ

ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ رﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﺒﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻗﻼﻄﻧاو ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺟ نا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻟا ضﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻔﺗ
ﺔﻳﺮﻜﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻟاو ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺗﺎﻣﻮﻘﻣ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻔﺑ ةﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﺘﻤﻟا تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳﻻﻮﻠﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا عرذا لﻼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺧ
ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳإ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳاﺰﻣ دﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺟو ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﻧ ﻪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺟﻮﺘﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ داز ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻣو .ﺔﻳدﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻗﻻاو
ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ذﻮ(cid:1127)ﻔﻨﻟاو ةﺮﻄﻴﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟا ةﻮ(cid:1127)ﻗ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺖﻋرﺎ(cid:1127)ﺳ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟاو ,ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻠﻟ
.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣو ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا
:ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻣ

. ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺳارﺪﻠﻟ ﺞﻬﻨ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺮﺜآﺎ(cid:1127)ﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻌﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا ﻢ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻪﻠﺴ(cid:1127)ﻠﺴﺗو ﺚ(cid:1127)ﺤﺒﻠﻟ مﺎﻌﻟا رﺎﻃﻻا ءﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ
ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻌﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑﻻ نﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻜﻓ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺨﻳرﺎﺘﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟا ضﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻓا لوﻻا ﻞﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﻓ
.ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻞﺤﻣ ةﺮهﺎﻈﻟا ﻒﺻﻮﻟ ﻲﻔﺻﻮﻟا ﻚﻟﺬآو ﻲﺨﻳرﺎﺘﻟا
ﺞﻬﻨ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻋ ﻼﻀ(cid:1127)ﻓ . ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻌﺘﺳﻻا ﻢﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ نا ﺎﻤﺑو
ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ تﻼﺧﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤآ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تاﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟا وا ﺮﻴﺛﺄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا تﻼﺧﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺑ ﻖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻴﻓ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻈﻨﻟا ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا
.ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺟﺮﺨﻣو ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا

.ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴه
.ﺔﺳارﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧو ﺔﻌﺑرا لﻮﺼﻓو ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳارﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻟا ﺖﻋزﻮﺗ
ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻠﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻹا ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣاﺮﻣ ) نﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻌﻤﻟا لوﻻا ﻞﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻟوﺎﻨﺗ
:ﺎﻤه ﻦﻴﺳﺎﺳأ ﻦﻴﺜﺤﺒﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣو (ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا
.ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻا ﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤهأ : لوﻻا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا رﻮﻄﺗ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ : ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
ﺎ(cid:1127)هﺮﺛأو تﺎﻨﻴﻌﺴ(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﺪ(cid:1127)ﻘﻋ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ ةﺪ(cid:1127)ﻳﺪﺠﻟا تاﺮ(cid:1127)ﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟا ) عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻞﻤﺷ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ﺎﻣا
.( ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ

.ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟا ﻻوأ ﻲه :ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﺮﺒﻋو
. ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟا ﻞﻇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا :ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟاو
ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻠﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳإ ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تاﺮ(cid:1127)ﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟا سﺎ(cid:1127)ﻜﻌﻧا : ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا
ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺛﻼﺛ لﻼ(cid:1127)ﺧ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣو ( تﺎﻳﺪ(cid:1127)ﺤﺘﻟاو تﺎ(cid:1127)ﻣﻮﻘﻤﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻻا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا) : ﺚ(cid:1127)ﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼ(cid:1127)ﻔﻟا لوﺎﻨﺗو
:ﻲه ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ
.ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟاو ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻻا ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا :لوﻻا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
.ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻻا ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻘﻣ :ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
.ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻻا ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا تﺎﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟا : ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺤﻓﺎﻜﻣ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳإ ﻞ(cid:1127)ﻇ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻴﻬﻟا ) ـ(cid:1127)ﺑ ﺺﺘ(cid:1127)ﺧا يﺬ(cid:1127)ﻟاو ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا اًﺮﻴﺧاو
.: ﻲه ﺎًﻀﻳا ثﻼﺛ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻤﺑ ﻪﻔﻠﺳ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻰﻠﻋو ( بﺎهرﻹا
ﻦﻣ ﺮﺸﻋ يدﺎﺤﻟا ثاﺪﺣا ﻞﺒﻗ بﺎهرﻹا ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا ) : لوﻻا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
.2001 لﻮﻠﻳا
ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺮﺸ(cid:1127)ﻋ يدﺎ(cid:1127)ﺤﻟا ثاﺪ(cid:1127)ﺣا ﺪ(cid:1127)ﻌﺑ بﺎهرﻹا ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻹا : ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
.2001 لﻮﻠﻳا
.2001 لﻮﻠﻳا 11 ثاﺪﺣا ﺪﻌﺑ بﺎهرﻹا ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺳو :ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
.ﻦﻴﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ءﺎﺟﺎﻣ ﻢها ﺖﻨﻤﻀﺗ ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺨﺑ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﻤﺘﺧو

ﻖﻓﻮﻤﻟا ﷲاو
ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻟا
ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا
:
ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻨﻣ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﺟ ﺔﻳدﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻗاو ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳإ - ﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺟ تﻼهﺆ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻊ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻤﺘﺗ
دوﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣ ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻣاو ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺢﻟﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻟا ﺖﻌ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻮﺗ نا ﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻓ ∗ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻹا كﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﺘﻟ ﺎًﻌ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺿﻮﻣ
،ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻩﺬ(cid:1127)ه ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻟإ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳإ ﺔﻠﺼ(cid:1127)ﺤﻤﻟﺎﺑ تﺪ(cid:1127)ﺘﻣا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﻦﻣﻷا
– ةدرﺎ(cid:1127)ﺒﻟا بﺮ(cid:1127)ﺤﻟا ةﺪ(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻠﻴﻃ – ﺔﻴﻜﻳ ﺮﻣﻷا تارادﻹا ئدﺎﺒﻣو تﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳو ﻂﻄﺧ ﺖﺴﻜﻋو
.ﺔﻳﻮﻴﺤﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺤﻟﺎﺼﻣو ﺎﻬﻓاﺪهأ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻓ ةﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟا تﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳإ
:ﻦﻴﺜﺤﺒﻣ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا اﺬه لوﺎﻨﺘﻴﺳ ﻚﻟذ نﺎﻴﺒﻟو

.ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻا ﺮﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤهأ :لوﻻا
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳاﺪﺑ ﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻩﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺠﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻹا رﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻄﺗ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣاﺮﻣ :ﻲﻧﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺜﻟاو
ثوﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻗ يا تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻴﻧﺎﻤﺜﻟا ﻒﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻨﻣ ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﺑ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟإو ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺑ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا مﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺘهﻻا
.ﻲﺘﻴﻓﻮﺴﻟا دﺎﺤﺗﻻا رﺎﻴﻬﻧاو ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟا

∗
ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺠﺎ ﻤ ﻭﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﻴﻻ
– ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﻥﺍﻭ – ( ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻟﺍ ) ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻻﺍ لﻤﺸﻴﻟ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ
ﺙﺍﺩـﺤﻻﺍ ﻊـﻤ ﺔـﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﺤﻴﺤـﺼ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼﻟ ﺯﻴﺠﻴ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﻪﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺍﻭ
ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻴ ﻥﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻭ لﻋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺨﻭﺘﻴ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻻﹰ ﻭﺼﻭ ،لﻋﺎﻔﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻟﺍﻭ
ﻡﺌﻼﺘـﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ لﻜﻟ ﺫﺍ … ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺩﺸﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺍ ﻭﻫﺎﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ
،ﺞﻬﻨ ـﻤ ﻟﺍ لﻭﻻﺍ : ﻥﻴﻘـﺸ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺭﻴﺸـﻴ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻟﺎ ﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﻭ …ﻪﻌﻤ
.ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺩﻫ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻟﺍ :ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ
لوﻷا ﺚﺤﺒﻤﻟا
ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻا ﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤهأ

ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ضرﻷا ﺢﻄﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا صاﻮ(cid:1127)ﺨﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ فﻼﺘ(cid:1127)ﺧﻻاو عﻮ(cid:1127)ﻨﺘﻟا نأ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ لاﺪ ﺟ ﻻ
ةﻮ(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا ﺚ(cid:1127)ﻴﺣ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ( لوﺪ(cid:1127)ﻟا ) ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴ(cid:1127)ﻟا تاﺪ(cid:1127)ﺣﻮﻟا فﻼﺘ(cid:1127)ﺧا ﺎ(cid:1127)هدﺎﻔﻣ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺐﺗر ،ﺮﺧﻷ نﺎﻜﻣ
ﺲﻜﺘﻴﻟﻮ(cid:1127)ﺑﻮﻴﺠﻟا بﺎﺘآ ىﺮﻳ ذا ﻪﻨﻣ ﻞآ تﺎﻣﻮﻘﻣو ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ فﻼﺘﺧﻻ اًﺮﻈﻧ ﻒﻌﻀﻟاو
تﺎﻔﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ (ﺺﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺨﺗ ) دﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﺘﺗ ضرﻷا ﺢﻄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﻖﻃﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻣ كﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨه نا (Geopolitics)
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻳرﻮﺤﻤﻟا ﻖﻃﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻄﻳ ،ةﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺗاﻮﻣ تﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣﻮﻘﻣو
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻒﻨﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗو (Power Regions) ةﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا ﻖﻃﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻣ وأ ،(pivotal Regions)
ﻦﻴﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳ- ﻮ(cid:1127)ﻴﺠﻟا ﻦﻳﺮ(cid:1127)ﻜﻔﻤﻟا نﺎ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﻚ(cid:1127)ﻟذ ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻋ ﻼً ﻀ(cid:1127)ﻓ (1). ﻖﻃﺎ(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻦﻤﺿ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا
ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻤﺑ ﻞ(cid:1127)ﺜﻤﺘﻳ ﺔﻴ(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﻴﺳ دﺎ(cid:1127)ﻌ ﺑا ﻪﻟ ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳا رﺎﻃا وا لﺎﺠﻣ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا نﻮﻌﻀﻳ
ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ ةﺪ(cid:1127)ﺣاو ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﻧا ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ نوﺮ(cid:1127)ﻈﻨﻳو(2).(ﻂﺳوﻷا قﺮﺸﻟا ) ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا ﻞﺋاوأ ﻲﻓ فﺮﻋ
(3)
ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ذا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ اًﺪﻳﺮﻓ ﺎًﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳ ـ ﻮﻴﺟ ﺎًﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻞﺘﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻢها
ﻊ (cid:1127)ﻗﻮﻤﺑ ﻊ(cid:1127)ﺘﻤﺘﺗ ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﻧا ﺐ(cid:1127)ﻧﺎﺟ ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻟإ ،ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓاو ﺎ(cid:1127)ﺑروأو ﺎﻴ(cid:1127)ﺳﺁ ثﻼﺜ(cid:1127)ﻟا تارﺎ(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑﺮﻳ اًﺮﺴﺟ
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺋﺎﻣ عرذا ثﻼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺛ ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ها ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻓاﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺷا لﻼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺧ ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻤﺘﻣ ﻢ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻣ يﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﺑ
ﻩداﺪ(cid:1127)ﺘﻣاو ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺞﻴ(cid:1127)ﻠﺨﻟاو ، ﻂ(cid:1127)ﺳﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻜﺴﻌﻟاو ﺔﻳرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا
عﻮﻗو ﻦﻋ ﻼً ﻀﻓ .يﺪﻨﻬﻟا ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟاو ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺤﺒﻟﺎﺑ

، قرﺎ(cid:1127)ﻃ ﻞ(cid:1127)ﺒﺟ ﻖﻴﻀ(cid:1127)ﻣ ) : ﻲ(cid:1127)هو ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻦﻤﺿ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﺘﻤﻟا ﻖﺋﺎﻀﻤﻟا
(4)
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا نﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﻚﻟﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟو. ﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣﺮه ﻖﻴﻀ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣو ،بﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻤﻟا بﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺑ ﻖﻴﻀ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ،ﺲﻳﻮﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ةﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻗ
.ىﺮﺧﻷُ ا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا لود ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ةﺰﻴﻤﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺳا ﺔﻴﻠها ﺖﻴﻄﻋا
قﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻄﻟ ﺎًﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺋر اﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻌﻣ - مﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا ﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻣ – ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا تﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻏ ﻊ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻗﻮﻤﻟا اﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻟ ﺎً(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﺒﺗو
.ﺔﻳﺮﻜﺴﻌﻟاو ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺔﻳرﺎﺠﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳﻮﺠﻟاو ﺔﻳﺮﺤﺒﻟاو ﺔﻳﺮﺒﻟا تﻼﺻاﻮﻤﻟا

(1)
،ﺔﻴﺭﺼـﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﷲﺍﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﺃ .ﺩ
158 1976
. ﺹ ،
(2)
ﻪﻨﻻ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻟﻻﺩﻠﻟ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻅﻔﺤﺘﻴ
ﻱﺭﺎﻀـﺤ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻱﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻎﻴﺭﻔﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﹰﺴﺎﺴﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ
.ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ (لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ) ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﻴ ﻪﻨﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻼﹰ ﻀﻓ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻋ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ
(3)
ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻜﻴﺘﻴﻟﻭﺒﻭﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺫﺍ
ﺔـﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻟ ﺏﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،لﺼﻭﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺡﺎﺒﺼ .ﺩ : ﺭﻅﻨﺍ
  .302- 350ﺹ ،1986 ،ﺭﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ
(4)
،ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ،ﺩﺍﺩﻐﺒ ،ﻙﺘﻴﻟﻭﺒﻭﻴﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ، ﻑﻠﺨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻫ .ﺩ
296 295 1984
. - ﺹ ،
ﺔﻳدﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻗا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻴﻗ تاذ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻟوا دراﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬآﻼﺘﻣﺎﺑ ﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا نا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤآ
لوﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻢهﺎﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺗ ذا ،ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا زﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻐﻟاو ﻂﻔﻨ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻣﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻣ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﻒ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻳو ،ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳإو
تﺎ(cid:1127)ﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻا ﻦ(cid:1127)ﻣ (%61) ﻚ(cid:1127)ﻠﺘﻤﺗو ﻂﻔﻨ(cid:1127)ﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟا ﻦﻣ % 28 ـﺑ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا
. ﻂﻔﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا
1997 مﺎ(cid:1127)ﻋ تاءﺎﺼ(cid:1127)ﺣﻻ ﺎً(cid:1127)ﻘﺒﻃ ( %13،88 ) ـ(cid:1127)ﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا لوﺪ(cid:1127)ﻟا ﻢهﺎﺴ(cid:1127)ﺗ ﻦﻴ (cid:1127)ﺣ ﻲﻓ
مﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋ تاءﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺣﻻ ﺎً(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﺒﻃ ﻚ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻤﺗو ،ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا زﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻐﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﻟﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻟا جﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻟﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﺟا ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ
(5)
. زﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣا ﻦﻣ (% 21،38)1998
ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻟإ ﺎهروﺬ(cid:1127)ﺟ ﺪ(cid:1127)ﺘﻤﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴ(cid:1127)ﻧﻹا تارﺎﻀ(cid:1127)ﺤﻠﻟ اًﺪﻬﻣ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا نا ﺎﻤآ
ﻊ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣ ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋﺎﻔﺗو ﻞ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺻاﻮﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺘﻠﻌﺟ ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻗ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺺﺋﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺧ ﻦ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻋ ﻼً ﻀ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ، ﺦﻳرﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﻖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻤﻋ
ﺎﻴ(cid:1127)ﺳﺁ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺔﻴﻣﻼ(cid:1127)ﺳﻹا ﺔﻳرﺎﻀ(cid:1127)ﺤﻟا ةﺮﺋاﺪﻟا ﺐﻠﻗ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺪﻌﺗو ىﺮﺧﻷُ ا تارﺎﻀﺤﻟا
ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺔﻳرﺎﻤﻌﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا لوﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا ﺐ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟﺎﻜﺗ ﻰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﺺﺋﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺨﻟا ﻚ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﺗ ﺖﺴ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻜﻌﻧا ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻟو .(6)ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓأو
ﻢﻟﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ ىﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺒﻜﻟ ا لوﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻟا رﻮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﻇ ﻊ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻣو ،ﺚﻳﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺤﻟا ﺮﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻟا ﻊ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﻄﻣ ﺬ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻨﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا
ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا عاﺮﺼ(cid:1127)ﻠﻟ ﺎًﻧاﺪ(cid:1127)ﻴﻣ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺖﺤﺿأ ﺔﻤﻳﺪﻘﻟا تﺎﻳرﻮﻃاﺮﺒﻣﻹا ﻚﻜﻔﺗو
ءاﻮﺘﺣﻻ ـ ﺔﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ وأ ةدﺮﻔﻨﻣ ـ ﺖﻌﺳ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا ىﻮﻘﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ

ناﺰ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻣ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻓ لﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﻔﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺄ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا تاذ ﺎﻬﺗارﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻣ ﻒ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻇﻮﺗو ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺗاوﺮﺛ لﻼﻐﺘ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺳاو ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا
(7)
. ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻏو ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟاو ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻘﻟاو ةﺪﻴﻌﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﻓاﺪهأ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟ ﺔﻴﻟوﺪﻟا ىﻮﻘﻟا
ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻤهأ ﺖ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻠﺘﺣا ﺪ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻓ ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻬﺑ تدﺮ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻔﺗ ﻲ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺘﻟا ﺺﺋﺎﺼ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﺨﻟا ﺔ(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟ ﺎً(cid:1127)(cid:1127)ﻌﺒﺗو
،ﺔ(cid:1127)ﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻔﺼ(cid:1127)ﺑ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷاو ،ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻣﺎﻋ ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺑﺮﻐﻟا يرﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘﺳﻻا ﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ىﺮﺒآ
ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻠﻋ ﻢﻗﺎ(cid:1127)ﻔﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗ ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا كﺮﺤﺘﻟاو عﺎﻓﺪﻧﻻا ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﺑ مﺎﻤﺘهﻻا اﺬه
ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ لﻮ(cid:1127)ﺤﺘﻟا ﻰ(cid:1127)ﻟإ تدا ﻲ(cid:1127)ﺘﻟاو ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ(cid:1127)ﻟا ةرﻮ(cid:1127)ﺜﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﺘﺠﺘﻧأ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا تارﻮﻄﺘﻟا ﺮﺛا
ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳﻹا ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤهأ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﻮآ ﺎﻬﻴﻟا ﺮﻈﻨﻳ نﺎآ نا ﺪﻌﺒﻓ . ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤهأ
ﺮ(cid:1127)ﻈﻨﻳ ﺬ(cid:1127)ﺧأ ةﺮﺸ(cid:1127)ﻋ ﻊ(cid:1127)ﺳﺎﺘﻟا نﺮ(cid:1127)ﻘﻟا ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ بﺮﻐﻟﺎ(cid:1127)ﺑ قﺮﺸﻟا ﻞﺼﺗ ﺎهرﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ
ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻓ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻄﻔﻨﻟا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﺗوﺮﺛ ﺪ(cid:1127)ﻳاﺰﺗ ﺪ(cid:1127)ﻌﺑ ﺔ(cid:1127)ﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻳدﺎﺼ(cid:1127)ﺘﻗﻻا ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﺘﻴﻤهأ ﺎ(cid:1127)ﻬﻟ ﺔ ﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺎهرﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻟا
(8)
ﻲ(cid:1127)ﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷا ﻲﺠﻴﺗاﺮﺘ(cid:1127)ﺳﻻا ﺮﻜﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤهأ لوﺎﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﻪﻴﻠﻋو . ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟا نﺮﻘﻟا
:ﻲه ﻦﻴﺗﺮﻘﻓ ﻲﻓ

  .269ﺹﻭ267ﺹ ،1999 لﻭﻠﻴﺍ ،ﺩﺤﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻟﺍ (5)
32 1982 (6)
. ﺹ ، ،ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻤ ،ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ،ﻙﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻭﻨﺍ .ﺩ :ﺭﻅﻨﺍ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻠﻟ
(7)
ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴـﻟﺍ ) ﺏﺎـﺘﻜ ﻲـﻓ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻩﺭﻴﻨﺘ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻤ ﺭﻜﺒ .ﺩ
95 1990 3
. ﺹ ، ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ، ﻁ ،(ﺏﺭﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ
1 (8)
ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ، ﻁ ،ﻡﺩﺎﻗ ﺭﺼﻋ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ،ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﻱﻭﻴﺤﻟﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻟﻭﻌﻟﺍ ،لﻴﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺴ
73 72 1997
. - ﺹ ، ،ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ
1917 2
ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻟﺍ لﻼﺨ ، ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻟﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ *
ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺕﺩﺎـﻋ ﺎـﻤ ﻥﺎﻋﺭﺴ ﺔﻟﺯﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻥﺍ ﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺍﺯﻌﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻴﻘﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺎﹰﺠﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﻌﻴ ،ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ
.ﺏﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺏﻘﻋ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ