The American Frontier. An Archaeological Study of Settlement Pattern and Process

351 Pages·1984·28.269 MB·English

by  Kenneth E. Lewis (Auth.)

Studies in
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
EDITOR
Stanle y South
Institute of Archeology and Anthropology
University of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
ADVISORS
Charles E. Cleland
John L. Idol, Jr.
Mark P. Leone
Kenneth E. Lewis
Cynthia R. Price
Sarah Peabody Turnbaugh
John White
ROY s. DICKENS , JR., (Ed.) Archaeology of Urban America: The Search for
Pattern and Process
ROBER T PAYNTE R Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical
Archeology
JOA N H. GEISMA R The Archaeology of Social Disintegration in Skunk Hollow: A
Nineteenth-Century Rural Black Community
KATHLEE N DEAGA N Spanish St. Augustine: The Archaeology of a Colonial Creole
Community
KENNET H (cid:29) . LEWIS The American Frontier: An Archaeological Study of
Settlement Pattern and Process
In Preparation
JOH N SOLOMO N OTTO Cannon's Point Plantation, 1794-1860: Living Conditions
and Status Patterns in the Old South
WILLIAM M. KELS O Kingsmill Plantations, 1620-1800: An Archaeology of
Rural Colonial Virginia
SAN DIEGO
The AMERICA N
FRONTIE R
An Archaeological Study of Settlement Pattern and Process
KENNET H E. LEWIS
Institute of Archeology and Anthropology
University of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
1984
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Library of Congress Catalogin g in Publicatio n Data
Main entry under title:
The American frontier.
(Studies In historical archaeology)
Includes Index.
I. Frontier and pioneer life—United States.
2· Frontier and pioneer life—South Carolina—Camden
Region. 3· Land settlement patterns—United States.
4. Land settlement patterns—South Carolina—Camden Re
gion. 5. United States—Antiquities. 6. Camden Region
(S.C)—Antiquities. |. Lewis, Kenneth Ε· II· Series:
Studies In historical archaeology (New York, Ν·Υ·)
EI79.5.A48 1984 975.7Ό2 83-19725
ISBN 0-12-446560-9 (aIk. paper)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
84 85 86 87 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my parents, who encouraged my interest in the past
List of Figures
3.1 Physiography of South 3.13 Post-Cherokee War expansion in
Carolina 33 western South Carolina 55
3.2 South Carolina and its neighbors at 3.14 Expansion of settlement in South
the close of the seventeenth Carolina after 1761 56
century 36 3.15 Stone lock on the Landsford
3.3 Rice cultivation in the South Car­ canal 58
olina lowcountry 38 3.16 Canal system constructed between
3.4 Processing indigo in colonial South 1792 and 1828 59
Carolina 39 3.17 Distribution of population in colo­
3.5 Water-powered grain mill in the nial South Carolina 61
South Carolina backcountry 40 3.18 Distribution of church locations in
3.6 The government customshouse in colonial South Carolina 63
Charleston 42 3.19 Distribution of militia regiment mus­
3.7 Settlement in South Carolina in the ter sites in 1757 65
early eighteenth century 47 3.20 Trend surface and residual maps of
3.8 The entrepôt of Charleston in settlement growth 68
1762 47 3.21 The judicial districts and seats desig­
3.9 Indian trade routes in South Carolina nated by the Circuit Court Act of
in the early eighteenth century 48 1769 70
3.10 Overland transportation in the South 3.22 Principal settlements and overland
Carolina backcountry 49 routes of trade and
3.11 Layout of the inland townships es­ communication 75
tablished in 1731 50 3.23 Camden and vicinity in the
3.12 Settlement and Indian trade routes on 1770s 76
the eve of the Cherokee War 54 3.24 Source of customers at Kershaw's
xi
xii List of Figures
Camden store during the 5.11 Colono ceramic vessels 134
1770s 77 5.12 Distribution of Colono ceramics in
3.25 Distribution of British and Loyalist South Carolina archaeological
garrisons, 1780-1781 79 sites 135
3.26 Camden as a fortified military settle­ 5.13 The Governor William Aiken house,
ment, 1781 80 Charleston 137
3.27 The fortified settlement of Ninety-Six 5.14 The Bellune house,
in 1781 81 Georgetown 138
3.28 The district courthouse at 5.15 The Walnut Grove house, Spartan­
Orangeburg 83 burg County 140
3.29 Detail of the Cook map of 5.16 Diffusion of building traditions on
1773 84 the Eastern Seaboard 141
3.30 Judicial districts and seats established 5.17 Sites of seventeenth- and early eigh­
in 1791 85 teenth-century settlement 143
3.31 Columbia in 1794 86 6.1 Distribution of structures, archae­
3.32 Judicial districts and seats established ological sites, and cemeteries, colo­
in 1800 87 nial Charleston 148
3.33 Spartansburg and vicinity in 6.2 Settlement pattern of eighteenth-cen­
1818 93 tury Beaufort 149
3.34 Settlement and transport in the Car­ 6.3 Settlement pattern of
olinas and Georgia in 1740 94 Georgetown 150
3.35 Settlement and transport in the Car­ 6.4 The colonial statehouse building,
olinas and Georgia in 1770 95 Charleston 151
3.36 Settlement and transport in the Car­ 6.5 St. Michael's Episcopal Church,
olinas and Georgia in 1800 96 Charleston 152
5.1 Locations of South Carolina archae­ 6.6 The Charleston powder
ological sites 119 magazine 153
5.2 Locations of South Carolina standing 6.7 Distribution of settlement in South
structures 125 Carolina, 1771-1780 155
5.3 Medway house on Back 6.8 Trace of the Charleston road at the
River 126 Ninety-Six site 158
5.4 The William Gibbes house, 6.9 Conjectured overland transport
Charleston 127 network 159
5.5 The Miles Brewton house, 7.1 Distribution of settlement in South
Charleston 127 Carolina, 1670-1700 162
5.6 Drayton Hall on the Ashley 7.2 Distribution of settlement in South
River 128 Carolina, 1701-1710 163
5.7 Moravian-tradition ceramics 131 7.3 Distribution of settlement in South
5.8 Distribution of Moravian-tradition Carolina, 1711-1720 164
ceramics 132 7.4 Distribution of settlement in South
5.9 Distribution of English colonial ce­ Carolina, 1721-1730 165
ramics in South Carolina archae­ 7.5 Distribution of settlement in South
ological sites 133 Carolina, 1731-1740 166
5.10 English colonial culinary and serving 7.6 Distribution of settlement in South
ceramics 133 Carolina, 1741-1750 167
List of Figures xiii
7.7 Distribution of settlement in South 8.14 Structures at the Price house
Carolina, 1751-1760 168 site 222
7.8 Distribution of settlement in South 8.15 The Hutchenson farm house
Carolina, 1761-1770 169 site 224
7.9 Distribution of settlement in South 8.16 Distribution of farm settlements in
Carolina, 1781-1790 170 South Carolina in 1800 225
7.10 Distribution of settlement in South 8.17 The main house at Hampton
Carolina, 1791-1800 171 plantation 228
7.11 Trend surface and residual maps of 8.18 Middleton Place, locations of
settlement growth 172 structures 229
7.12 Distribution of English trading posts, 8.19 Hampton, locations of
forts, and protohistoric aboriginal structures 230
settlements 175 8.20 Limerick, locations of
7.13 Nearest-neighbor values through structures 231
time 178 8.21 Structure-based activity areas at Mid­
8.1 Camden; structures and dleton Place 232
cemeteries 184 8.22 Structure-based activity areas at
8.2 Plan of structure-based activity rates Hampton 233
at Camden 189 8.23 Frequencies of artifacts at Middleton
8.3 Activity areas at Camden by occur­ Place, Hampton, Spier's Landing,
rence of Subsistence and Subsis­ and Yaughn 235
tence-Technological artifacts 193 8.24 Status association with activity areas
8.4 Military features and contemporary at Middleton Place and
structures, Camden 194 Hampton 239
8.5 Replica of the Kershaw house, 8.25 Structures in the main house com­
Camden 196 plex at Drayton Hall 242
8.6 Frequency of Carolina cream-colored 8.26 The Yaughn site, locations of
earthenware, Camden 200 structures 244
8.7 Ninety-Six, locations of 8.27 Vertical aerial photograph of
structures 203 Hampton 246
8.8 Long Bluff, locations of 8.28 Distribution of plantation settlements
structures 204 in South Carolina in 1800 247
8.9 Pinckneyville, locations of 9.1 Central settlements and spread of
structures 205 settlement during the eighteenth
8.10 Brick storehouse at century 253
Pinckneyville 208 9.2 Distribution of mean ceramic dates,
8.11 Layout of typical eighteenth-century Camden 254
English farm 213 9.3 Camden's growth in the eighteenth
8.12 Layout of typical eighteenth-century century 255
plantation 215 9.4 Camden in 1830 256
8.13 Structures at the Kershaw house
site 217
List of Tables
3.1 Nearest-neighbor values for South food consumption artifacts at the
Carolina church sites, 1740- Kershaw house site 218
1780 64 8.8 High-status artifact occurrence at the
5.1 Ceramic percentages at sites in South Kershaw house site 220
Carolina 120 8.9 Frequencies of artifacts in each ac­
5.2 Mean ceramic dates and date ranges tivity class at the Price house
of early historic sites in South site 222
Carolina 121 8.10 Frequencies of food preparation and
5.3 Date ranges of extensively excavated food consumption artifacts at the
historic sites in South Price house site 223
Carolina 145 8.11 Frequencies of activity category ar­
7.1 Nearest-neighbor values for settle­ tifacts at Middleton Place and
ment distributions in South Carolina, Hampton 234
1700-1800 178 8.12 Occurrence of porcelain at Mid­
8.1 Activity sets, activity categories, and dleton Place and Hampton 237
artifact classes 190 8.13 Frequencies of faunal debris to total
8.2 Frequencies of activity categories at nonceramic artifacts at Middleton
Camden 192 Place and Hampton 240
8.3 Comparison of ceramic type occur­ 8.14 Frequencies of European processing
rence at Camden 199 and Colono ceramics versus Euro­
8.4 Frequencies of activity categories in pean serving ceramics at Middleton
the jail and settlement of Ninety- Place and Hampton 241
Six 207 8.15 Frequencies of activity category ar­
8.5 Frequencies of activity categories at tifacts at the main house areas of
Pinckneyville 209 Middleton Place, Hampton, and
8.6 Frequencies of artifacts in each ac­ Drayton Hall 242
tivity class at the Kershaw house 8.16 Comparison of frequencies of activity
site 218 category artifacts at the Spier's Land­
8.7 Frequencies of food preparation and ing, Yaughn, and Spring Grove sites
XV
xvi List of Tables
with lower-status domestic areas at 9.1 Occupational ranges of activity areas
Middleton Place and at Camden based on ceramic
Hampton 244 contents 254
8.17 Occurrence of porcelain at the 10.1 Artifact group frequencies at military
Spier's Landing, Yaughn, and Spring frontier sites 288
Grove sites 245
List of Abbreviations
BCDRPC Berkeley-Charleston-Dor­ SCRCHAJ South Carolina, Records of
chester Regional Planning the Commons House of As­
Council sembly, Journals
CMRPC Central Midlands Regional SCDAHSF South Carolina Department
Planning Council of Archives and History,
CPRPC Central Piedmont Regional Survey Files
Planning Commission SCDPRT South Carolina Department
CR Cemetery Records of Parks, Recreation, and
CRPC Catawba Regional Planning Tourism
Council SCHM South Carolina Historical
DAROCC Daughters of the American Magazine
Revolution, Old Cheraws SCRGAABJR South Carolina, Records of
Chapter the General Assembly, Acts,
LCG Lowcountry Council of Bills, and Joint Resolutions
Governments SCRSSLGCS South Carolina, Records of
LCHC Lancaster County Historical the Secretary of State, Land
Commission Grants, Colonial Series
LSCG Lower Savannah Council of SIR Site Inventory Record
Governments SWPC Santee-Wateree Planning
NGPPCC Nathaniel Greene Papers, Council
Papers of the Continental USDAASCS United States Department of
Congress Agriculture, Agricultural
NRF National Register File Stabilization and Conserva­
PDRPDC Pee Dee Regional Planning tion Service
and Development Council USDIOAHPI United States Department of
SCACG South Carolina Appala­ the Interior, Office of Arch­
chian Council of Govern­ eology and Historic Preser­
ments vation, Inventory
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