The American Conception of Neutrality After 1941

322 Pages·2002·1.406 MB·English

by  Jürg Martin Gabriel (auth.)

The American Conception of Neutrality After 1941
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The American Conception
of Neutrality After 1941
Updated and Revised Edition
Jürg Martin Gabriel
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Zurich
© Jürg Martin Gabriel 1988, 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2002 978-0-333-76256-1
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90
Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his rights to be identified
as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
Published by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
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First edition 1988
Updated and Revised edition 2002
ISBN 978-1-349-41445-1 ISBN 978-0-230-55449-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230554498
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gabriel, Jürg Martin, 1940–
The American conception of neutrality after 1941 / Jürg Martin Gabriel. –
Updated and rev. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-349-41445-1
1. United States – Foreign relations – 1945–1989. 2. United States –
Foreign relations – 1933–1945. 3. Neutrality – History – 20th century.
4. World politics – 1945– I. Title.
E744.G23 2002
341.6′4′0973–dc21
2001058648
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
To Orlando Dea Cadonau
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Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of Abbreviations x
Introduction 1
The United States and neutrality 5
Basic terms 9
1 Neutrality Before 1941 17
Three competing conceptions 17
Traditionalist neutrality 18
Neo-isolationist neutrality 26
Internationalist neutrality 30
Qualified internationalism 36
2 Second World War, 1941–1945 42
Military warfare 42
Economic warfare 45
‘Total withdrawal’ 49
‘Safehaven’ 54
The making of ‘supporting states’ 60
3 United Nations, 1945–1946 66
The Charter and neutrality 66
San Francisco and Potsdam 70
Two kinds of internationalism 75
4 UN Law versus Geneva Law, 1946–1949 79
Humanitarian law of war 79
The road to Geneva 82
Pragmatic humanitarianism 86
5 Alliance Building, 1948–1949 90
No Scandinavian bloc of neutrals 90
The majority position 94
The minority position 98
Strong and weak neutrals 105
6 Cold War Economic Warfare, 1949–1951 109
Embargoing Russia and China 109
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Gaining neutral co-operation 112
Cold war ‘supporting states’ 117
7 Korean War, 1950–1953 123
Neutrality non-participation neutralism 123
The conduct of hostilities 127
The supervision of the truce 132
The repatriation of prisoners 137
Avoidance and confusion 141
8 Geneva Conference, 1954 146
The choice of participants 146
The Korean phase 149
The Indochina phase 153
9 Germany and Austria, 1953–1955 157
Neutralising Germany? 157
Neutrality for Austria 165
The Eisenhower administration and neutrality 171
10 The Legal Perspective, 1957 178
Private opinions 178
The official position 183
Legal dualism 188
11 Southeast Asia, 1960–1970 191
Neutralism and Southeast Asia 191
Laos neutralised 194
No neutrality for Vietnam 198
Neutralist Diem? 202
Neutralist generals? 206
Cambodian ‘sideshow’ 210
The China factor 218
12 Summary and Conclusions 222
Conceptions before 1941 222
The Second World War 225
Cold War and Korea 227
Neutralism and neutrality 229
The ‘American century’ and the decline of neutrality 232
Notes and References 236
Bibliography 285
Index 307
Acknowledgements
The original version of this study was produced the old-fashioned way
and my thanks, therefore, went to my secretary for the typing. Times
have changed – no secretary was involved this time. My gratitude now
goes to Thomas Fischer, my assistant, who scanned the old text, pro-
duced an electronic version, and helped with the search for documents
and literature. I also want to thank my ETH colleague, Professor
Andreas Wenger, and his assistant, Christof Münger, for critically
reviewing the new chapter on Southeast Asia. Finally, it was Ellen
Russon who did a superb job proofreading the manuscript and improv-
ing on my English.
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