The AI Wave in Defence Innovation: Assessing Military Artificial Intelligence Strategies, Capabilities, and Trajectories

287 Pages·2023·4.328 MB·English

by  Michael Raska, Richard A. Bitzinger

“This is a must-read volume for anybody interested in understanding both the
general implications of AI in the world of defence and more specific issues,
including a set of in-depth country-studies illustrating what exactly different
countries are doing and trying to achieve.”
Andrea Gilli, Senior Researcher, NATO Defence College
“This book is going to become the most important roadmap on how AI is likely
to shape and influence the strategically consequential militaries of the world. No
one can predict how AI is going to re-engineer wars and conflicts, but the authors
offer a unique peek around the corner. And Raska and Bitzinger as co- editors
remain ahead of the curve.”
Dr. Chung Min Lee, Senior Fellow, Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, University Professor, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), and Chairman of
the International Advisory Council, IISS
“This book provides important perspectives on different national approaches to
the development of artificial intelligence that offer critical insights for current
debates on the military and strategic impacts of AI.”
Elsa Kania, Adjunct Senior Fellow, Technology and National
Security Program, Center for a New American Security

THE AI WAVE IN
DEFENCE INNOVATION
An international and interdisciplinary perspective on the adoption and govern-
ance of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in defence and
military innovation by major and middle powers.
Advancements in AI and ML pose pressing questions related to evolving con-
ceptions of military power, compliance with international humanitarian law,
peace promotion, strategic stability, arms control, future operational environ-
ments, and technology races. To navigate the breadth of this AI and international
security agenda, the contributors to this book include experts on AI, technology
governance, and defence innovation to assess military AI strategic perspectives
from major and middle AI powers alike. These include views of how the United
States, China, Japan, South Korea, the European Union, and Russia see AI/ML
as a technology with the potential to reshape military affairs and power struc-
tures in the broader international system. This diverse set of views aims to help
elucidate key similarities and differences between AI powers in the evolving
strategic context.
A valuable read for scholars of security studies, public policy, and STS studies
with an interest in the impacts of AI and ML technologies.
Michael Raska is Assistant Professor and Coordinator of the Military Trans-
formations Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Richard A. Bitzinger is a Visiting Senior Fellow with the Military Transfor-
mations Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nan-
yang Technological University, Singapore.

THE AI WAVE IN
DEFENCE INNOVATION
Assessing Military Artificial
Intelligence Strategies,
Capabilities, and Trajectories
Edited by
Michael Raska and Richard A. Bitzinger
Designed cover image: © Getty Images
First published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Michael Raska and Richard A.
Bitzinger; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Michael Raska and Richard A. Bitzinger to be identified
as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their
individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and
78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 9781032110769 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032110752 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003218326 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003218326
Typeset in Bembo
by codeMantra
CONTENTS
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
List of Boxes xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
Introduction: The AI Wave in Defence Innovation 1
Michael Raska and Richard A. Bitzinger
1 Artificial Intelligence in Warfare: Military Uses of AI and
Their International Security Implications 12
Jean-Marc Rickli and Federico Mantellassi
2 AI and Technological Convergence: Catalysts for
Abounding National Security Risks in the
Post-COVID-19 World 37
Tate Nurkin
3 AI Ethics and Governance in Defence Innovation:
Implementing AI Ethics Framework 59
Cansu Canca
4 European Military AI: Why Regional Approaches Are
Lagging Behind 80
Simona R. Soare
viii Contents
5 US Governance of Artificial Intelligence for National
Security: Competitive Advantage from the Moral
High Ground? 112
Zoe Stanley-Lockman
6 China’s Evolving AI Development: Emergent Process
Transcending Instrumentalism and Morality 136
Qi Haotian
7 Assessing Russia’s National Strategy for AI Development 156
Vadim Kozyulin
8 Military AI Developments in Russia 179
Samuel Bendett
9 Comparing Military AI Strategic Perspectives: Japan and
South Korea 199
Ryo Hinata-Yamaguchi
10 Australia’s Approach to AI Governance in Security
and Defence 217
S. Kate Devitt and Damian Copeland
About the Contributors 251
Index 257
FIGURES
2.1 AI/ML intersects with sensors, the Internet of Things, cloud
enablement, and 5G networks to increase the amount of data
collected, the speed at which this information is processed,
and, as a result, the pace at which humans act on this data 42
10.1 Australian Defence Force ethical decision-making framework 232