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The AHA Guidelines and Scientific Statements Handbook PDF

385 Pages·2009·5.85 MB·English
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The AHA Guidelines and Scientifi c Statements Handbook The AHA Guidelines and Scientif ic Statements Handbook Edited by Valentin Fuster © 2009 American Heart Association ISBN: 978-1-405-18463-2 The AHA Guidelines and Scientifi c Statements Handbook Edited by Valentin Fuster Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place Box 1030 New York USA A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2009, © 2009 American Heart Association American Heart Association National Center, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA For further information on the American Heart Association: www.americanheart.org Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered offi ce: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offi ces: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientifi c research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specifi c method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifi cations, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The AHA guidelines and scientifi c statements handbook / edited by Valentin Fuster. p. ; cm. ISBN 978-1-4051-8463-2 1. Heart–Diseases–Treatment–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Cardiology–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Fuster, Valentin. II. American Heart Association. III. Title: Guidelines and statements handbook. [DNLM: 1. Heart Diseases–therapy–Practice Guideline. 2. Heart Diseases–diagnosis–Practice Guideline. 3. Heart Diseases–prevention & control–Practice Guideline. 4. Practice Guidelines as Topic. WG 210 A285 2009] RC669.15.A39 2009 616.1′2–dc22 2008030329 ISBN: 9781405184632 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9.25 on 12 pt Minion by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd 1 2009 Contents Contributors vii Preface x 1 Chronic Stable Angina 1 Theodore D. Fraker, Stephan D. Fihn, and Raymond J. Gibbons 2 Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction 25 Jeffrey L. Anderson and Nanette Kass Wenger 3 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction 46 Elliott M. Antman 4 Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs 91 Mark A. Williams and Gary J. Balady 5 Secondary Prevention for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease 108 Sidney C. Smith, Jr. 6 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 117 Sidney C. Smith, Jr. 7 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery 134 Cullen D. Morris, Kim Eagle, Robert A. O’Rourke, and Robert A. Guyton 8 Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery 152 Lee A. Fleisher 9 Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease 165 Alan T. Hirsch and Ziv J. Haskal 10 Cholesterol Management in the Context of Risk Factor Profi le 187 Scott M. Grundy 11 Hypertension 196 Clive Rosendorff 12 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women 214 Kathy Berra and Nanette Kass Wenger 13 Heart Failure 223 Sharon A. Hunt and Mariell Jessup 14 Cardiomyopathies 236 Barry J. Maron v Contents 15 Atrial Fibrillation 244 Valentin Fuster and Lars Rydén 16 Supraventricular Arrhythmias 255 Carina Blomström-Lundqvist and Melvin Scheinman 17 Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death 270 A. John Camm and Douglas P. Zipes 18 Valvular Heart Disease 293 Robert O. Bonow 19 Infective Endocarditis 312 Larry M. Baddour, Kathryn A. Taubert, Michael H. Gewitz, and Walter R. Wilson 20 Cardiac CT Imaging 336 Matthew J. Budoff and Allen J. Taylor Appendix Update on Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Current and Future Trends 347 Robert A. O’Rourke Other Statements Published in 2008 353 Index 355 COI Table 373 vi List of Contributors Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA Kathy Berra, MSN, ANP, FAAN, FAHA Association Chief of Cardiology Stanford Prevention Research Center Cardiology Department Stanford University Medical School LDS Hospital Hoover Pavilion, Room N229 8th Avenue C Street 211 Quarry Road N241 Salt Lake City, UT 84143-0001, USA Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA Elliott M. Antman, MD, FAHA Carina Blomström-Lundqvist, MD Professor of Medicine Department of Cardiology Harvard Medical School Uppsala University Hospital Director, CCU S-751 85 Uppsala Cardiovascular Division Sweden Brigham and Women’s Hospital Senior Investigator Robert O. Bonow, MD, MACC, FAHA TIMI Study Group Goldberg Distinguished Professor 75 Francis Street Northwestern University Feinberg School of Boston, MA 02115-6106, USA Medicine Chief, Division of Cardiology Larry M. Baddour, MD Co-Director, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Professor of Medicine Northwestern Memorial Hospital Mayo Clinic 201 East Huron Street, Suite 10-240 200 1st. Street SW Chicago, IL 60611-2996, USA Rochester, MN 55905-0002, USA Matthew J. Budoff, MD, FAHA, FACC Gary J. Balady, MD, FAHA Association Professor of Medicine Director, Non Invasive Cardiac Labs Division of Cardiology Director, Preventive Cardiology Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Boston Medical Center Harbor-UCLA Professor of Medicine 1124 West Carson Street, RB2 Boston University School of Medicine Torrance, CA 90502-2006, USA 883 East Newton Street Boston, MA 02118-2308, USA vii Contributors John Camm, MD Michael H. Gewitz, MD, FAHA Professor of Clinical Cardiology Physician-in-Chief/Executive Director Division of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester St. George’s University of London Medical Center Cranmer Terrace Professor and Vice Chair, Pediatrics London, SW17 0RE Chief, Pediatric Cardiology United Kingdom New York Medical College Valhalla, NY 10595, USA Kim A. Eagle, MD, FACC Albion Walter Hewlett Professor of Internal Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FAHA Medicine Professor of Medicine Chief of Clinical Cardiology Mayo Clinic Fnd.- Gonda Director, Cardiovascular Center 200 1st Street SW University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center Rochester, MN 55905-0001, USA 1500 East Medical Drive, Suite 2131 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5852, USA Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD, FAHA Director, Center for Human Nutrition Stephan D. Fihn, MD, MPH, FACP UT Southwestern Medical Center Chief Quality and Performance Offi cer Department of Clinical Nutrition Department of Veterans Affairs 5323 Harry Hines Building 1100 Olive Way STE 1400 Dallas, TX 75390-7200, USA Seattle, WA 98101-3801, USA Robert A. Guyton, MD Professor and Chief, Division of Cardiothoracic Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC, FAHA Surgery Robert Dunning Dripps Professor and Chair Department of Surgery Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Emory University School of Medicine Professor of Medicine 1365 Clifton Road NE University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Atlanta, GA 30322-1013, USA 3400 Spruce Street, Suite 680 Dulles Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Ziv J. Haskal, MD, FAHA, FSIR, FACR Professor and Vice Chair, Radiology Theodore D. Fraker, Jr., MD, FACC Chief, Division of Interventional Radiology Professor of Clinical Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine Associate Division Director for Clinical Affairs and 22 E Greene Street Operations Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine Alan T. Hirsch, MD 248 Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, 473 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health West 12th Avenue School of Public Health Columbus, OH 43210, USA University of Minnesota 1300 South 2nd Street, Suite 300 Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, FAHA Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave Levy Place Sharon A. Hunt, MD, FACC, FAHA Box 1030 Professor, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine New York, NY, USA Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRB Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA viii Contributors Mariell Jessup MD, FAHA, FACC Sidney C. Smith, Jr., MD, FAHA Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Heart Failure/Transplant Program Center for Cardiovascular Science and Medicine 3400 Spruce Street CB # 7075, 6th Floor Burnett Womack Building Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 99 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7075, USA Barry J. Maron, MD, FACC Director, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center Kathryn A. Taubert, PhD, FAHA Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation Adjunct Professor, U Texas Southwestern Medical 920 East 28th. Street, Suite 620 School Minneapolis, MN 55407-1157, USA Senior Scientist, American Heart Association AHA National Center Cullen D. Morris, MD 7272 Greenville Avenue Assistant Professor of Surgery (Cardiothoracic) Dallas, TX 75231, USA The Emory Clinic, Inc. Allen J. Taylor, MD, FAHA Medical Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery Chief, Cardiology Service, Professor of Medicine Athens Regional Medical Center Walter Reed Army Medical Center 1270 Prince Ave., Suite 303 6900 Georgia Avenue, NW Athens, GA 30606, USA Building 2, Room 4A34 Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA Robert A. O’Rourke, MD, MACP, MACC, FAHA Professor of Medicine Emeritus Nanette Kass Wenger, MD, FAHA University of Texas Health Science Center Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) 116 Village Circle Emory University School of Medicine San Antonio, TX 78232-2827, USA Chief of Cardiology Clive Rosendorff, MD, PhD, DScMed, FAHA Grady Memorial Hospital Mount Sinai School of Medicine Consultant, Emory Heart and Vascular Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center 49 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, SE 130 West Kingsbridge Road Atlanta, GA 30303, USA Bronx, NY 10468-3904, USA Mark A. Williams, PhD, FACSM, FAACVPR Lars Rydén, MD, FRCP, FESC Director, CVD Prevention and Rehabilitation Department of Cardiology Cardiac Center of Creighton University Karolinska University Hospital 3006 Webster Street 171 76 Stockholm Omaha, NE 68131-2027, USA Sweden Walter R. Wilson, MD Professor of Medicine Melvin Scheinman, MD Mayo Clinic University of California, San Francisco 200 1st Street SW 500 Parnassus Avenue Rochester, MN 55905-0002, USA San Francisco, CA 94143-2203, USA Douglas P. Zipes, MD, FAHA Distinguished Professor Indiana University School of Medicine Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Suite E315 1800 North Capitol Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA ix Preface The American Heart Association (AHA) has pro- This schema is summarized in the table on the facing duced science consistently for over 75 years. And for page, which also illustrates how the grading system over 25 years, based on the best scientifi c medical provides an estimate of the size of the treatment effect evidence, the AHA has produced guidelines with the and an estimate of the certainty of the treatment American College of Cardiology Foundation, as well effect. In trying to mimic the signifi cance of the green, as scientifi c statements, with a direct interest in yellow and red lights that guide the circulation of the ensuring that all patients receive a good quality stan- vehicles, “The AHA Guidelines and Scientifi c State- dard of cardiovascular care. Thus, the AHA is con- ments Handbook” also uses similar colors in its stantly looking for ways to improve adherence to recommendations. Thus, Class I or “must do” recom- guidelines by caregivers since heart disease, stroke, mendations are titled in green text; Class IIa and IIb and other cardiovascular diseases remain the No. 1 or respectively “it is appropriate” and “it is not inap- killer in the United States and a leading cause of propriate” recommendations are titled in yellow text; permanent disability worldwide [1]. and Class III or “must not do” recommendations are Although adherence to guidelines should improve titled in red. Also, within the context of a user- patient care and outcomes, many studies have shown friendly and practical format, searching at the index, that the standard of care as defi ned by guidelines and for example, for the word “angina,” automatically will statements does not suffi ciently reach patients [2–4]. guide you to the various guidelines and statements Accordingly, our objective is to try to enhance edu- that deal with “angina.” cation of caregivers through this simple and I cannot conclude this brief introduction without user-friendly, summarized and updated “The AHA expressing my sincere thanks to all of the authors of Guidelines and Scientifi c Statements Handbook” so the parent committees who, with their time and that they may easily adhere to it and fi nd it useful to effort, contributed to the original guidelines and improve patient care and outcomes. Most of the statements; and, of course, I am particularly grateful recent AHA guidelines and statements are summa- to the authors of the handbook, who all served on rized and presented here, all in one text. We have also the parent committees and very generously contrib- asked authors to provide a “future directions” section uted to this project by meeting a very tight schedule. on each chapter, to expand upon recent trials and I warmly thank my collaborators at the American research that might affect guidelines in the future. Heart Association and Wiley-Blackwell for meeting When appropriate, a brief comparison to other once a week in a conference call at 5.30 am , and guidelines (usually from the European Society of I am particularly grateful to Ms Heather Goodell, Cardiology) is also provided, indicated in purple text. Ms Kate Newell and Mr Oliver Walter. Finally, I Furthermore, also refer to the website for this book, would like to express my deepest appreciation to the www.Wiley.com/go/AHAGuidelineHandbook, as it American Heart Association for giving me the will be sequentially updated with the latest statements opportunity to serve as Editor of this fi rst edition of and guideline news as well as providing succinct and “The AHA Guidelines and Scientifi c Statements helpful bibliographies. Handbook”. Hopefully, this is the beginning of a In terms of format, the ACC/AHA Task Force on useful educational tool for the healthcare commu- Practice Guidelines have established schema for clas- nity and, most importantly, for the promotion of sifi cation of recommendations and level of evidence. cardiovascular health in our patients. x

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Society-sanctioned guidelines on care are valuable tools, but accessing key information from the often complicated statements has been a daunting task. Now, practitioners and their institutions have a clear path to successful application of guidelines from the American Heart Association. This book o
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.