The agronomy and economy of turmeric and ginger: the invaluable medicinal spice crops PDF
Preview The agronomy and economy of turmeric and ginger: the invaluable medicinal spice crops
The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger This page intentionally left blank The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger The Invaluable Medicinal Spice Crops K.P. Prabhakaran Nair Director, Rallis India Ltd (A Tata Group), India AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road London NW1 7BY 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-394801-4 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com This book has been manufactured using Print On Demand technology. Each copy is produced to order and is limited to black ink. The online version of this book will show color figures where appropriate. This book, written under very trying circumstances, is dedicated to my wife, Pankajam, a Nematologist trained in Europe, but one who gave up her profession, and instead, chose to be a homemaker almost four decades ago, when we had our son and daughter. She is my all, and she sustains me in this difficult journey, that is, life. This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments xxi 1 Turmeric: Origin and History 1 Area and Production 2 Global Turmeric Scenario 3 References 5 2 The Botany of Turmeric 7 Origin and Distribution 7 Turmeric Taxonomy 7 Taxonomic Investigations in Curcuma 8 Use of Isoenzymes 10 Molecular Markers 11 Morphology of Turmeric 13 Habit 13 Leaves 13 Epidermis 14 Hypodermis 14 Mesophyll 14 Vascular Bundles 14 Leaf Sheath 15 Rhizome 15 Nodes and Internodes 15 Aerial Shoot 16 Shoot Apex 16 Roots 16 Root Epidermis and Cortex Originate from Single Tier of Common Initials 17 Turmeric Rhizome—its Developmental Anatomy 17 Inflorescence, Flower, Fruit, and Seed Set 18 Germination of Seed and Establishment of Seedling Progenies 19 The Curcuma Cytology 20 The Curcuma Karyomorphology 20 The Curcuma Meiotic Investigations 23 viii Contents The Curcuma Nuclear DNA Content 23 Chromosome Number in Curcuma Seedling Progenies 24 Turmeric Crop Improvement 24 Clonal Selection in Turmeric 25 Turmeric Improvement by Seedling Selection 25 Mutation and Selection Induced Crop Improvement in Turmeric 25 Hybridization and Selection in Turmeric 28 References 28 3 Genetics of Turmeric 33 The Diversity of Turmeric Species 34 Curcuma spp.—Its Characterization 36 Molecular Characterization 36 The Diversity in Turmeric Cultivars 37 Genetic Variability in Turmeric 39 The Conservation and Management of Turmeric Genetic Resources 40 Biodiversity and GIS Technology 41 Turmeric and Intellectual Property Rights 42 Controversial Patent Cases Involving Turmeric and Traditional Knowledge 43 Protection of Plant Varieties 43 Geographical Indications 44 References 44 4 The Chemistry of Turmeric 47 Turmeric Oil 47 Turmeric Oleoresin 47 Microencapsulation of Oleoresin 48 Volatiles of Turmeric 48 The Constituents of Volatile Oils 48 Turmeric Turmerones 49 Turmeric Curcuminoids 51 Specific Beneficial Properties of Curcuminoids 53 Extraction and Estimation of Curcumin 53 Biosynthesis of Curcuminoids 54 References 56 5 The Biotechnology of Turmeric 61 Tissue Culture 61 Explants and Media 61 Callus Induction 64 In Vitro Screening 65 Exchange of Turmeric Germplasm and In Vitro Conservation 66 Cryopreservation 66 In Vitro Mutagenesis 67 In Vitro Pollination 67 Contents ix Microrhizomes 67 Molecular Markers 69 Molecular Characterization and Diversity Investigations 69 Checking Adulteration and Purity Assessment 71 Genetic Fidelity and Identification of SCV 72 Early Flowering 73 Genetic Transformation 73 References 73 6 The Agronomy of Turmeric 79 Soil and Climate Suitability 79 Propagation of the Crop 79 Seed Rhizome 79 Transplantation 81 Crop Season 82 Planting 82 Treating the Seed Stock 82 Preparatory Tillage 83 Planting Method 83 Depth of Planting 84 Plant Geometry 84 Intercultivation Practices 85 Mulching Practices 85 Hilling 86 Weed Management 87 Cropping Pattern 89 Harvesting 90 Storage of Seed Rhizome 91 References 91 7 Nutrition and Nutrient Management in Turmeric 97 Soil Tests and Nutrient Availability 97 Nutrient Requirement and Uptake 97 Manuring of Turmeric 99 Inorganic Fertilization 99 Effect of Micronutrients on Turmeric Production 103 The Role of Organic Manures in Turmeric Production 104 Organic Farming 105 Biofertilizers 108 The Role of Growth Regulators in Turmeric Production 109 References 109 8 Turmeric Entomology 115 Major Insect Pests 115 Distribution 115
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