European Commission Workshop on « Systems Approaches for sustainable agriculture – Part I » Brussels, 5-‐6 December 2016 Systems approaches for sustainable agriculture : the Agrarian System concept Sophie DEVIENNE UFR Compara@ve Agriculture and Agricultural Development UMR PRODIG, AgroParisTech, CNRS, EPH, IRD, Paris 1 Panthéon-‐Sorbonne University, Paris-‐Diderot University , Paris-‐Sorbonne University , Paris [email protected] Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 1 Challenges of sustainable development in agriculture What produc@ve processes to promote and how to manage to support farmings types in order to : • Ensure abundant and quality food produc@on • Preserve exploited ecosystems and their inhabitants • Preserve and even create jobs and income • Contribute to reducing the inequali@es = economic viability, ecological sustainability and social equity Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 2 Challenges of sustainable development in agriculture In order to propose effecLve and adapted projects or policies to support sustainable agricultural development, it is necessary : • to understand agricultural reali@es • To iden@fy the condi@ons (not only at the farmers level) so that the farmers – Have the means to implement sustainable produc@on systems – Find it worth their while. Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 3 An agricultural reality • A complex ecological and economic object • Ecological, technical, economical and social elements in interac@on • These elements to be apprehended at different scales : parcel, unit of produc@on, territory, region, na@on… • Geographical diversity of forms of agriculture • In a given agricultural area : different categories of farms, of produc@on systems • A reality in movement : necessary to understand the reasons for the evolu@ons and their consequences Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 4 The concept of agrarian system (M. Mazoyer) A combina@on of different variables : • The mode of exploita@on of a given environment : – one or several ecosystems – the matching technical qualifica@ons (equipment, knowledge, prac@ves, know-‐how) – the historically acquired transforma@ons – the resul@ng environment ar@ficialisa@on method : landscape • The condi@ons of access to resources and distribu@on of value added • The different agricultural produc@on systems, implemented by the different categories of farmers : farm typologies • The rela@ons with upstream and downstream industries, and between producers and consumers. • The economic, social and poli@cal condi@ons, in par@cular the rela@ve prices system. Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 5 The concept of agrarian system An intellectual tool that enables : • to apprehend the complexity of an agricultural reality : organiza@on and func@oning – Rela@ons of causality or interdependency between the various elements – stages of evolu@on of the agrarian system • To apprehend the problem of sustainability : condi@ons of balance and reproduc@bility of : – The cul@vated ecosystem : reproduc@on of fer@lity – The social produc@on system. Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 6 What scale of analysis? • A concept that can be used at different scales of analysis : from agricultural district to country level • Micro-‐regional approach, at the agricultural district level : – Based on field work – In-‐depth understanding of mechanisms and processes : rela@ons prac@ces/ecosystem; differencia@on of systems of produc@on – Agro-‐ecology : systems adapted to pedoclima@c and socio-‐ economic condi@ons – Studies of different cases judiciously choosed : possibility to adress the issues at the regional or na@onal level Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 7 Analysis of the organisa@on and func@oning of an agrarian system : combina@on of scales of analysis, At the regional level : agrarian system Cul@vated ecosystem : landscape analysis Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 8 Analysis of the organisa@on and func@oning of an agrarian system : combina@on of scales of analysis, At the farm level : produc1on system = a group of farms : -‐ Same range of resources : surface and localisa@on, level of equipment, size of workteam -‐ Comparable socioeconomic condi@ons -‐ Similar combina@on of produc@ons Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 9 Analysis of the organisa@on and func@oning of an agrarian system : combina@on of scales of analysis, Each produc@on system : a characteris@c combina@on of : -‐ At the plot level : cropping system -‐ At the herd level : livestock system Sophie Devienne 6/12/2016 10
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