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T H E • • ON AGGRESSI S F CNILIZATIO O N FederIanld iPaonl icy sincteh e1 8805 Edibtye d SandrCaa dwalaandVdei rnD ee loJrri.a , L. TemplUen iverPsrietsys PHILADELPHIA TemplUen iversPirteys Psh,i ladel1p9h1i2a2 © 198b4y T emplUen ivers.iA tlylr ighrtess erved Publish1e9d8 4 Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica LibraorfCy o ngress CaitnPa ulbolgiicnDagat tioan Maine ntruyn detri tle: TheA ggressioofnc si vzialtiion. Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nacnedsi ndex. 1.I ndiaonfsN ortAhm erica-Governmreenlta tions-- 1869-149-3Addresseesss,a ylse,c tusr.e 2.I ndiaonfs NortAhm erica-Governmreenlta tions--19-3A4-ddresses, essaylse,c teusr.3 .I ndiaonfsN ortAhm erica-Legal statulsa,w se,t c.-dAdresseesss,a ys, lectures. I. CadwaladSearn,d rLa. II. Deloria, Vine. E93A.34 1984 323.1'197 84-94 ISBN0 -87722-349-1 C O N T R I B U T O R 5 habse eenx ecudtiirveeoc ftt ohIren diRaing hts SANDRA L. CADWALADER Associsaitn1ic9oe7an 8n d tohBneo asridn 1c9e7S 6h.he a psu bliasnhde d writftoIernn d iTartnuh t,h Aes sociationj'uosr nobanil - cmoonnttehmlpyo ­ rarIyn diafaafni rs. VINE DELORIA,J R.,a S tanRdoicnSkgi oiuasxu ,t hoofCr ut seDri efdor Y our Si,nG sodi sR edB,e hindT rtaohifBel r okTerena t,iT ehesM etaphoyfs ics ModeErnx isetncaen,cd o -auotfAh moerr iIcnadni ,aA nmseriJcuaisnct Ae . profeosfps oolri stciiceaantltc heUe n iveorfAs riitzyo MnrDa.e ,l ohraisa direictgtsre add uate ApmreorgirIcanamdnP i ooaflnS i tcuyd Hiese esr.ov ne s thBeo aorfdt hIen diRaing hAtsss ociation. iesx ecudtiirveoecft t hoIern dLiaawRn e souCrecneta e r, ROBERT T.C OULTER non-plraofiwfir .tm eAnnr omlelmebdoe ftr h Cei tiBzaenondfP otawatomi, hes eravsce hsa irpoeftr hAsemo enr iBcaaArns sociationo'nts h eC ommittee Probloeftm hsAe m eriIcnadni an. , iasl acwl efrotkrh Ue. SDi.s tCroiucfrtott r h Dei storfi ct ANN LAQUER ESTIN ColorAa fdoor.me edri otfIo nrd iTarnu, th hearr t"iTchlFeee dePrlaeln ary PowienIr n dAiffaani rsW eAefkatsne Sdri oNuaxit ona,p"p eairNneo dv em­ be1r9 8i2nt hUen iverosfPi etyn nlsvyanLiaawR evifeowwr,h ichw assh e arteidcilte or. iasn a ssocpiroafteeos fhs iosrta ottr hye State Uni­ LAURENCE M. HAUPTMAN versoift NyYe owra ktN ewP alHtezi .as u thoofTr h Ier qouoainstd h Nee w Deaaln cdo -edoifNt eoihgrb so raInntdr udAenrE sth:n ohistExoprliocraal­ tioofnt hIend iaonfHs u dson'Rsi ver. iasp rofeosfas notrh roaptto hlUeon giyv eorfAs riitnzyao . JAMES E. OFFICER He hsaesr avesad s soccoimamties soifIo nndeAirfaa fni arnsad sa ssitsot ant Secreotfta hIreny t eSrtieowLra. Ur dta alnlid,as u thoofnru meraorutsi cles onA meriIcnadnia annLdsa tAimne riacfaafinr s. vi Contributors al aswt udaettn hUten iveorfPs eintnys yals,vt aundiied DAVID M. STRAUSFELD, Indiraenf oerfmf owrhtisl hei satm oarjyao trP rincUentiosvnie trtyh;e chapatpepre ahreirinesag d apftreohdmi s thesis. iss ensitoaraf tft ofrontreh ye ILnadwRi easno urce STEVEN M. TULLBERG Centwehre,hr ee whoarsk weidth hic so -auMtrh.o rC,ot uobl rtiIennrgd, i an casbeesf oirnet ernaftroiuomnisan lc luding the WoUrnkiitnegd Nations GrouopnI ndigPeonpouusl ations. idsi reocftt hoOerf fiocfeA meriSctaunda itte hse WlLCOMB E. WASHBURN SmithsIonnsitainHt eui tasiu otnho.foR redM an's LWhaintMdea, n L'sa w, anTdhe A ssaounIl ntd iTarinb alTihseGm e:n eArlallo tLmaewonf t1 88a7n d editToherI nodfia anntd h Weh iMtaen a nTdhe A meriHcearni tHaigseto ofr y thIend iaWna r.s ALVIN 1.Z IONTZ,a p artinnte hrSe e atltafilwre mo fZ ionPtizr,Mt olrei,s set, ErnstaonfCdfh ,e stinsau ctt,wi ivteth hI en diraingc hotmsm itotfte hees AmeriCciavLnii lb erUtniieoasnnt dh e AmeBrarAi scsaoni coiHnae.th as taught anwdi dwearlbiyoft udettee rnIa nld ilaanw . c o N T E N T 5 ix Prefcae SandrLa. C adwalader ONE 3 THEI NIDANR IGHTASS SCOIAITONA:N A PPRAISAL VineD eloriJar,. TWO 19R EFORMEIRNSC ONFLITCHTE:P UEBLO DANCEC ONTROVERSY DaviMd. Strafuesld THREE 45 INDIAN POSLIINCCTYEH E1 880s WilcomEb. W ashburn FOUR 59T HEI NDIASNE RVIACNED IETVSO LUTION JamesE .O fficer FIVE 105" CONGREISNIS T WSI SODM":T HEC OURSE OFI NDIALNE GISLATION VineD eloriJar,. SIX 131T HEI NDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT LaurenMc.e H auptman viiCio ntents SEVEN 149I NDIALNI TIGATION AlviIn. Z iontz EIGHT 185I NDIALNA NDR IGHTS RoberTt. CoulatnedSr t eveMn. Tullberg NINE 215L ONE WOLFV .H ITHCCOCKT:H EL ONGS HADOW AnnL aqueErs tin 248I ndex p R E F A c E SandrL.a C adwaJader M anoyf t hpeo liocffi eefso nn advocbaytt hehedu manitarioaftn h Ie"n Fdriioaeftnn hsd1e"s8 80s arteh owshei ciahfd, v octaotdecadoy u,bl efd a ilralbye rlelaecdt ion­ arayn adn ti-.II nnd pifuaebnwl ice npdoelaihvcaotysrh Asem erican libienrsattlb i enescnoc onsisbtaefnflatesihld tay bs e eintn h eef ftoor t formualt artujelu yas ptp rotaoc hIt nhdei oaftn hsci osu ntry. Generaotfwi hoinrtsee f oramnedr sp oliticians have surveyed conditions prIenvdaioiafltn ihsne tgii rma aenm do npgr onounced theamd isgCroancdee.m tnhiienn gsi etnisavniidtn yh umoaftn hietiyr predec,ee sascgoher nserfaotrimounl "aostleust itohnarste" v eal moraeb otuhtne o n-Icnodnisacnoi fet nhpceee r itohdat nhr ee al natoufrt ehI en d"iparneo mb.lA" b rieeufp heonrsiiuawne hs i iciths belitehvtaehtde pr,ao ltba lusentmd erswtiboleorl de ,se odlD.vi sillu­ siohno,w evgerra,d usaelitlnasy st hnee awp proiadsci hs cotvoe red bringi etwn ittihdr ieefrlfeyk nitn odfds e bilictoantsienqgu ences. That Indihaanvs eu trrviiibnvaee s sdo cibeatsyoe ndv alues fundameannttailtlthyote hteioicwr,ana ln odn weh opsoel tiocwya rds tribhaalssiw sumn g efxrtortmeoe m xetm reie,as n a ccomploifs hment nos maolrld Aenrd.i tfh eirsaes inlgelses obnel etaorf nreodm studtyhipena gcs etn touffr eyd eral Inidtti haitansht te pr oilbiecs­y, witthh ecilrat iolm asn wda,t heurn,t ing and fitshrheii gnhgt rights, to tos elf-govaentrdonc muelntptur reasle r-vwialptlei rosnist despite thmeo sdte termfiendeeedrf aflot rodt ess torrio gyn tohree m. Mosnto n-In,hd aivainnsg llietmatorlrnteeeh dat nhf ea miliar storiesI ndnaibstao--uaTth anksPgoicvaihnoangnt,Sda a sc ajawea, arseu rprtiofis nedmd o deIrnnd itarnil baeysci lnagi tmols a rge portoifoE nass tsetrantt eoos n,he a-loff vtahleu saabllmeao nnd steelheiantd h Peca actiNcfiohcr tshtwa,en tdo w atreirg ihntt hse parcShoeudt h.Nw oens-tInadrieeav nemsno rseup rrisinefod ot,u t­ ragteofid n,td h ecslea tiom slbe eg itoinmetashtm aeat ty h retahteeinr propoerrl tiyv eliAsht ohaoesd ssu.m tphtaitoI nnt dhiaear sneis m ply ix x Preface cryoivnesgrp miilltgk i vweasty oa nu nearseyc ogtnhitathtite or ni bal clahiamvsve a liudnidtfeyer d elraawtl,h ey twoka nnotww h yt he unhomleysw sa nso rte soylevaedrdes c,ea sod,rc enturies ago. Noth,ii stne geimassse, n duirtnih ncigos u natstr ryic blaaloi nm s onhea nadn,od n t hoet hneorn,- Ifnadnitatanhs aite st he tribes and thecilra imdsi swaipilpoflen alwreyw aliotn egno uAgfht.te hr1e 6 37 massaocfr teh e iPnCeo qnunoetcastt i hctauhnteod fts h Peu rnisti,at waass sutmheatdth ewye rfeo redveesrt raosay epde ople. Yet, in 19,8t 3hMea shantPuecqkuseouttc sc essseftutalnl8l e0yd0 -acre land claainmod b tafiendeeadrc akln owleodftg hmeteirnrist bt aalbt yau ns Acotf C ong.r ess Non-InrdeiaactntoI i nodnci laanhi amosstf ebne etnoi ntroduce legisilnaCttooin ognrt eoes xst inwghuaitsephva errt iccautleaogrfo ry cliamt,r eoarot tyh eriwcsia suest,ih lneag t uepsrtoS aurcl.he gislation igse nerallyb ysn uopnp-oIornrtdgeiadan ni wzhaitcciaholl nolsf tily fo"re quraiglah ntrdse sponsfiobIrin ldiitTaihneisss.f" oc eraq lula l­ itcyo nceaca elrst eaxians pne:rt ahfteei eoltihnaigtt tiimste h e Indisatnosp bpeeiddn igrf efenftr om eveelrsyeo-ntterh eaatt ies notwtiatnhd,sti hnesgyh ouflrtdehe e msferlovtmeh ser iers ervations anjdio nt hber otheorfth aoxopda yers. Tom osItn ditahnkisis no dft hinhkaiasfn agm ialniodam ri nous rinrge,c atlhlaeis nsgi miploalotitfich oynen i netceeenntatunhrtd yh e terminpaotloiiftoc hny1e 9 5a0ns6d 0 ;ts hlea tshtit nhge y tnohe eeadr imso rtea albko euqtu al FroiIrgn hdtiusan.nl sai,nk oyet hgerro iunp thciosu n,et qruyadloientsoya t p peaasasr t atger a,obc fuer ta tahse r at hrteoa t trheemiari tnriinhbgea rli -ttahgeleiarnc du,l t,ru erlei­ giosno,v ereignty. A centaugroty,h a es similiantcilountdihIisennt dgsiR ,ai ngh ts Assoocnic,aot nifideennvtilsya if ounteiudnrw eh itcrhi hbaeddsi s­ appeafrreodmf atochfAee m eritcoa rb,ee m emboenralesysd y mbols ofab y-gaonnpder imitTiovh ea settrhedaena. wy h en itnhdei vidual Indwioauntl adk ee qhupialsla a cmeo nnogn -In,d rtiehasene srvations werteob eb rokuepnt, h Ien dieadnusc aatneCddh r istdi,aa nndi ze encourtaofg aerdtm h eailrl otteodfl apnaldsos tesl fif-csiuefnt cietnisz. Somfief tyye alrast erI,n dtiwhaeenrn see itehqeunrao lsr e lf­ sufefincttih;eh yal do asptp roxitmwaot-etolhftyi h red1is0mr 7i llion acrteons o nn-dIioawnn erAsshsiipm.i lpaotliiowcneiirweseist d ely acknowlteobd ecg oemdp lfeatielW uirtethsh I.en diReaonr ganiza­ tiAocnot f 1 93f4e,d eproallaip cpye atrose wdid negfi nitively toward Precfea xi suppotrrtiisbnm;agy l eit tlheatsnws e nyteyal rast ien1r 9,,5 C 3on­ greosnsca eg ain aadnao npttie-sdtt raianbncadel deictlsa riendt en­ titoont ermifneadteer al refsoIprno dntisbraiienbIs in.al leilst sye n­ tipaoli nptrso,p oonfetn etrsm inaadtviooctnah tseea mdee n dassh ad thaes sitmiiolnaainsadtg sa,i nr etshuwele trdsei sausst.r o Advocoafta esss imialnatdte iromni ndaot inrooenct e hiivgeh gradesI dnfirafonomsr etfohfrettiosra ss"ureueqa l.i"Itti yb so th fasciannatdtr iantgghis acomt u cohft hhea rdvsihsioipnt t ehtder ibes habse eantt hhea ndsp oolfi taincrdie afnosr wmheobr esl ieved genuitnhetalhty ew ye raec tiintn hgIe n dibaensst' i.In ntdeiraensst frqeuenjtolkayeb oruutn nliinhkgee l lm itnhuaewt hei mtaens h ows upo frfiehnegl app ,o ionfvt i etwh iadsti ffitcocu olntt radict. Iitos f taesns etrhtIaentdd ihaanvlseo m sotr ietn h e cpeansttu ry frotmha es saountl htec iurl taunredex tenlsooisfvls ea ntdhsat nh ey have gfariotnmhe pedr ospoeftc htAe m eriwcaayon fl i.fT ehis voluimasen a ttetmocp otn trtiobwuatarenud nsd erstoaftn hdei ng chantghehasat v tea ken apnlodaf c ect,oh mep dlyenxa muincdse r­ lyitnhgfe o rmulaantidim opnl emenotffa etdieIornnad li an policy sintch1ee8 8U0nsd.e rstapnodlieinshcg,oi twth hweeoy r kaendd, the attituldeetdso tthshahetom uh,le dlu psa vosiidm iflaairli untrh ees fut.u re TheI ndiRaingh Atsss ocimautsaitdo mni itt ostw onh istorical biasFeosu.n dienPd h iladienl1 p8h8ii2tea, m ergaestd h meo st influeonfatn iuamlbo efIr n daidavno coarcgya nitzhaetcnai lolnisn g fotrh aes simiolfIa ntdiioiannn tmsoa instArmeearmil cia.fn e Its suppfoortrth 1e8 8A7l lotAmcetwn ats nf;eti rtbv eelitehvaetd breaukpir negs erviantitinovo dinidsfu aarlwm osu hlads ttehenec o­ nomsiecl f-suoffafip ceioepnlcey f wohromlseierv elhiahddoi osd­s appreeaTdh.fe a iolfutr hpeio sl tioac cyh iietgvsoe ah labsse en widely disecdua,sns adst hseo rleef oorrmg aniozftahteairttoa ons urvtiov e thdiasty h,Ie n diRaingsAh tsss ocicaatriraoinane c sua twea reonfe ss thael lotpmoelnaitsci yth si staolrboiascts r. Althosuegvheo rfta hlbi oso aku'tsh hoarvbsee einn vowlivtehd thIeR Ai,wt a nse vienrt etnod eabdb e o oakb otuhtoe r ganization itsTehliwfsa.a sp ragmdaetcii.cTs hiIeoR nAp apers aroen collected 13r6e eolfms i croafinlwdmh ,i alnee xcelglueitndotte h pea pers extisst,hlei rnseo i ndtehxfie,l fmr amaerusen numbaenrtdeh de,r e wanso l ikeloifbh eoioandbg lt eor eaadlt lhm ea termiuaclh, t loe ss compltehateue t horhiitsattiointrv hyete, i meen vniesdiEo.a rrley­ view,he orwseveenrc,o urtahigene cdl uosfmi oormnea tearbioault xiiP rfaece thAes sociaantwdie ho onpt,eoh avmea nagare eda soonbajbtelicvye presenotfia ttssit orne nagntwdhe sa kneTshsete wsco.h aptthearts concenstpreactieofi ncA aslsloyc iaacttiiorvnei vtveieaerdlsyi rfefent aspeocftt hoser ganizcahtairoabncu'tttseo rg,ei tlhleurs ttrhaet e well assimilmaitnIidnho. ina sip sptr oaitfsh Aaesl s otciioVani,nD ee loria, J.rs,e ekbsa ltaopn ocpeu lar iomftp hroeer sgsainoiwnzisat thi oann oversaulrlvo efiy te sf forts. Whetnh Ien dRiiagnAh stsso ciwaaftsoi duoenndm i,l iatcatriyo n agaiInnsdtiw aanss a sr teial.lGl ie tnyeCruaslt setru'nsdn eifnaegta t thhea nodfst hSei ouxC haenyde hnanodec curjsrutes diy xe ars earlietrh,Ae r maynm'das s saocf3r 0eI0 n dimaenn , w,oa mnedn chiladtWr oeunn dKendew ea tsos hotchkpe u bcloincs ciin1e 8n9c0e. To tfhoeun odfetr hAses sociaanotdti holnei rk e-mEiansCdtoe ads t reforamsesrism,i tlota htweih oinmt aen w'asya ppeatrhemedo st humaannepd r acstoilcuaetlsi poenc,wi haetlnhla eyl teirvneiastnt,h e bluwnotr odfIs n dCioanm missTihoonmJeaM.rso ragnw,e reex ter­ minatoirio nnai co.tn ThIeR Ap ronouenacroelndiy, ln a ngtuhatagoted ay omnaek es cri,nt ghea"tt he Iansads iaavnam geem boefart riobragla nization cannsoutr voiuvgenh,ott t os urvve,ti haeg greossfci iovniislo inz.a"t2 Extermihnaadtp iirotonps o nbeunntot atsm, o ntgh" eF rioefn dtsh e Indi;ai"nn saocnt,it hooent hhearn d, atpodp oeoamr eItdnh dei ans tol ivoefps o vedretpye,n doenfn ecdeer raatlia onnpdse ,r hwaoprss t of allu,n ttrou sttphwreoo rtteohcfCyt o inogsnrsB e.ee nvolaecntti on appeatrhoeend la yc cepctoaubarlsnesed ot h"ea ggrebsseigoanns." Indialnosn hgnaeotdr h ceh ooifcr ee trefartoWimen sgt ceirvni liza­ ti;o inni tvsa rioguusi sesi-sCthi,ra endiutcya,t liaonnd-in­ severalty--wcoiuvbliefdl o irzcaet-imooannrt tcohhr eee ds eornvsa.t i HerbWeerltsf ho,u nodfte hrIe R Aa,d mittotn eodd o ubt about thseu peroifWo ersittceyir vni ltioz" aptriiomnit triiwvbaeay"lHs e. alsroe cognthiazfteom dro sAtm ernisci,an cluCdoinnggre en,s sm Indiraenpsr esiennctoendvs etnuimebbnlltio ntcgowk hsi ptreo gress. Aftefirr hsitts oSt iroiTupex r riitn1o 8r8Wy2e ,l wsrhto e":U nfortu­ nattehleyar rbeeu tto moa nwyh soc oaftf e tlheev aotfti hIoenn d ian, nostom uch becauseh itimhn ecya pobafieb mllpiere oevvneebt mu,t upon thper isnaacmisiep,nf l oer myeerat rhsse,l avehroilddiecru led theel evaotfi notenhg ebr eoc,a tuhseierm seo rmeo netyo gbaei ned frohmi wmh eing notrhaanwnth einn sterd"u.3c t It is worth rtehamese smibmeirli,wan htgaoi r otgnhutiaehstdat ts thIen dian tdheresi egarhnvtpdesr d o teocfAt mieorniscc iatni zenship

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The Aggressions of Civilization: Federal Indian Policy Since the 1880s PDF

272 Pages·1984·1.7 MB·English
by  Sandra L. Cadwalader
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T H E • • ON AGGRESSI S F CNILIZATIO O N FederIanld iPaonl icy sincteh e1 8805 Edibtye d SandrCaa dwalaandVdei rnD ee loJrri.a , L. TemplUen iverPsrietsys PHILADELPHIA TemplUen iversPirteys Psh,i ladel1p9h1i2a2 © 198b4y T emplUen ivers.iA tlylr ighrtess erved Publish1e9d8 4 Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica LibraorfCy o ngress CaitnPa ulbolgiicnDagat tioan Maine ntruyn detri tle: TheA ggressioofnc si vzialtiion. Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nacnedsi ndex. 1.I ndiaonfsN ortAhm erica-Governmreenlta tions-- 1869-149-3Addresseesss,a ylse,c tusr.e 2.I ndiaonfs NortAhm erica-Governmreenlta tions--19-3A4-ddresses, essaylse,c teusr.3 .I ndiaonfsN ortAhm erica-Legal statulsa,w se,t c.-dAdresseesss,a ys, lectures. I. CadwaladSearn,d rLa. II. Deloria, Vine. E93A.34 1984 323.1'197 84-94 ISBN0 -87722-349-1 C O N T R I B U T O R 5 habse eenx ecudtiirveeoc ftt ohIren diRaing hts SANDRA L. CADWALADER Associsaitn1ic9oe7an 8n d tohBneo asridn 1c9e7S 6h.he a psu bliasnhde d writftoIernn d iTartnuh t,h Aes sociationj'uosr nobanil - cmoonnttehmlpyo ­ rarIyn diafaafni rs. VINE DELORIA,J R.,a S tanRdoicnSkgi oiuasxu ,t hoofCr ut seDri efdor Y our Si,nG sodi sR edB,e hindT rtaohifBel r okTerena t,iT ehesM etaphoyfs ics ModeErnx isetncaen,cd o -auotfAh moerr iIcnadni ,aA nmseriJcuaisnct Ae . profeosfps oolri stciiceaantltc heUe n iveorfAs riitzyo MnrDa.e ,l ohraisa direictgtsre add uate ApmreorgirIcanamdnP i ooaflnS i tcuyd Hiese esr.ov ne s thBeo aorfdt hIen diRaing hAtsss ociation. iesx ecudtiirveoecft t hoIern dLiaawRn e souCrecneta e r, ROBERT T.C OULTER non-plraofiwfir .tm eAnnr omlelmebdoe ftr h Cei tiBzaenondfP otawatomi, hes eravsce hsa irpoeftr hAsemo enr iBcaaArns sociationo'nts h eC ommittee Probloeftm hsAe m eriIcnadni an. , iasl acwl efrotkrh Ue. SDi.s tCroiucfrtott r h Dei storfi ct ANN LAQUER ESTIN ColorAa fdoor.me edri otfIo nrd iTarnu, th hearr t"iTchlFeee dePrlaeln ary PowienIr n dAiffaani rsW eAefkatsne Sdri oNuaxit ona,p"p eairNneo dv em­ be1r9 8i2nt hUen iverosfPi etyn nlsvyanLiaawR evifeowwr,h ichw assh e arteidcilte or. iasn a ssocpiroafteeos fhs iosrta ottr hye State Uni­ LAURENCE M. HAUPTMAN versoift NyYe owra ktN ewP alHtezi .as u thoofTr h Ier qouoainstd h Nee w Deaaln cdo -edoifNt eoihgrb so raInntdr udAenrE sth:n ohistExoprliocraal­ tioofnt hIend iaonfHs u dson'Rsi ver. iasp rofeosfas notrh roaptto hlUeon giyv eorfAs riitnzyao . JAMES E. OFFICER He hsaesr avesad s soccoimamties soifIo nndeAirfaa fni arnsad sa ssitsot ant Secreotfta hIreny t eSrtieowLra. Ur dta alnlid,as u thoofnru meraorutsi cles onA meriIcnadnia annLdsa tAimne riacfaafinr s. vi Contributors al aswt udaettn hUten iveorfPs eintnys yals,vt aundiied DAVID M. STRAUSFELD, Indiraenf oerfmf owrhtisl hei satm oarjyao trP rincUentiosvnie trtyh;e chapatpepre ahreirinesag d apftreohdmi s thesis. iss ensitoaraf tft ofrontreh ye ILnadwRi easno urce STEVEN M. TULLBERG Centwehre,hr ee whoarsk weidth hic so -auMtrh.o rC,ot uobl rtiIennrgd, i an casbeesf oirnet ernaftroiuomnisan lc luding the WoUrnkiitnegd Nations GrouopnI ndigPeonpouusl ations. idsi reocftt hoOerf fiocfeA meriSctaunda itte hse WlLCOMB E. WASHBURN SmithsIonnsitainHt eui tasiu otnho.foR redM an's LWhaintMdea, n L'sa w, anTdhe A ssaounIl ntd iTarinb alTihseGm e:n eArlallo tLmaewonf t1 88a7n d editToherI nodfia anntd h Weh iMtaen a nTdhe A meriHcearni tHaigseto ofr y thIend iaWna r.s ALVIN 1.Z IONTZ,a p artinnte hrSe e atltafilwre mo fZ ionPtizr,Mt olrei,s set, ErnstaonfCdfh ,e stinsau ctt,wi ivteth hI en diraingc hotmsm itotfte hees AmeriCciavLnii lb erUtniieoasnnt dh e AmeBrarAi scsaoni coiHnae.th as taught anwdi dwearlbiyoft udettee rnIa nld ilaanw . c o N T E N T 5 ix Prefcae SandrLa. C adwalader ONE 3 THEI NIDANR IGHTASS SCOIAITONA:N A PPRAISAL VineD eloriJar,. TWO 19R EFORMEIRNSC ONFLITCHTE:P UEBLO DANCEC ONTROVERSY DaviMd. Strafuesld THREE 45 INDIAN POSLIINCCTYEH E1 880s WilcomEb. W ashburn FOUR 59T HEI NDIASNE RVIACNED IETVSO LUTION JamesE .O fficer FIVE 105" CONGREISNIS T WSI SODM":T HEC OURSE OFI NDIALNE GISLATION VineD eloriJar,. SIX 131T HEI NDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT LaurenMc.e H auptman viiCio ntents SEVEN 149I NDIALNI TIGATION AlviIn. Z iontz EIGHT 185I NDIALNA NDR IGHTS RoberTt. CoulatnedSr t eveMn. Tullberg NINE 215L ONE WOLFV .H ITHCCOCKT:H EL ONGS HADOW AnnL aqueErs tin 248I ndex p R E F A c E SandrL.a C adwaJader M anoyf t hpeo liocffi eefso nn advocbaytt hehedu manitarioaftn h Ie"n Fdriioaeftnn hsd1e"s8 80s arteh owshei ciahfd, v octaotdecadoy u,bl efd a ilralbye rlelaecdt ion­ arayn adn ti-.II nnd pifuaebnwl ice npdoelaihvcaotysrh Asem erican libienrsattlb i enescnoc onsisbtaefnflatesihld tay bs e eintn h eef ftoor t formualt artujelu yas ptp rotaoc hIt nhdei oaftn hsci osu ntry. Generaotfwi hoinrtsee f oramnedr sp oliticians have surveyed conditions prIenvdaioiafltn ihsne tgii rma aenm do npgr onounced theamd isgCroancdee.m tnhiienn gsi etnisavniidtn yh umoaftn hietiyr predec,ee sascgoher nserfaotrimounl "aostleust itohnarste" v eal moraeb otuhtne o n-Icnodnisacnoi fet nhpceee r itohdat nhr ee al natoufrt ehI en d"iparneo mb.lA" b rieeufp heonrsiiuawne hs i iciths belitehvtaehtde pr,ao ltba lusentmd erswtiboleorl de ,se odlD.vi sillu­ siohno,w evgerra,d usaelitlnasy st hnee awp proiadsci hs cotvoe red bringi etwn ittihdr ieefrlfeyk nitn odfds e bilictoantsienqgu ences. That Indihaanvs eu trrviiibnvaee s sdo cibeatsyoe ndv alues fundameannttailtlthyote hteioicwr,ana ln odn weh opsoel tiocwya rds tribhaalssiw sumn g efxrtortmeoe m xetm reie,as n a ccomploifs hment nos maolrld Aenrd.i tfh eirsaes inlgelses obnel etaorf nreodm studtyhipena gcs etn touffr eyd eral Inidtti haitansht te pr oilbiecs­y, witthh ecilrat iolm asn wda,t heurn,t ing and fitshrheii gnhgt rights, to tos elf-govaentrdonc muelntptur reasle r-vwialptlei rosnist despite thmeo sdte termfiendeeedrf aflot rodt ess torrio gyn tohree m. Mosnto n-In,hd aivainnsg llietmatorlrnteeeh dat nhf ea miliar storiesI ndnaibstao--uaTth anksPgoicvaihnoangnt,Sda a sc ajawea, arseu rprtiofis nedmd o deIrnnd itarnil baeysci lnagi tmols a rge portoifoE nass tsetrantt eoos n,he a-loff vtahleu saabllmeao nnd steelheiantd h Peca actiNcfiohcr tshtwa,en tdo w atreirg ihntt hse parcShoeudt h.Nw oens-tInadrieeav nemsno rseup rrisinefod ot,u t­ ragteofid n,td h ecslea tiom slbe eg itoinmetashtm aeat ty h retahteeinr propoerrl tiyv eliAsht ohaoesd ssu.m tphtaitoI nnt dhiaear sneis m ply ix x Preface cryoivnesgrp miilltgk i vweasty oa nu nearseyc ogtnhitathtite or ni bal clahiamvsve a liudnidtfeyer d elraawtl,h ey twoka nnotww h yt he unhomleysw sa nso rte soylevaedrdes c,ea sod,rc enturies ago. Noth,ii stne geimassse, n duirtnih ncigos u natstr ryic blaaloi nm s onhea nadn,od n t hoet hneorn,- Ifnadnitatanhs aite st he tribes and thecilra imdsi swaipilpoflen alwreyw aliotn egno uAgfht.te hr1e 6 37 massaocfr teh e iPnCeo qnunoetcastt i hctauhnteod fts h Peu rnisti,at waass sutmheatdth ewye rfeo redveesrt raosay epde ople. Yet, in 19,8t 3hMea shantPuecqkuseouttc sc essseftutalnl8l e0yd0 -acre land claainmod b tafiendeeadrc akln owleodftg hmeteirnrist bt aalbt yau ns Acotf C ong.r ess Non-InrdeiaactntoI i nodnci laanhi amosstf ebne etnoi ntroduce legisilnaCttooin ognrt eoes xst inwghuaitsephva errt iccautleaogrfo ry cliamt,r eoarot tyh eriwcsia suest,ih lneag t uepsrtoS aurcl.he gislation igse nerallyb ysn uopnp-oIornrtdgeiadan ni wzhaitcciaholl nolsf tily fo"re quraiglah ntrdse sponsfiobIrin ldiitTaihneisss.f" oc eraq lula l­ itcyo nceaca elrst eaxians pne:rt ahfteei eoltihnaigtt tiimste h e Indisatnosp bpeeiddn igrf efenftr om eveelrsyeo-ntterh eaatt ies notwtiatnhd,sti hnesgyh ouflrtdehe e msferlovtmeh ser iers ervations anjdio nt hber otheorfth aoxopda yers. Tom osItn ditahnkisis no dft hinhkaiasfn agm ialniodam ri nous rinrge,c atlhlaeis nsgi miploalotitfich oynen i netceeenntatunhrtd yh e terminpaotloiiftoc hny1e 9 5a0ns6d 0 ;ts hlea tshtit nhge y tnohe eeadr imso rtea albko euqtu al FroiIrgn hdtiusan.nl sai,nk oyet hgerro iunp thciosu n,et qruyadloientsoya t p peaasasr t atger a,obc fuer ta tahse r at hrteoa t trheemiari tnriinhbgea rli -ttahgeleiarnc du,l t,ru erlei­ giosno,v ereignty. A centaugroty,h a es similiantcilountdihIisennt dgsiR ,ai ngh ts Assoocnic,aot nifideennvtilsya if ounteiudnrw eh itcrhi hbaeddsi s­ appeafrreodmf atochfAee m eritcoa rb,ee m emboenralesysd y mbols ofab y-gaonnpder imitTiovh ea settrhedaena. wy h en itnhdei vidual Indwioauntl adk ee qhupialsla a cmeo nnogn -In,d rtiehasene srvations werteob eb rokuepnt, h Ien dieadnusc aatneCddh r istdi,aa nndi ze encourtaofg aerdtm h eailrl otteodfl apnaldsos tesl fif-csiuefnt cietnisz. Somfief tyye alrast erI,n dtiwhaeenrn see itehqeunrao lsr e lf­ sufefincttih;eh yal do asptp roxitmwaot-etolhftyi h red1is0mr 7i llion acrteons o nn-dIioawnn erAsshsiipm.i lpaotliiowcneiirweseist d ely acknowlteobd ecg oemdp lfeatielW uirtethsh I.en diReaonr ganiza­ tiAocnot f 1 93f4e,d eproallaip cpye atrose wdid negfi nitively toward Precfea xi suppotrrtiisbnm;agy l eit tlheatsnws e nyteyal rast ien1r 9,,5 C 3on­ greosnsca eg ain aadnao npttie-sdtt raianbncadel deictlsa riendt en­ titoont ermifneadteer al refsoIprno dntisbraiienbIs in.al leilst sye n­ tipaoli nptrso,p oonfetn etrsm inaadtviooctnah tseea mdee n dassh ad thaes sitmiiolnaainsadtg sa,i nr etshuwele trdsei sausst.r o Advocoafta esss imialnatdte iromni ndaot inrooenct e hiivgeh gradesI dnfirafonomsr etfohfrettiosra ss"ureueqa l.i"Itti yb so th fasciannatdtr iantgghis acomt u cohft hhea rdvsihsioipnt t ehtder ibes habse eantt hhea ndsp oolfi taincrdie afnosr wmheobr esl ieved genuitnhetalhty ew ye raec tiintn hgIe n dibaensst' i.In ntdeiraensst frqeuenjtolkayeb oruutn nliinhkgee l lm itnhuaewt hei mtaens h ows upo frfiehnegl app ,o ionfvt i etwh iadsti ffitcocu olntt radict. Iitos f taesns etrhtIaentdd ihaanvlseo m sotr ietn h e cpeansttu ry frotmha es saountl htec iurl taunredex tenlsooisfvls ea ntdhsat nh ey have gfariotnmhe pedr ospoeftc htAe m eriwcaayon fl i.fT ehis voluimasen a ttetmocp otn trtiobwuatarenud nsd erstoaftn hdei ng chantghehasat v tea ken apnlodaf c ect,oh mep dlyenxa muincdse r­ lyitnhgfe o rmulaantidim opnl emenotffa etdieIornnad li an policy sintch1ee8 8U0nsd.e rstapnodlieinshcg,oi twth hweeoy r kaendd, the attituldeetdso tthshahetom uh,le dlu psa vosiidm iflaairli untrh ees fut.u re TheI ndiRaingh Atsss ocimautsaitdo mni itt ostw onh istorical biasFeosu.n dienPd h iladienl1 p8h8ii2tea, m ergaestd h meo st influeonfatn iuamlbo efIr n daidavno coarcgya nitzhaetcnai lolnisn g fotrh aes simiolfIa ntdiioiannn tmsoa instArmeearmil cia.fn e Its suppfoortrth 1e8 8A7l lotAmcetwn ats nf;eti rtbv eelitehvaetd breaukpir negs erviantitinovo dinidsfu aarlwm osu hlads ttehenec o­ nomsiecl f-suoffafip ceioepnlcey f wohromlseierv elhiahddoi osd­s appreeaTdh.fe a iolfutr hpeio sl tioac cyh iietgvsoe ah labsse en widely disecdua,sns adst hseo rleef oorrmg aniozftahteairttoa ons urvtiov e thdiasty h,Ie n diRaingsAh tsss ocicaatriraoinane c sua twea reonfe ss thael lotpmoelnaitsci yth si staolrboiascts r. Althosuegvheo rfta hlbi oso aku'tsh hoarvbsee einn vowlivtehd thIeR Ai,wt a nse vienrt etnod eabdb e o oakb otuhtoe r ganization itsTehliwfsa.a sp ragmdaetcii.cTs hiIeoR nAp apers aroen collected 13r6e eolfms i croafinlwdmh ,i alnee xcelglueitndotte h pea pers extisst,hlei rnseo i ndtehxfie,l fmr amaerusen numbaenrtdeh de,r e wanso l ikeloifbh eoioandbg lt eor eaadlt lhm ea termiuaclh, t loe ss compltehateue t horhiitsattiointrv hyete, i meen vniesdiEo.a rrley­ view,he orwseveenrc,o urtahigene cdl uosfmi oormnea tearbioault xiiP rfaece thAes sociaantwdie ho onpt,eoh avmea nagare eda soonbajbtelicvye presenotfia ttssit orne nagntwdhe sa kneTshsete wsco.h aptthearts concenstpreactieofi ncA aslsloyc iaacttiiorvnei vtveieaerdlsyi rfefent aspeocftt hoser ganizcahtairoabncu'tttseo rg,ei tlhleurs ttrhaet e well assimilmaitnIidnho. ina sip sptr oaitfsh Aaesl s otciioVani,nD ee loria, J.rs,e ekbsa ltaopn ocpeu lar iomftp hroeer sgsainoiwnzisat thi oann oversaulrlvo efiy te sf forts. Whetnh Ien dRiiagnAh stsso ciwaaftsoi duoenndm i,l iatcatriyo n agaiInnsdtiw aanss a sr teial.lGl ie tnyeCruaslt setru'nsdn eifnaegta t thhea nodfst hSei ouxC haenyde hnanodec curjsrutes diy xe ars earlietrh,Ae r maynm'das s saocf3r 0eI0 n dimaenn , w,oa mnedn chiladtWr oeunn dKendew ea tsos hotchkpe u bcloincs ciin1e 8n9c0e. To tfhoeun odfetr hAses sociaanotdti holnei rk e-mEiansCdtoe ads t reforamsesrism,i tlota htweih oinmt aen w'asya ppeatrhemedo st humaannepd r acstoilcuaetlsi poenc,wi haetlnhla eyl teirvneiastnt,h e bluwnotr odfIs n dCioanm missTihoonmJeaM.rso ragnw,e reex ter­ minatoirio nnai co.tn ThIeR Ap ronouenacroelndiy, ln a ngtuhatagoted ay omnaek es cri,nt ghea"tt he Iansads iaavnam geem boefart riobragla nization cannsoutr voiuvgenh,ott t os urvve,ti haeg greossfci iovniislo inz.a"t2 Extermihnaadtp iirotonps o nbeunntot atsm, o ntgh" eF rioefn dtsh e Indi;ai"nn saocnt,it hooent hhearn d, atpodp oeoamr eItdnh dei ans tol ivoefps o vedretpye,n doenfn ecdeer raatlia onnpdse ,r hwaoprss t of allu,n ttrou sttphwreoo rtteohcfCyt o inogsnrsB e.ee nvolaecntti on appeatrhoeend la yc cepctoaubarlsnesed ot h"ea ggrebsseigoanns." Indialnosn hgnaeotdr h ceh ooifcr ee trefartoWimen sgt ceirvni liza­ ti;o inni tvsa rioguusi sesi-sCthi,ra endiutcya,t liaonnd-in­ severalty--wcoiuvbliefdl o irzcaet-imooannrt tcohhr eee ds eornvsa.t i HerbWeerltsf ho,u nodfte hrIe R Aa,d mittotn eodd o ubt about thseu peroifWo ersittceyir vni ltioz" aptriiomnit triiwvbaeay"lHs e. alsroe cognthiazfteom dro sAtm ernisci,an cluCdoinnggre en,s sm Indiraenpsr esiennctoendvs etnuimebbnlltio ntcgowk hsi ptreo gress. Aftefirr hsitts oSt iroiTupex r riitn1o 8r8Wy2e ,l wsrhto e":U nfortu­ nattehleyar rbeeu tto moa nwyh soc oaftf e tlheev aotfti hIoenn d ian, nostom uch becauseh itimhn ecya pobafieb mllpiere oevvneebt mu,t upon thper isnaacmisiep,nf l oer myeerat rhsse,l avehroilddiecru led theel evaotfi notenhg ebr eoc,a tuhseierm seo rmeo netyo gbaei ned frohmi wmh eing notrhaanwnth einn sterd"u.3c t It is worth rtehamese smibmeirli,wan htgaoi r otgnhutiaehstdat ts thIen dian tdheresi egarhnvtpdesr d o teocfAt mieorniscc iatni zenship

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