The Age of the Hundred Years War

194 Pages·16.033 MB·English

by  Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, John France (ed.)

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J
O JOURNAL OF
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Journal of Medieval Military History VII is more focused geographically and R
N MEDIEVAL
chronologically than past volumes. The eight articles and two documents pub-
A
lished here all deal with Western Europe from the mid-fourteenth century to the
L
late-fifteenth. Nonetheless, the breadth and diversity of approach found in the

O MILITARY HISTORY
modern study of medieval military history remains evident.
F

M
CONTENTS
E
D
RICHARD BARBER The Military Role of the Order of the Garter
I
E
PETER HOSKINS The Itineraries of the Black Prince’s
V
Chevauchées of 1355 and 1356: Observations
A
and Interpretations L

NICOLAS SAVY The Chevauchée of John Chandos and Robert M
Knolles: Early March to Early June, 1369 I
L
DOUGLAS BIGGS ‘A Voyage, or Rather an Expedition, to I
T
Portugal’: Edmund of Langley’s Journey to A
Iberia, June/July 1381 R
Y
JOÃO GOUVEIA MONTEIRO The Battle of Aljubarrota (1385): A

Reassessment H
I
GILBERT BOGNER ‘Military’ Knighthood in the Lancastrian Era: S
T
the Case of Sir John Montgomery
O
MATTHIEU CHAN TSIN Medieval Romances and Military History:
R
Marching Orders in Jean de Bueil’s Le Y
Jouvencel introduit aux armes
V
J. F. VERBRUGGEN Arms and the Art of War: The Ghentenaar I
I
and Brugeois Militia in 1477–79
NICHOLAS GRIBIT Accounting for Service at War: the Case of Sir
R
James Audley of Heighley o
g
CLIFFORD J. ROGERS The Black Prince in Gascony and France er
s
(1355-6), According to MS 78 of Corpus , D
Christi College, Oxford e
V
r
i
e
Cover: BnF Ms. Français 226 fo. 84v. This illumination, from an early fifteenth century manuscript of a s
translation of Boccaccio’s De Casibus Virorum Illustribus, is intended to illustrate the galley fleet of Alcibiades , F
r
a
in the fifth century BC, but the broad-beamed cogs with their war-ready forecastles, and the armor of the men-at- n
arms inside them, are similar to the ones Edmund of Langley took to Portugal in 1381. ce VII. The Age of the Hundred Years War
(
e
d
s
)
An imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd Edited by CLIFFORD J. ROGERS,
PO Box 9, Woodbridge IP12 3DF (GB) and
KELLY DEVRIES and JOHN FRANCE
668 Mt Hope Ave, Rochester NY 14620-2731 (US)
www.boydell.co.uk / www.boydellandbrewer.com
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the journal of
Medieval Military
History
Volume VII
This seventh volume of the Journal of Medieval Military History has a particular
focus on western Europe in the late middle ages, and specifically the Hundred
Years War; however, the breadth and diversity of approaches found in the
modern study of medieval military history remains evident. Some essays focus
on specific texts and documents, including Jean de Bueil’s famous military trea-
tise-cum-novel, Le Jouvencel; other studies in the volume deal with particular
campaigns, from naval operations to chevauchées of the mid-­fourteenth century.
There are also examinations of English military leaders of the Hundred Years
War, approaching them from prosopographical and biographical angles. The
volume also includes a seminal piece, newly translated from the Dutch, by the
eminent military historian J. F. Verbruggen, in which he employs the financial
records of Ghent and Bruges to illuminate the arms of urban militiamen at the
end of the middle ages, and analyzes their significance for the art of war.
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prelims.indd 1 28/08/2009 13:41:14
the journal of medieval military history
Editors
Clifford J. Rogers
Kelly DeVries
John France
ISSN 1477 545X
The Journal, an annual publication of De re militari: The Society for Medieval
Military History, covers medieval warfare in the broadest possible terms, both
chronologically and thematically. It aims to encompass topics ranging from tra-
ditional studies of the strategic and tactical conduct of war, to explorations of
the martial aspects of chivalric culture and mentalité, examinations of the de-
velopment of military technology, and prosopographical treatments of the com-
position of medieval armies. Editions of previously unpublished documents of
significance to the field are included. The Journal also seeks to foster debate on
key disputed aspects of medieval military history.
The editors welcome submissions to the Journal, which should be formatted
in accordance with the style-­sheet provided on De re militari’s website (www.
deremilitari.org), and sent electronically to the editor specified there.
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the journal of
Medieval Military
History
Volume VII
The Age of the Hundred Years War
Edited by
CLIFFORD J. ROGERS
KELLY DeVRIES
JOHN FRANCE
THE BOYDELL PRESS
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prelims.indd 3 28/08/2009 13:41:14
© Contributors 2009
All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation
no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system,
published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast,
transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission of the copyright owner
First published 2009
The Boydell Press, Woodbridge
ISBN 978 1 84383 500 4
The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd
PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK
and of Boydell & Brewer Inc.
668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
website: www.boydellandbrewer.com
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for
external or third-­party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee
that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
This publication is printed on acid-free paper
Edited and typeset by
Frances Hackeson Freelance Publishing Services, Brinscall, Lancs
Printed in Great Britain by
CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne
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Contents
ARTICLES
1. The Military Role of the Order of the Garter 1
Richard Barber
2. The Itineraries of the Black Prince’s Chevauchées of 12
1355 and 1356: Observations and Interpretations
Peter Hoskins
3. The Chevauchée of John Chandos and Robert Knolles: 38
Early March to Early June, 1369
Nicolas Savy
4. “A Voyage, or Rather an Expedition, to Portugal:” 57
Edmund of Langley’s Journey to Iberia, June/July 1381
Douglas Biggs
5. The Battle of Aljubarrota (1385): A Reassessment 75
João Gouveia Monteiro
6. “Military” Knighthood in the Lancastrian Era: The Case 104
of Sir John Montgomery
Gilbert Bogner
7. Medieval Romances and Military History: Marching 112277
OOrrddeerrss iiinnn JJJeeeaaannn dddeee BBBuuueeeiiilll’’’sss Le Jouvencel introduit aux armes
Matthieu Chan Tsin
8. AArrmmss aanndd tthhee AArrtt ooff WWaarr:: TThhee GGhheenntteennaaaarr aanndd BBrruuggeeooiiss 113355
Militia in 1477–49
J. F. Verbruggen, translated by Kelly DeVries
DOCUMENTS
9. Accounting for Service at War: The Case of Sir James Audley 147
of Heighley
Nicholas Gribit
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vi Contents
10. The Black Prince in Gascony and France (1355–56), 168
According to MS78 of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Clifford J. Rogers
Journal of Medieval Military History Volumes I–VI 177
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The Military Role of the Order of the Garter
Richard Barber
The wars of Edward III have been intensively studied from the point of view
of military strategy, personnel and commissariat in recent years, against a trend
that has treated the fourteenth century as an unfashionable period of history.
The reign of Edward III has suffered from a reaction to the over-adulation of
Edward as one of the heroic English kings, and from the twentieth-century
liberal historian’s dislike of nationalism and aristocracy. Edward III’s court and
its culture has both nationalism and nobility in spades; the same is true of the
subjects of my article, the personnel who made his military achievements pos-
sible. Administrative historians and students of military theory studies have had
their say on Edward’s wars; it is perhaps the turn of the biographer again. Even
in such an old-fashioned field and with such an old-fashioned subject differ-
ent approaches are possible, and what I am attempting is a group biography, a
genre which the Dictionary of National Biography has recently embraced. What
follows is in effect a brief group biography of the original members of the Order
of the Garter.
The Order of the Garter is familiar enough to us as one of the first secular
orders of knighthood, but it is worth going over the ground again briefly before
we examine its military function in Edward’s wars and look at the military ele-
ments in the careers of the individual knights. If I had been giving this lecture at
the first Kalamazoo conference forty years ago, I would probably have claimed
that the Garter was perhaps a great innovation, the first of all such secular mo-
narchical orders. But research in the last four decades means that we can now
see that it belongs to a kind of broader chivalric movement. There are no known
secular orders in 1300; by 1350 we can name at least half a dozen where records
have survived. The honor of being the earliest such orders now belongs to the
“fraternal society” of St George in Hungary (326) and the “order” of the Sash
in Castile (c.330). Two German confraternities, the Company of the Cloister of
Ettal in Bavaria, founded in 330–40, and the Company of the Grail-Templars of
St George in Austria (c.337) are technically not “orders,” but the Order of the
 ��’’AArrccyy ��.. ��.. BBoouullttoonn,, The Knights of the Crown, revised edn (Woodbridge and Rochester,
NY, 2000), remains the standard work on the secular orders.
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2 Richard Barber
Garter was described in the earliest surviving statutes as “a company,” and the
twenty-six members were called “companions.” Only the Castilian institution
was made up of “knights” and was specifically called an “order.” The Hungarian
and Austrian societies were limited to fifty knights, that in Bavaria to a mere
fourteen. In this light, and in the light of the statutes, the Garter has more of the
character of a confraternity than later writers have cared to admit: but it is clear
that the concept of such knightly groupings was still very fluid. The Castilian
order of the Sash appears to be the odd one out; but Edward may have adopted
one important idea from it: the use of a distinctive item of clothing which could
be worn over armor as a distinguishing mark. Contemporaries seized on this
as the key image of the order: it was technically dedicated to the Virgin and St
George, but was from the moment of its formation known colloquially either as
the “society of the Garter,” or “the society of St George of the garter.”
It is possible to see the orders of St George in Hungary and of the Sash in
Castile as institutions designed to foster loyalty to the crown. Hungary had a
troubled history, and king Karóly, founder of the order, had had to fight his way
to the crown; faced with a precarious political situation and powerful barons, a
means of securing their allegiance was clearly welcome. Alfonso XI in Castile
was equally anxious to secure personal loyalty; he cast his net wider in terms of
numbers, but both the Castilian and the Hungarian orders were novel in that they
used honor rather than land or cash to bind the knights to the king.
Both these orders also envisaged that the knights would serve the king in both
tournaments and war. The Hungarian statutes ordain that the knights should keep
the king company “in all recreations and in games of war” (in omni solatio et in
ludo militari),2 while the statutes of the Sash specified that “the knights of the
Sash were required to take part as a corporate body in three distinct activities:
general meetings, tournaments and military campaigns.”3 This requirement to
serve in both tournament and warfare was typical of indentures in England in the
early fourteenth century. When Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford, retained
Sir Bartholomew de Enefield in 1307, he specified that he was to serve in peace
and war; his allowance was increased in time of war and during a tournament,
and the terms were the same in both cases. In founding their orders, the kings
of Hungary, Castile and England sought to create an extended version of such a
bond between knight and lord, based solely on chivalric honor.
The Order of the Garter was therefore by no means the unique and pioneering
enterprise that it was once believed to be, but a part of the courtly and chivalric
culture of the period, and integral to Edward III’s attempts to create a royal court
in England to rival those of the Continent in splendor. It was in turn imitated: the
short-lived French order of the Star was probably a direct riposte to the English
foundation. Unlike the other secular orders, however, the Garter survived and
2 EErriikk FF��ggeeddii,, ““TTuurrnniieerree iinn mmiitttteellaalltteerrlliicchheenn UUnnggaarrnn,,”” iinn ��oosseeff FFlleecckkeennsstteeiinn ((eedd..)),, Das ritterli-
che Turnier im Mittelalter, Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts f�r Geschichte, 80
(Göttingen, 985), p. 394.
3 BBoouullttoonn,, Knights of the Crown, p. 83.
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The Military Role of the Order of the Garter 3
flourished long after the rest were extinct. This was due to the care with which
Edward chose its members, and to their close relationship in politics, war and tour-
naments. The date of the foundation of the order was long debated, because �ean
Froissart, well acquainted with Edward’s court but writing from memory many
years afterwards, had associated the beginning of the Order of the Garter with a
great festival held at Windsor in 344. It is now generally accepted that the real
date of foundation is 1348, and that the first assembly of the knights-companions
was at the feast of St George in the following year. This later date provides a
clue to one of the major influences on the choice of the original members. These
ranged from great magnates to knights whose names are scarcely known outside
the Order’s records. The membership consisted of Henry duke of Lancaster,
the king’s cousin; three earls (Warwick, Salisbury and Kent); two lords who
subsequently became earls (March and Stafford); and a group of barons (Lisle,
Mohun, Grey of Rotherfield, and the captal de Buch from Gascony). There were
bannerets who had already established themselves as commanders, such as Sir
�ohn Beauchamp and Sir �ames Audley, and then a wider group of young knights
from the household of the king and his son: Sir Bartholomew Burghersh the
younger, Sir Hugh Courtenay, Sir Richard FitzSimon, Sir Miles Stapleton, Sir
Thomas Wale, Sir Hugh Wrottesley, Sir Neil Loring, Sir �ohn Chandos, Sir Otho
Holland, Sir Henry Eam, Sir Sanchet d’Abrichecourt and Sir Walter Paveley. Of
the last four very little is known, though others such as Chandos were to become
important commanders in the wars with France. At the head of the order were
the king and prince of Wales, and the stalls of the knights in St George’s chapel
were divided into the king’s side and the prince’s side, though the placing of the
knights does not always reflect their known allegiance to king or prince.
There is good evidence to suggest that the English victory at Crécy two years
before the foundation of the order was at the root of the choice of the first knights
of the Garter. Of the twenty-six members, eighteen were definitely at the battle
of Crécy; five may have been there; and three were fighting elsewhere in France.
The idea that the Garter originates in Edward III’s French campaign is reinforced
by the motto which Edward adopted for it, “Honi soit qui mal y pense,” “Shame
on him who thinks badly of it,” referring to his claim to the throne of France, the
Garter colors being the blue and gold of France. But there were many other com-
manders and knights in the victorious army who were not included in the order,
and the choice of the original knights must therefore depend on other factors
as well as presence at Crécy. Of the divisional commanders during the Crécy
campaign, the earl of Warwick was the only one to be included among the initial
appointments; Suffolk and Northampton became members as soon as vacancies
arose, but Arundel and Huntingdon were never included: Huntingdon had been
taken ill during the campaign and returned to England, and it seems to have been
some years before he fully recovered, which might explain the omission.
The other important qualification for membership was chivalric achieve-
ment. Edward III was an enthusiastic participant in tournaments, and the knights
whom he chose for the Garter were both companions of the order, and the king’s
companions in the tournament field. In the sparse descriptions of the series of
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