THE AFRO-PORTUGUESE MARITIME WORLD AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF SPANISH ... PDF
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THEAFRO-PORTUGUESEMARITIME WORLD ANDTHE FOUNDATIONSOFSPANISHCARIBBEANSOCIETY,1570-1640 By David Wheat Dissertation Submittedtothe Facultyofthe GraduateSchoolofVanderbiltUniversity inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirements forthedegreein DOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY in History August,2009 Nashville,Tennessee Approved: Jane G. Landers Marshall C.Eakin DanielH.Usner,Jr. DavidJ. Wasserstein WilliamR.Fowler Copyright©2009byJohnDavid Wheat AllRightsReserved For Sheila iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertationcouldnothavebeen completed withoutsupportfromavarietyof institutionsoverthepasteight years. As agraduatestudentassistantforthepreservation project “Ecclesiastical Sources forSlaveSocieties,”I traveledtoCubatwice,inSummer 2004andinSpring2005. In additiontodigitizinglate-sixteenth-centurysacramental records housedintheCathedralofHavanaduringthesetrips, Iwas fortunatetovisitthe ArchivoNacionaldeCuba. Thebulkofmydissertation researchwasconductedin Seville,Spain,primarilyintheArchivoGeneraldeIndias, over aperiodoftwenty monthsin2005and 2006. This extendedresearch staywasmadepossibleby three generous sourcesoffunding:a SummerResearch AwardfromVanderbilt’s Collegeof Arts andSciencesin2005,a Fulbright-IIEfellowshipfortheacademic year 2005-2006, andthe Conferenceon LatinAmericanHistory’s LydiaCabreraAwardfor Cuban HistoricalStudiesin Fall 2006. Vanderbilt’sDepartmentofHistory contributedtomy researchinSevillebyallowingmeonesemesterofservice-freefunding. InSpring2008, undertheauspices ofaVanderbiltUniversityGraduateSchool DissertationEnhancement Award,ItraveledtoBogotá,Colombia, whereIconductedresearchintheArchivo GeneraldelaNación. Thefollowingsummer, aRobertPenn WarrenCenterDissertation Writing Fellowshipprovidedmewithresearch fundswhich Iusedtovisit archivesin Lisbon,Portugal, principallytheArquivoHistóricoUltramarino. The WarrenCenteralso gave meinvaluabletimetowriteduringtheacademic year2008-2009. To eachofthese institutionsandorganizations,Ioffer mysincere gratitude. iv Iam gratefultothestaffs ofthe ArchivoGeneraldelaNacióninBogotá,the SagradaCatedralandArchivoNacionaldeCubainHavana, andthe Arquivo Histórico Ultramarinoin Lisbon. I wouldespeciallyliketo thankthestaffoftheArchivo General deIndias inSeville. MyresearchinSevillewas enrichedbythepresenceoffellow researchersand colleagueswhoaretoonumerous tomention,but Iwouldliketosingle out Michael Francis,MarkLentz, KajaCook, Juan JoséPonce-Vázquez, JeremyBaskes, EstherGonzález,LupeFernández, andAsmaaBouhrass. Specialthanksaredueto several historianswhooffered meassistanceineachof the archives Ivisited. Rina CáceresGomez introducedmetothesectionContaduría intheArchivodeIndias, pointingmetowards aninvaluablesetofsourcematerialsofwhich Iwaspreviously unaware. IntheArchivo NacionaldeCuba,CoraliaAlonsograciouslyhelpedmeaccess acomputerdatabase containingdetailedabstracts ofsixteenth-andseventeenth-century notarialrecords. RenéeSoulodre-La Franceprovidedhelpful adviceandinformation whichmademyresearch inColombia’sArchivoGeneraldelaNaciónfarmore productivethanitotherwisewouldhavebeen. WalterHawthorne,Daniel Dominguesda Silva,andJessicaDionneintroduced metotheArquivoHistóricoUltramarinoand the ArquivoNacionaldaTorredoTombo in Lisbon. JohnThorntonalso facilitatedmy researchin Lisbonbygenerouslysharing someofhis ownresearchnotes. This dissertationhas benefitedtremendouslyfromthe tirelessworkof Marilyn Pilley,JimToplon,andtheInterlibraryLoanstaffatVanderbilt University’s Jeanand AlexanderHeard Library. Forprovidingastimulatingandencouragingenvironmentin whichtowork,Iwouldliketo expressmygratitudetoanumberof facultyandstaff members atVanderbilt,includingJaneAnderson,MichaelBess, BillCaferro, PollyCase, v CelsoCastilho,PaulaCovington, Mona Frederick, BrendaHummell,Anthère Nzabatsinda,FrankRobinson, Heidi Welch,and Eddie Wright-Rios. Iamdeeply gratefultoKatieCrawford forhergenerosity and openness,and herwonderful senseof humor. Mythanksalso go out toRichardBlackett,JeffEdmonds, PabloGómez,Donald Jellerson,David Lafevor,J. León Helguera, SonaliniSapra,DerrickSpires, LauraTaylor, andJonathan Wade,each ofwhomhasreadversions of oneor moreofthesechapters, providingconstructivefeedback. Iwould especiallyliketothankthe membersofmy dissertationcommittee:JaneLanders, MarshallEakin,DanielUsner,David Wasserstein, andBill Fowler. SinceIfirstcametoVanderbiltin2001,Ihavebeenencouragedand inspiredbyDanielUsner,whochallengesmeto rethinkmyargumentsinbroader, comparativeterms. Ithas alsobeenatremendous pleasuretoworkwithMarshallEakin, whoinadditionto providingmewith guidanceandsupportcountlesstimes duringthe pasteight years,setsan exampleof generosityand dedicationwhich Icanonlyhopeto follow. Icannot beginto describemyimmenseappreciationand gratitudetowards my mentor,JaneLanders. Her insight,enthusiasm,andunfailingkindness havetrulybeen thepillars ofmygraduateeducation. Iwould liketothankanumberof additionalfriendsand scholarswhohavegiven metheirencouragement,helpful comments,or hospitality,thoughtheymaynot remember. Firstandforemost,IamgratefultoMichael Larosa, whointroduced meto LatinAmericanhistory, andwhohasbeenawonderfulsourceofsupportand encouragementeversince. Iamalso gratefulto JimAmelang,Richmond Brown, MarianaPinho Candido,YacineDaddiAddoun, SaraGómezZuluaga,Virginia MeachamGould, OscarGrandíos Moráguez,Gwendolyn MidloHall, WalterHawthorne, vi MartinKlein,Douglas Libby, MaríaCristinaNavarrete,LindaNewson,NicolasNgou- Mve,MichaelPolushin, Fabricio Prado,CarlaRahnPhillips,DavidRichardson, Justina SarabiaViejo,Fernando Serrano Mangas,EliséeandMariaSoummoni,and Margarita ZuluagaTobon. MarizadeCarvalho Soareshasprovidedmewithencouragement and valuablesuggestionsanumberoftimesoverthepastfew years. PaulLovejoytreated me seriouslyasahistorianfromveryearlyon; thissupport,andhis insightfulresponses to mywrittenworkandpresentations,havebeenveryhelpful. Iwouldalsoliketothank JosephMiller,whogenerously commentedon an earlyversionofmydissertationchapter “BecomingLatin,”and DavidEltis,who verykindlyreadand commentedonadraftof mychapter, “The FirstGreat Waves.” Icouldneverhavefinishedthisdissertationwithoutthelove,support,and understandingofmyparents,JohnRoss WheatandPatriciaHallman Wheat,from beginningtoend. Tambiénamis suegros,JulioGonzálezZahinosyMicaelaEstrecha Flores,lesagradezcodetodocorazónsuapoyoyamor. JeremyWheat, RickMoore, PhilippeAdell,PabloGómez,and KathrinSeidl haveeachshown meincredible generosity,encouragement,andhospitality. Their friendship alonehas beenmorethan enoughto makemytimeinNashvilleworthwhileandrewarding. MostofallIwantto thankmypartnerSheilaGonzálezEstrecha,who gave metheincentivetoembarkonthis project,andwhohasaccompanied me inonewayoranother throughnearlyeverystage. This dissertationisdedicatedtoher. vii TABLEOFCONTENTS Page DEDICATION............................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................iv LISTOFTABLES........................................................................................................x LISTOFFIGURES.................................................................................................... xi LISTOFABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................xii Chapter INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 I. THEPORTUGUESEMARITIME WORLDANDTHESPANISH CARIBBEAN....................................................................................................14 SlaveShipCrews andPassengers................................................................20 Portuguese AshoreintheCaribbean............................................................29 Portuguese Mariners and theSouthAtlantic World....................................39 TheIndianOcean andPacific Worlds .........................................................51 Portuguese KnowledgeofAfricaandAfricans...........................................59 Luso-AfricansandAfro-Iberians.................................................................70 Conclusion...................................................................................................76 II. “THE FIRSTGREAT WAVES”:CARTAGENADE INDIASAND THETRANSATLANTICSLAVETRADE,1570-1640..................................77 NewDevelopments......................................................................................83 RoyalOfficialsand PortEntryRecords.......................................................86 UpperGuineaversus Angolain Peruvianand MexicanSources................98 Overlapping Waves:Chronologyand Provenance....................................104 ANew PeriodizationfortheSlaveTradetoCartagenadeIndias.............110 Conclusion.................................................................................................120 III. SLAVESANDSETTLERS:ASPANISHCARIBBEANPEASANTRY.....123 CartagenadeIndias:Afro-Iberian Seaport,AfricanHinterland................131 RuralBlack LaborinCuba,Panama,Jamaica,andPuertoRico...............149 RuralBlack LaborinEspañola..................................................................157 Slaveryand Mobility intheRuralCaribbean World.................................164 FreeBlack Farmersand AgriculturalLaborers.........................................173 viii Conclusion.................................................................................................186 IV. BECOMING“LATIN”:AFRICANACCULTURATIONAND “LADINO”INTERMEDIARIES.....................................................................188 African Indoctrinationin AtlanticContext................................................201 LadinoAfricansas Interpreters..................................................................216 LadinoAfricansasGodparents..................................................................227 RapidAcculturation of Bozales.................................................................239 Conclusion.................................................................................................247 EPILOGUE...............................................................................................................249 Appendix A. SLAVE SHIPSKNOWNTOHAVE ARRIVEDINCARTAGENA DE INDIAS,1573-1640,BYSTATED AFRICANPORTS/REGIONSOF DEPARTURE..................................................................................................252 B. KNOWNAFRICAN CAPTIVESDISEMBARKEDINCARTAGENA DE INDIAS,1573-1640, BYVESSELS’AFRICANPORTS/REGIONS OFDEPARTURE............................................................................................255 C. BISHOPLUISDECÓRDOBARONQUILLO’SPROPOSEDSITES FORRURALAGREGACIONESINCARTAGENA’SPROVINCE, 1634..................................................................................................................257 D. AFRICANS,AFROCREOLES,IBERIANS,ANDOTHERSBAPTIZED INHAVANA,1590-1600................................................................................259 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................263 ix LISTOFTABLES Table Page 2.1. KnownSlaveTradeVoyages toCartagena &Veracruzby African Regionsof Departure,1570-1640....................................................................108 2.2. KnownSlaveTradeVoyages toCartagena/Veracruz byDate of Arrival &AfricanRegions ofDeparture,1570-1640......................................111 3.1. FoodCrops versus ExportCropsCultivatedonEstancias inEspañola, c.1606...............................................................................................................161 3.2. FreeBlack Farmers inEspañola,c.1606..........................................................176 4.1. BaptizedAfricans whoReappearas GodparentsinHavana’sBaptismal Records,1590-1600.........................................................................................244 x
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